野生麋鹿发情交配及产仔行为研究

笔者对江苏省大丰麋鹿国家自然保护区及周边野生麋鹿发情交配、怀孕产仔、护仔哺乳等行为进行了跟踪观察研究。结果表明,大丰麋鹿放归大自然之后,能够适应野外生活环境,其发情交配行为主要是"占群式"和"自由偷情式"。发情期壮年公鹿间通过打斗产生"鹿王","鹿王"通过圈围"妻妾群"于发情区域内,并驱逐其他雄性麋鹿远离发情区,达到控制成年雌鹿并与发情雌鹿交配的目的。另外,母鹿怀孕、产仔、哺乳等行为也明显有别于半散放和完全人工饲养条件下的麋鹿群。     

野生麋鹿发情后期行为比较

2009年8～9月,以大丰野生麋鹿群为研究对象,探讨野生麋鹿在发情后期的行为习性变化。结果显示：1）在发情后期,躺卧、站立、走动、采食4种行为,在群主与单身汉以及雌鹿个体之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;2）发情后期,群主采食时间增加,尽管时间发生频率上不及单身汉、雌鹿高,但是在时间-频率分布上显得高度相似,差异不显著（P〉0.05）;3）发情后期的单身汉和雌鹿的主要统计的各种行为频率总量及时间-频率分布上没有显著差异。研究表明在发情后期,大丰野生麋鹿行为表达正在向休情期渐渐过渡,能够主动适应自然环境变化,具有了在关键生理阶段的自我调节功能。     

MC4R在小鼠下丘脑的定位及其基因在发情周期下丘脑、卵巢中的表达变化

黑素皮质素受体-4(Melanocortin-4 Receptor,MC4R)在参与调节摄食行为和机体能量平衡中发挥重要作用,但其在生殖活动中的作用尚不明确。为此本实验以不同发情周期中的C57小鼠为对象,利用免疫荧光对MC4R神经元在下丘脑的表达进行定位。通过Western Blot确定MC4R在小鼠发情前期、发情期、发情后期和间情期的下丘脑和卵巢中蛋白表达变化。结果表明:MC4R神经元广泛分布于下丘脑第三脑室,发情期下丘脑中MC4R蛋白表达量显著低于其他3个时期(P0.05);同时期卵巢中MC4R蛋白表达量显著低于发情前期和发情后期(P0.05),发情后期MC4R蛋白表达量极显著高于其他3个时期(P0.01)。这一结果阐明了小鼠在发情周期不同阶段下丘脑和卵巢组织中MC4R的表达变化规律,为进一步研究MC4R在小鼠生殖活动中的作用提供理论基础。     

甘加藏羊发情周期血浆FSH和LH的分泌规律

为了研究甘加藏羊发情周期血浆中促卵泡素(FSH)和促黄体素(LH)的分泌变化规律及其与藏羊繁殖力之间的关系,采用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)测定发情期、发情后期、间情期和发情前期血浆中FSH和LH的含量,并分析其动态变化规律。结果显示,FSH和LH在发情期、发情后期和发情前期的分泌均呈现脉冲式变化,而间情期既有脉冲式分泌又有波动式分泌。FSH和LH在发情周期中先后均出现4个分泌峰,其中FSH和LH的第1个峰分别出现在发情的2h和0h;第2个峰分别出现在72h和69h;第3个峰分别出现在第10天和第9天;第4个峰分别出现在第13天和第12天。FSH和LH的分泌趋势相似,其特点是分泌量先在发情期升高,然后在发情后期和间情期降低,最后在发情前期又升高。结果表明,发情周期不同阶段FSH和LH的分泌方式明显不相同。在发情期和发情后期,FSH出现峰值的时间分别比LH晚2h和晚3h;在间情期和发情前期,FSH出现峰值的时间比LH晚1d,并且FSH和LH形成2个分泌峰的时间间隔不同。     

发情周期不同阶段牦牛子宫中黄体生成素受体的表达变化

为研究发情周期不同阶段牦牛子宫中黄体生成索受体(LHR)的定位及表达变化,笔者利用免疫组织化学SP法分别检测发情期、发情后期、间情期和发情前期牦牛子宫中LHR的表达,并进行光密度值分析.结果表明,LHR免疫阳性产物在牦牛子宫腺上皮细胞、基质细胞、血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和肌层平滑肌细胞中均有表达;腺上皮细胞、基质细胞和肌层平滑肌细胞中LHR在发情前期和发情期表达最弱,发情后期表达增加,间情期表达最强(P＜0.05);子宫内膜血管平滑肌细胞中LHR的表达在发情期最强,间情期最弱(P＜0.05);血管内皮中LHR在发情期和发情前期表达很强,发情后期和间情期显著下降(P＜0.05).结果表明LHR参与了发情周期不同阶段牦牛子宫功能变化的调控.     

母牛的情期鉴定

实践证明，正确掌握母牛发情和排卵规律，抓住最佳配种期进行适时配种是提高母牛受胎率的重要措施。 　　母牛的正常发情期包括四个不同时期。即发情预兆期、发情期、发情后期和间情期。①发情预兆期，是出现发情以前的一个时期。外部观察阴户微有红肿、排尿次数增多，乳量减少，异性牛紧跟不舍，但母牛并不接受爬跨。此时期维持 3～ 8小时。②发情期，这一时期是集中表现发情症状的阶段， 其特点是：食欲减退，精神不安，在栏内不停地走动、噪叫，群众称为“叫栏”。阴户红肿、流出透明粘液、频频举尾、主动接近异性牛，接受公牛爬跨，交配…     

牦牛发情周期中卵巢卵泡发育状况的组织学观察

运用组织学技术对36头处于发情周期的健康成年母牦牛卵巢卵泡的结构与发育状况进行了观察。结果表明，牦牛发情周期中卵巢卵泡发育的组织结构与其他牛基本相似。每对卵巢中原始卵泡数和生长卵泡数在发情前期、发情期、发情后期和发情间期之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）；发情前期的囊状卵泡数与发情期、发情后期和发情间期之间差异不显著（P〉0．05），发情期和发情后期均与发情间期差异显著（P〈0．05）。闭锁生长卵泡数在4个时期之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）；发情期的闭锁囊状卵泡数与其他3期之间差异极显著（P〈0．01），发情前期和发情间期均与发情后期差异显著（P〈0．05）。各级卵泡的闭锁形式各有特点。在生长卵泡、囊状卵泡及相应闭锁卵泡的卵泡膜中均见到了胶原纤维和网状纤维。     

大鼠发情周期中子宫内肥大细胞和组织胺含量变化的观察

采用阴道涂片法鉴定大鼠所处的发情阶段,应用甲苯胺蓝染色观察肥大细胞(MC)在大鼠发情周期不同阶段子宫内的分布、形态和数量的变化规律,应用荧光分光光度计检测大鼠发情周期不同阶段子宫内组织胺(HA)的含量变化。结果显示,在大鼠发情周期中,MC在子宫内不同部位内的分布存在明显的差异,数量依次为:子宫角子宫体子宫颈。大鼠子宫各部位在发情周期各阶段内MC的数量依次为:发情后期(ME)发情前期(PE)发情间期(DE)发情期(E),子宫角内不同生理阶段MC的数量之间差异极显著(P0.01);子宫体、子宫颈内发情后期与发情期内MC数量差异极显著(P0.01),发情间期与发情前期内MC数量差异不显著(P0.05)。子宫各部位在发情周期各阶段内HA的含量依次为:发情后期(ME)发情前期(PE)发情间期(DE)发情期(E),子宫角中的HA含量在发情后期明显高于其他3个时期(P0.05),子宫体和子宫颈内HA含量在发情周期各阶段中差异均不显著(P0.05)。研究表明,根据阴道细胞类型的变化来确定大鼠发情周期的各阶段是可行的。大鼠子宫内MC的数量及形态随发情周期阶段的变化而改变,对子宫的局部免疫具有重要的作用。发情周期子宫内HA含量的变化与MC的变化一致,MC主要通过释放HA发挥调节子宫尤其是子宫角的局部免疫水平的作用,在一定程度上,可以将子宫角组织中MC的数量作为HA含量的指标。     

如何提高母牛受胎率

实践证明，正确掌握母牛发情和排卵规律，抓住最佳配种期进行适时配种，是提高母牛受胎率的重要措施。1 母牛的发情鉴定 母牛的正常发情包括四个不同时期。即发情预兆期，发情期，发情后期和间情期。①发情预兆期。发情预兆期是出现发情以前的一个时期。生殖系统开始为卵巢排出卵子做准备。外部观察阴门微有红肿，排尿次数增多，乳量减少，异性牛紧跟不舍，但母牛并不接受爬跨。此期维持3～8h。②发情期。这一时期是集中表现发情症状的阶段。其特点是：食欲减退，精神不安，在栏内不停地走动，嗷叫，群众称为“叫栏”；阴户红肿，流出透明…     

小鼠动情周期与超排效果

通过对25只小鼠用两种阴道涂片方法进行动情周期的观察,筛选出最佳涂片方法观察到的具有明显动情周期变化的小鼠进行超数排卵。根据不同生理周期将小鼠分组,分别为发情期(第1组)、发情后期(第2组)及间情期(第3组),而13只未知周期的小鼠作为对照组,比较各组间超排效果。结果表明:(1)用方法2涂片效果最好,方法2较方法1各时期阴道上皮细胞变化明显,对小鼠正常的生理周期影响相对较小,可观察到小鼠正常动情周期的变化规律。(2)不同生理周期小鼠的超排效果,以间情期可用胚百分率和平均每只小鼠获得胚胎数极显著高于发情期、发情后期及未知周期。     

Changes in sexual behavior and fecal steroid hormone concentrations during the breeding season in female Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) under captive condition

The longitudinal changes in fecal steroid hormone concentrations and sexual behavior in 2 mated/pregnant and 3 non-mated female Hokkaido brown bears were investigated during the breeding season. Behavioral estrus (standing) lasted for 14 and 32 days in the mated females and for 25 to 36 days in the non-mated females. In non-mated females, sexual behavior, such as female-female mounting and masturbation, was observed for several days before and after the estrous period. In mated females, mean fecal estradiol-17beta concentrations were higher in the estrous period than in the post-estrous period, while fecal progesterone concentrations were higher in the post-estrous period than in the estrous period. The similar trends of steroid hormone changes were observed in the non-mated females.     

Relationship between uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha induced by oxytocin and endogenous concentrations of estradiol and progesterone at three stages of the bovine estrous cycle

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether differences among cows in the ability of oxytocin to stimulate uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) were related to the endogenous ovarian steroid environment. Sexually mature heifers were treated with oxytocin (.33 IU/kg BW) at three stages of the estrous cycle: early (d 3 to 5; n = 5), middle (d 10 to 11; n = 5) or late (d 16 to 17; n = 5). To assess uterine responsiveness to oxytocin, concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) were quantified in jugular venous plasma samples collected at 1/2-h intervals for 8 h postinjection. The ovarian steroid environment at the time of injection was estimated by measuring the concentrations of progesterone and estradiol in jugular venous plasma samples collected at 4-h intervals for 12 h immediately prior to injection. Concentrations of PGFM increased immediately following injection of oxytocin either early or late in the estrous cycle. The response was much less during the middle of the estrous cycle. The magnitudes of response, early and late in the estrous cycle, were similar and greater than that observed during the middle of the estrous cycle (P less than .05). There was a positive relationship (R2 greater than .8; P less than .05) between magnitude of the response to oxytocin and ratio of estradiol to progesterone both early and late in the estrous cycle. Thus, individual differences in uterine secretion of PGF2 alpha in response to oxytocin were related to stage of the cycle and to differences in the endogenous ovarian steroid environment within each stage of the estrous cycle.     

笼养灰鹤越冬期行为活动的时间分配和活动节律

2003年11月～2004年2月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对哈尔滨动物园1对成年灰鹤的越冬行为进行观察,探讨冬季不同温度和不同天气条件下对灰鹤越冬行为的影响,并得出结论如下：笼养灰鹤越冬期行为时间分配比例依次为静栖26.92%、进食25.96%、瞭望18.74%、啄雪草13.32%、理羽6.66%、游走4.91%、呜叫2.48%、警戒1.07%和打斗0.34%;大雾时静栖、瞭望和进食行为与正常天气相似,最为突出的是游走行为明显增多,而啄雪草行为减少了近10%,从总体上看活动量比正常天气时增多。而在下雪时各行为所用时间都比较平均,和正常天气比差别都很大,只有瞭望所用时间相近。     

黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼适宜投喂频率的研究

为探明黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)幼鱼适宜投喂频率,选择体重为(1.80±0.08)g的幼鱼进行养殖试验。试验设计5个组(F1、F2、F3、F4、F5组),投喂频率分别为1(06:00),2(06:00、18:00),3(06:00、12:00、18:00),4(06:00、10:00、14:00、18:00)和5次/d(06:00、09:00、12:00、15:00、18:00),每组设3个平行,共计15个养殖桶,每桶随机放50尾试验鱼。试验观察不同投喂频率下黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、形体指标、肌肉成分及肠道消化酶活性的变化情况。试验周期为60 d。结果显示:1)各组试验鱼终末体重、增重率、摄食率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均随投喂频率增加呈上升趋势,F3、F4、F5组终末体重、增重率和特定生长率显著高于F1、F2组(P<0.05),饲料系数显著低于F1、F2组(P<0.05),3组间差异不显著(P>0.05);其中F3组饲料系数最低,蛋白质效率最高。2)F3、F4、F5组肝体指数显著低于F2组(P<0.05),脏体指数显著低于F1、F2组(P<0.05),各组间肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)随着投喂频率的增加,试验鱼肌肉中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量逐渐上升,水分含量逐渐下降,F3、F4、F5组肌肉中粗脂肪、粗灰分含量显著高于F1组(P<0.05),水分含量显著低于F1、F2组(P<0.05),3组间上述指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)各组肠道中胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性随投喂频率增加呈下降趋势,胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性先降后升,F1、F2组各消化酶活性显著高于F3、F4、F5组(P<0.05),F3、F4、F5组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合上述指标并考虑养殖成本,建议黄斑篮子鱼幼鱼适宜投喂频率为3次/d。     

蓝鹇和白鹇繁殖与非繁殖期间的日常行为比较

2008-03-30-2008-04-30和2008-07-23-2008-08-05采用目标动物瞬时扫描法分别对2对蓝鹇(2♀2♂)和3只白鹇(2♀1♂)繁殖和非繁殖期间的日常行为进行了观察和比较分析。结果表明:同一种雉类比较,蓝鹇繁殖期间的运动行为显著高于非繁殖期,休息行为和其他类行为极显著低于非繁殖期(P<0.01)。白鹇繁殖期间的运动行为和梳理行为高于非繁殖期,观望和休息行为低于非繁殖期。不同动物间比较,蓝鹇非繁殖期的运动行为极显著低于繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.01),显著低于非繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.05)。蓝鹇非繁殖期的的休息行为极显著高于繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.01),显著高于非繁殖期间的白鹇(P<0.05)。不同性别动物间比较,雄性雉类的运动行为、观望行为高于雌性,它们的梳理、采食行为低于雌性。梳理和休息行为对不同时间段总体方差分析差异显著(P<0.05)。7:00-9:00时,繁殖期雉鸡的采食行为明显高于非繁殖期间的动物,9:00-17:00时,动物繁殖期间的运动行为明显高于非繁殖期间。     

In vitro metabolism of glucose by bovine reproductive tissues obtained during the estrous cycle and after calving.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of physiological state (stage of the estrous cycle or time after calving) on the in vitro metabolism of glucose by reproductive tissues. In Exp. 1, the corpus luteum and ipsilateral uterine horn were collected at surgery from 15 cows at early (d 6 to 7), middle (d 10 to 13), or late (d 17 to 19) stages of the estrous cycle. Luteal or endometrial tissues (45 mg) were incubated (4 h, 37 degrees C) in metabolic flasks containing Nutrient Mixture F-10 (3 mL), increasing concentrations of glucose (1, 2, 5, 10, or 15 mM), and 1 microCi of [U-14C]glucose. Luteal tissue collected at the middle stage of the estrous cycle had greater (P less than .04) rates of glucose uptake (17.8 vs 12.1 ng/mg of wet tissue per min) and oxidation (138.6 vs 67.7 pg/mg of wet tissue per min) and a lower (P less than .02) rate of metabolism of glucose to lactate (10.5 vs 13.3 ng/mg of wet tissue per min) than tissue collected at the late stage. Compared to tissue collected at early and late stages, endometrial tissue collected at the middle stage of the estrous cycle had a similar (P greater than .5) rate of glucose uptake (29.6 vs 27.8 and 26.1 ng/mg of wet tissue per min), a lower (P less than .02) rate of metabolism of glucose to lactate (13.8 vs 16.6 and 16.4 ng/mg of wet tissue per min), and a greater (P less than .1) rate of oxidation of glucose (84.1 vs 65.8 and 72.3 pg/mg of wet tissue per min). In Exp. 2, the previously gravid uterine horn was collected at surgery on d 20 (n = 8) or 30 (n = 7) after calving, or the uterine horn ipsilateral to the preovulatory follicle was collected at first observed estrus after calving (n = 8). Uterine tissue obtained at first estrus after calving had a greater (P less than .003) rate of glucose uptake and oxidation (88.8 vs 77.3 and 75.5 pg/mg of tissue per min) than d-20 or d-30 endometrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Control of the bovine estrous cycle with melengestrol acetate (MGA): a review

Expanded use of artificial insemination in the beef cattle industry depends on successful application of treatments designed to synchronize estrus. Regulation of estrous cycles is associated with control of the corpus luteum (CL), whose life span and secretory activity are subject to trophic and lytic mechanisms. The advantages of melengestrol acetate (MGA) in estrous synchronization incorporate ease of administration, lower cost relative to other estrous synchronization products, and potential for use to induce estrus in prepubertal heifers. Treatments first designed to synchronize estrous cycles of normally cycling heifers by feeding MGA were imposed daily for 14 to 18 d at levels of .5 to 1 mg. The minimal daily effective dose required to inhibit ovulation was .42 mg. Longer feeding periods of MGA were associated with low fertility at the first synchronized estrus, but at the second estrus, conception was normal. Low fertility at the synchronized estrus resulted in development of alternative treatment practices, which combined feeding of MGA with injections or implants of estradiol-17 beta, estradiol cypionate, luteinizing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, or oxytocin. Estrus was synchronized after MGA and estradiol-17 beta or estradiol cypionate treatments, but fertility was low. Short-term feeding of MGA (5 to 7 d) combined with prostaglandin F2 alpha or its analogs (PGF) on the last day of MGA reduced fertility at the synchronized estrus. The reduced conception at first service occurred in animals that began treatment after d 12 of the estrous cycle. However, feeding MGA for 14 d and then injecting PGF 17 d later avoided problems with reduced conception. Fertility of animals after this treatment was similar to that of contemporaries synchronized with Syncro-Mate-B. However, the length of the treatment period creates a need for increased management and may extend management beyond practical limits. Further research is warranted to address problems associated with reduced fertility after short-term treatment with MGA.     

体外产气法对3种玉米秸秆饲用价值评价研究初探

用体外产气法测定了3种不同秸秆成熟型玉米(Zea mays L.)品种不同生育期的秸秆产气量,结合成熟期籽粒产量及相关营养品质分析,以期对粮饲兼用型玉米全株饲用效果作出合理评价,为发展秸秆养殖业提供参考。结果表明:采用体外产气法能够有效模拟玉米秸秆在动物瘤胃基本消化过程,不同生育期秸秆产气量表现出拔节期>开花期>灌浆期>完熟期的趋势,且随着生育期的推进品种间差异愈明显,拔节期各品种秸秆产气量均为最高且品种间无显著差异。在0～24h内产气速率较快,36h以后趋于平缓至结束;完熟期富农1号累积产气量最高,分别较郑单958和中单2号高出102.7%和178.8%,且产气速率峰值出现在3～9h,持续24h后结束,而郑单958和中单2号峰值出现在0～3h,且12h后结束,反映出不同秸秆成熟活性差异对产气量及产气速率的影响。根据对成熟期玉米秸秆成分及籽粒营养品质分析表明,粗蛋白(CP)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和可溶性糖等成分的含量,以及秸秆产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为富农1号比其他2个品种高。因此,在保证一定玉米籽粒产量的基础上,富农1号秸秆具有较高饲用价值,在发展粮饲兼用玉米产业中具有较好的推广应用前景。     

Cervical mucus in estrous ewes after treatment with estrogen, progestogens and intrauterine devices.

The influence of estradiol, 6-alpha-methyl-17alpha-acetoxyprogesterone (MAP), and a unilaterally placed IUD on cervical mucus production was studied in estrous ewes. The animals received either 60 mg MAP from Days 9 to 21 of the extended estrous cycle, 25 mcg estradiol from Day 9 until estrus, or an IUD. MAP treatment significantly (p less than .05) increased cervical mucus production at estrus compared with the other treatments. However, the percentage of dry matter, chloride concentration, and spinnbarkeit did not markedly vary between groups. The protein content was markedly increased by estradiol. In a 2nd experiment, ewes received intravaginal sponges containing either 60 mg MAP, 30 mg 9-fluro-11beta-17-dihydroxyprogesterone-17-acetate (Cronolone), or 60 mg Cronolone from Day 9 to 21 of the extended estrous cycle. All 3 treatments significantly (p less than .01) increased cervical mucus production at estrus. There was little difference in the measured chemical and physical properties of cervical mucus between controls and treated animals. The increased production of cervical mucus in progesterone-treated animals may account for the reported reduction in the number of sperm in progesterone-treated ewes.     

Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor α and Its Regulation in the Bovine Endometrium: Possible Role in Cyclic Prostaglandin F2α Production

Cortisol (Cr), the most important glucocorticoid (GC), is well known to suppress uterine prostaglandin F2α (PGF) production. However, the details of the regulatory mechanisms controlling the cyclic changes in endometrial PGF production remain unclear. Here we investigated the expression of the GC receptor (GC-Rα), the actions of cortisol throughout the estrous cycle and the regulatory mechanism of GC-Rα in the bovine endometrium. The levels of GC-Rα protein were greater at the mid-luteal stage (Days 8–12) than at the other stages. Cr more strongly suppressed PGF production at the mid-luteal stage than at the follicular stage. GC-Rα expression was increased by progesterone (P4) but decreased by estradiol-17β (E2) in cultured endometrial stromal cells. The overall results suggest that ovarian steroid hormones control the cyclic changes in endometrial PGF production by regulating GC-Rα expression in bovine endometrial stromal cells.