饲料青贮技术要点及开窖饲喂应注意的事项

青贮原料。一般说来，青贮原料中的糖分含量不宜低于鲜重的1-1．5％。禾本科植物如玉米、高梁等，含糖较多而粗蛋白质较少，是容易单独青贮的原料；豆科牧草及豆科饲料作物，含糖较少而粗蛋白质较多，不宜单独青贮，宜与禾本科牧草或青玉米秸、高粱秸以1：2重量混贮或青贮时加入含糖较多     

南阳地区地上方形窖饲料青贮技术

饲料青贮在草食动物生产中越来越受到养殖场(户)的重视,但在青贮过程中,因养殖场(户)没有很好地掌握饲料青峨贮技术,导致青贮失败,造成了人力、物力、财力的浪费.笔者根据多年的饲料青贮经验,总结了一套易掌握、易操作、青贮效果好的青贮方法.     

冬季青贮料开窖注意事项

青贮料营养丰富,适口性好,饲用价值较高,是畜禽冬季常备饲料之一。开窖饲喂时应注意以下6点。(1)分层取料。取用时,要从窖的一端开始,按一定厚度,从表面一层一层往下取,使青贮饲料始终保持1个平面,不能挖洞掏取,并避免泥土杂物混入。     

普通青贮玉米与微生物青贮玉米对奶牛产奶量的对比试验

研究普通青贮玉米和微生物青贮玉米对奶牛产奶量的影响.选取20头生理情况基本一致黑白花奶牛,分为试验组和对照组进行交叉对比试验.结果显示：饲喂微生物青贮玉米的奶牛,产奶量比饲喂普通青贮玉米的高2.27 kg,每天纯收入多7.93元.     

土窖青贮在山区的应用

鄂西南山区牧草资源丰富,发展草食家畜得天独厚。但由于高山地区无霜期短,当年牧草枯萎早,次年返青晚等不利因素的制约,致使牛羊生产仍存在夏壮、秋肥、冬瘦、春死现象。为了解决这一难题,有关部门开展了饲草青贮和秸杆氨化工作,起到了积圾作用。氨化饲料虽好,但营养不及青饲料,同时还需要一定量的氨源;建窖青贮饲料虽好,但成本高,养殖户难以承受,大面积推广有一定困难。为了探索一条成本低、效果好、易推广、真     

冬季青贮料开窖应注意六点

1分层取料 取用青贮饲料时,要从窖的一端开始,按一定厚度,从表面一层一层地往下取,使青贮饲料始终保持同一平面,不能由一处挖洞掏取,并且避免泥土杂物混入。     

“蛹肽蛋白”饲料发酵过程中优势微生物菌群的动态变化

对“蛹肽蛋白”饲料发酵中的乳酸杆菌、酵母菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等优势发酵微生物茵群的动态变化进行了研究,为工业化生产蚕蛹发酵饲料提供了重要工艺参数。     

塑膜封顶半地下窖青贮玉米秸的方法

塑膜封顶半地下窖青贮玉米秸的方法济南市第二奶牛场（２５０１００）张纯，祁世荣塑膜封顶半地下窖，即挖一长方形地下窖，当地下窖装满铡碎的玉米秸后，在超出地平面的部分继续堆放铡过的玉米秸，使地上地下各占一半，然后用塑料薄膜将其严密封盖，这样约３０天青贮玉米...     

浅谈玉米青贮

1青贮原理 新鲜的青贮料收割后,植株的本身细胞还在进行呼吸。由于有氧气可供利用,所以植物酶的活性还很高,这将使得一部分可溶性碳水化合物分解成水的二氧化碳并释放出热能。通过封埋措施,将青贮料压紧等方法,造成缺氧条件,使酶的活性降低,利于厌氧微生物活动与繁殖。乳酸菌以糖和淀粉为主要能源,迅速进入自然繁殖。同时产生乳酸和较少量的乙酸和其他酸类（如甲酸、丙酸、丁酸）。     

促生菌对青贮玉米根圈微生物的影响

就促生菌对青贮玉米根圈微生物种群数量变化及消长规律的影响进行了研究，结果表明，促生菌能使青贮玉米土壤中的细菌（Ｐ〈０．０１），放线菌（Ｐ〈０．０１）和真菌（Ｐ〈０．０１）数量极显著地增加，其细菌、放线菌的数量随玉米生长发育逐渐增多，真数量增长缓慢。氨化细菌（Ｐ〈０．０５）、亚硝酸细菌（Ｐ〈０．０５）和反硝化细菌显著对高于对照。玉米根际芽孢菌明显增加，并随青贮玉米生育期而变化。     

Effects of supplementary corn silage on the feed intake and milk production of time-restricted grazing dairy cows

The effects of supplementary corn silage (CS) of either 2 or 4 kg of dry matter (DM; S + 2 and S + 4, respectively) above the energy requirement for milk production and maintenance for grazing dairy cows (S) were determined. Time‐restricted grazing was used to compare the feed intake, milk production, and nitrogen and energy use of lactating cows. The experiment was carried out on two different pastures using a 3 × 3 Latin square design for each pasture. Cows were grazed for 5 h on a rotational grazing system and were fed concentrate (1 kg per 5 kg of milk yield). Herbage intake was measured using a weighing technique. To calculate the energy and nitrogen use, whole feces and urine were collected. There was no statistical effect of the pastures. Herbage intake decreased by the addition of CS (P = 0.02). The reduction of herbage DM intake per unit consumption of supplementary CS towards the S group were 0.80 and 0.45 kg for the S + 2 and S + 4 groups, respectively. The total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that for the S and S + 2 groups (P = 0.02). Milk yield did not differ among treatments, even though the total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that of the S and S + 2 groups. Nitrogen and energy use did not differ with the addition of CS.     

A survey of fermentation products and bacterial communities in corn silage produced in a bunker silo in China

To evaluate the current practice of corn silage management in China, samples of bunker‐made silage were collected from 14 farms within a 500‐km radius of Beijing for the analysis of fermentation products and bacterial communities. Mean values for dry matter (DM) content were as low as 250 g/kg in both corn stover (St) and whole crop corn (Wc) silages, and pH values averaged 4.48 and 3.73, respectively. Only three of the 14 silages exhibited a lactic‐to‐acetic acid ratio > 1.0, indicating that the presence of acetic acid was predominant in fermentation. Although 1,2‐propanediol content was marginal in most cases (< 5.0 g/kg dry matter (DM)), two Wc silages had 1,2‐propanediol levels > 25 g/kg DM. In contrast, 3 St silages had large amounts (> 10 g/kg DM) of butyric acid, and two of the three butyrate silages also had high concentrations of 1‐propanol. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that the bacterial community appeared similar in 10 out of the 14 silage samples. Bands indicating Lactobacillus buchneri, L. acetotolerans and Acetobacter pasteurianus were found in both the St and Wc silages, accounting for the high acetic acid content found across silage samples.     

Influences of Northern Leaf Blight on corn silage fermentation quality,nutritive value and feed intake by sheep

This study examined the differences between non‐inoculated (control) corn and Northern Leaf Blight (NLB)‐damaged corn (inoculated corn); dry matter (DM) yield, silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and feed intake by sheep were compared. Leaf, stem and grain dry weights and gross yield of inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased compared with control corn. The contents of water‐soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) were decreased in inoculated corn compared with control corn. Silage made from both inoculated and control corn showed good fermentation quality. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, ether extract, NFE, and energy of silage made from inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with silage made from the control corn. DM intake showed no significant discrepancy between the two types of silage. TDN and DE intakes from inoculated silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with control silage. From the above results it was shown that NLB caused a decrease in DM yield and NFE content in corn and a decrease in the nutritive value and feed intake of silage.     

添加玉米粉对甜菜渣青贮品质的影响

以甜菜渣为青贮原料,研究玉米粉及其不同添加量(20、40、60、80、100 kg/t)对甜菜渣青贮品质的影响,以期为生产实践提供科学依据.结果表明:添加玉米粉后.甜菜渣青贮料的pH值、粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),干物质含量显著增加(P<0.05).添加100 kg/t的玉米粉可显著降低氡态氮的含量(P<0.05),且可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量为对照组的6倍.各处理组的乳酸和乙酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),丙酸和丁酸含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).     

郑州地区青贮玉米引种试验

通过对10个玉米Zea mays品种试验研究,探讨其整株青贮的适宜刈割期及其各农艺性状之间的相关关系,进而选出适宜郑州地区种植的青贮玉米品种,并为栽培时性状的控制提供参考。结果表明：从产量、农艺性状、营养成分含量来说,均以蜡熟期收获为宜;株高、茎粗、果穗长、果穗粗与产量呈正相关;粗蛋白含量与绿叶数、粗脂肪含量与果穗长和果穗粗、粗纤维含量与茎粗均呈正相关关系;粗纤维与粗蛋白含量呈负相关关系;各品种间,以鲁单981、郑单968、浚单18表现好,适宜作为全株青贮玉米在郑州地区种植。     

水氮互作对青贮玉米产量和青贮品质的影响

为探究水氮互作对青贮玉米(Zea may)产量、青贮后营养品质和发酵质量的影响,提高青贮玉米综合利用价值,以青贮玉米国审品种北农青贮368为试验材料,在田间条件下设置传统灌溉量(2 250 m3·hm?2, W1)、节水10% (2 025 m3·hm?2, W2)和节水20% (1 800 m3·hm?2, W3) 3个灌溉水平;传统施氮量(420 kg·hm?2, N1)、减氮10% (378 kg·hm?2, N2 )和减氮20% (336 kg·hm?2, N3) 3个施氮水平,对青贮玉米产量、青贮料的营养品质和发酵效果比较分析,并对相对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：灌水量为2 025 m3·hm?2、施氮量为378 kg·hm?2 (W2N2)的组合青贮玉米干物质产量最高(22.78 t·hm?2),与传统水肥用量(W1N1)相比增产5.02%,水氮互作对青贮玉米干物质产量影响显著(P < 0.05)。青贮料经袋式青贮周年保存后, W1N1、W2N2和W2N3处理干物质损失率均低于1.0%。不同水氮处理对青贮后中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉和粗灰分含量影响显著(P < 0.05),对粗脂肪含量影响不大。经长期保存的青贮料pH稳定在4.0左右,相对饲用价值为136.04～164.35,乳酸含量为3.33%～4.34%,乙酸含量为1.63%～2.29%。节水减氮处理不同程度提高了乳酸含量,其中W2N2处理乳酸含量最高。W2N2和W3N3处理的乙酸含量显著低于其他处理(P < 0.05)。综合青贮玉米产量、干物质含量损失率和青贮品质等参数,本研究条件下理想水氮处理为W2N2,在该处理下可获得较高的产量和较好的青贮品质。     

21个粮饲兼用型青贮玉米在河南的品种比较试验

为选出适合河南地区种植的青贮玉米品种,采用随机法对21个玉米品种(每个玉米品种5个重复)进行分区组种植,以研究其生物学产量、籽粒产量、抗倒伏性和品质,及其各农艺性状的相关关系。结果表明:1)以京科青贮932、伟科106的生物学产量和籽粒产量最高,且具有良好的抗倒伏性能。2)伟科106、京科青贮932有较高的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和淀粉含量,而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量较低,品质较优。3)生物学产量与绿叶数、绿叶重、株高、茎粗和茎重、穗重呈极显著正相关,籽粒产量与绿叶数、绿叶重、茎粗和茎重、穗重呈极显著正相关,生物学产量与籽粒产量也呈极显著正相关。因此,选用绿叶多和绿叶重、茎重和茎粗、穗部产量均优且有一定植株高度的品种有利于获得高产;粗蛋白与粗脂肪、淀粉含量呈正相关。从生物学产量、籽粒产量、品质、抗倒伏性能和农艺性状方面综合考虑,京科青贮932和伟科106表现最佳,适宜作为全株青贮玉米品种和粮饲兼用品种在河南地区推广种植。     

毕节地区适宜青贮玉米品种(系)筛选及营养价值评价

生态畜牧业是贵州脱贫攻坚的主要产业,饲草短缺是限制该产业在贵州地区发展的主要因素之一,尤其是在毕节地区。本研究分别从生育期、生物产量、含水量、株高、穗位高、穗重、穗长与叶片数等8个农艺性状评价35个青贮玉米品种(品系)在毕节地区的适应性。其中,金玉908、黔玉3号、青玉1587和黔青4546等品种(系)成熟期较早,而金玉818、GX276、L667、筑青1号等品种(系)成熟期较晚。金玉818、黔玉3号、金玉908、青玉1587、L667、GX276、黔青4546、GX254等品种(系)产量显著高于对照筑青1号。还测定了各品种(系)的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、钙与磷等8个营养指标性状,并通过计算得到其相对饲用价值(RFV)和可利用能(DE),相对饲用价值在94.81~200.10之间,糯玉米的相对饲用价值显著优于非糯玉米,消化能的变化趋势与相对饲用价值类似,其中黔糯868和金玉838等品种较好。综合公顷产量、干物质含量、相对饲用价值与消化能,在毕节地区最适推广的青贮玉米品种(系)依次为金玉818、黔玉3号、GX276、金玉908、黔青4546与L667。本研究为在贵州毕节地区发展草畜产业对青贮玉米的品种选择提供了技术支持,对促进区域脱贫攻坚工作的开展有重要意义。     

苎麻与水稻/玉米秸秆混合青贮饲用价值评价

以青刈苎麻(Boehmeria nivea)与玉米(Zea mays)、水稻(Oryza sativa)秸秆为原料,调制鲜苎麻∶玉米秸∶水稻秸重量比分别为1∶1∶0(ZY)、1∶0∶1(ZD)、2∶1∶1(ZH)、1∶1∶1(ZL)及苎麻∶蔗糖重量比为99∶1(ZT)的混合青贮饲料,并以全苎麻青贮为对照(ZQ),通过感官评定和营养品质分析,探讨苎麻混合青贮的可行性及其饲用价值。结果表明:1)苎麻可单独调制青贮饲料,并可降低中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)含量,显著提高干物质摄入量(dry matter intake,DMI)和相对饲料价值(relative feed value,RFV),但造成23.6%的粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)损失,且因pH高、饲料质地差,导致发酵品质较低;2)单独添加外源糖分(蔗糖)可减少CP损失但整体饲用价值下降;3)添加玉米、水稻秸秆可显著减少CP损失、提高青贮饲料发酵品质、均衡养分结构,但提高NDF、ADF含量,整体降低饲用价值;4)苎麻与水稻秸秆混贮饲用价值优于与玉米秸秆混贮,但苎麻与玉米秸秆混贮对保存CP效果更为明显;5)苎麻、水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆三类原料混合青贮劣于苎麻与其中一类秸秆混合效果。本研究认为与鲜苎麻混合青贮是挖掘南方青粗草料饲用价值的有效途径,但需针对NDF、ADF含量调控进行深入研究。     

青海省中晚熟青贮玉米'铁研53'的引种栽培

在青海4类农业区分别开展青贮玉米品种'铁研53'栽培试验,通过开展播期、种植密度以及肥效试验,分析不同处理对其产量以及品质的影响.结果表明,1)在终霜日前7 d,海北州和海南州以75000～82500株·hm?2的密度种植'铁研53'能达到高产,海西州以90000株·hm?2的密度种植获得高产.东部农业区在终霜日前15 d以105000株·hm?2的密度种植获得高产.2)东部农业区乐都试验点终霜日时播种的'铁研53'蛋白质含量达6.82％,中性洗涤纤维含量为40.3％,酸性洗涤纤维含量为20.1％,淀粉含量为48.7％,品质最佳.3)播种密度为60000株·hm?2时综合营养品质最佳.综合肥效试验和品质分析结果,青海省各地区在种植'铁研53'时应合理施用氮肥,密度应控制在75000～82500株·hm?2时产量及综合营养品质最佳.