奶牛卵泡囊肿的诊断及治疗

在奶牛养殖过程中,卵泡囊肿对生产造成了巨大损失。患卵泡囊肿的奶牛一般表现发情异常,发情周期紊乱,发情期延长,严重阶段或为"慕雄狂"。本文介绍了奶牛卵泡囊肿的原因、症状及诊断、治疗措施,为更好地治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿提供依据。     

用激素治疗奶牛卵巢疾病

饲养奶牛是农民脱贫致富的好项目，但奶牛不孕症是影响奶牛业发展的因素之一。据文献记载，在奶牛不孕症中卵巢疾病如卵巢囊肿、持久黄体、卵巢萎缩、卵巢炎等占５０％左右，因此奶牛的卵巢疾病已严重影响着奶牛的繁殖和发展。目前治疗奶牛卵巢疾病的方法虽然很多，但治疗效果还是以激素治疗法为最佳。现将山东章丘市兽医站用激素治疗此病的方法总结报告如下，供参考。１奶牛卵巢囊肿的治疗卵巢囊肿又分卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿，两者均是奶牛不孕的重要原因，其治疗方法如下：１．１用黄体生成素（LH）、绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）或具有LH活性…     

不同方法治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿的效果比较

在宜昌市奶牛场，对确诊为卵泡囊肿的奶牛，分别采用体外穿刺治疗法和肌肉注射促黄体素治疗法进行治疗，比较两种治疗方法的治疗效果。结果表明：体外穿刺治疗法的治愈率、有效率、受胎率分别为50.0％、87．5％、80％；激素（LH）治疗法的治愈率、有效率、受胎率分别为37．5％、62．5％、50.0％。体外穿刺治疗法的治愈率、有效率、受胎率分别比促黄体素的分别高出12．5％、25.0％、30.0％。由此得出，体外穿刺治疗法治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿的效果比激素治疗法的治疗效果好。     

理囊散治疗卵泡囊肿不孕奶牛血清白介素与激素的相关性分析

探讨理囊散治疗卵泡囊肿不孕奶牛血液生殖激素和白介素含量关系,分析其相关性与回归方程.用ELISA法测定理囊散治疗卵泡囊肿不孕奶牛前后血清中促卵泡激素（FSH）、促黄体激素（LH）、孕激素（P）和雌二醇（E2）的浓度以及血清IL-1、IL-6含量,统计分析了4种激素和两种白介素间的相关关系与回归方程.结果表明,IL-1、IL-6与P呈正相关,与FSH、LH、E2为负相关.提示卵泡囊肿不孕奶牛血清中白介素与激素的分泌存在一定的相关性.     

应用B超技术和激素测定对奶牛卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿的综合诊断研究

本文结合奶牛生产实践中的疾病案例,通过运用B超和激素测定对常见的两种卵巢疾病（卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿）进行综合诊断和针对性治疗,总结出卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿常见的B超影像图,为今后两种疾病的综合诊断尤其是B超成像规律提供理论参考依据。     

奶牛卵泡囊肿穿刺术及性控冻精配种

奶牛卵泡囊肿发病率较低,但在奶牛改良工作中又比较常见。其常用的治疗方法是激素治疗和中药辅助治疗,但疗效不显著、治疗费用高、疗程长。有些患牛停药以后40d卵泡囊肿又复发,最终往往被淘汰宰杀,给患牛畜主带来经济损失。笔者长期在基层从事奶     

穴位埋线配合中药治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿

我区是金华市最大的奶牛基地 ,饲养奶牛二万余头。据查 ,由于长期圈养 ,缺少运动 ,奶牛患不孕症的占成年母牛近 30 %。主要分类为 :排卵障碍、卵巢静止、萎缩及硬化、持久黄体、卵泡囊肿、子宫疾患等。近年来 ,随着奶牛饲养户反复使用外源性激素的增加 ,而致生殖内分泌紊乱的牛也随之增多 ,因而患卵泡囊肿的奶牛也屡见不鲜。该病主要是由于未排卵的卵泡及其上皮细胞变性 ,卵泡壁结缔组织增生、变厚、卵细胞死亡、卵泡液不被吸收或增多而形成的。笔者近年来 ,在临床中采用穴位埋线和配合中西药治疗患奶牛卵泡囊肿的病牛 13头 ,均获得满意疗效…     

理囊散治疗奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症的试验

利用理囊散对奶牛卵泡囊肿和排卵延迟进行分组治疗,并与激素治疗作对比。结果表明：理囊散治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿的有效率91.3%,配种受胎率85.71%;理囊散治疗牛排卵延迟的有效率88.89%,配种受胎率93.75%;促排卵3号治疗牛卵泡囊肿的有效率55.88%,配种受胎率84.21%;促排卵3号治疗牛排卵延迟的有效率63.89%,配种受胎率91.30%。由此说明,理囊散治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿和排卵延迟性不孕症效果显著。     

卵巢穿剌术治疗奶牛卵巢囊肿初探

卵泡囊肿是奶牛常见的卵巢疾病,可以采用多种激素如孕酮、人绒毛膜促性腺激素等治疗,因处理方法不同,治愈率为25～50%;也曾有人用一只手经直肠壁握住卵巢,另一只手持短针头经阴道穹窿穿剌卵巢来消除囊肿,但因牛的骨盆空间有限,两只手同时操作不易,如果以手挤破囊肿的卵泡,有造成出血过多的危险.为探讨简便有效的治疗卵泡囊肿的方法,特进行本治疗试验.     

激素治疗奶牛卵巢疾病的研究

奶牛业是我国畜牧业的重要产业之一,奶牛不孕症是影响其迅速发展的因素之一。据有关文献记载,在奶牛不孕症中卵巢疾病如卵巢囊肿、持久黄体、卵巢萎缩、卵巢炎等约占50％左右。因此奶牛的卵巢疾病已严重地影响着奶牛的繁殖和发展。目前奶牛卵巢疾病的治疗方法虽然很多,但其治疗效果唯有激素治疗法为最佳。下面将国内外应用激素治疗此病及我们的部分实验结果报告如下：1奶牛卯巢羹肿的治疗卵巢囊肿又分卵泡囊肿和黄体囊肿、两者均是奶牛不孕的重要原因,其治疗方法如下：1．l用th、HCG或具有商LH活性制剂治疗用不同剂量的LH、HCG或高…     

Diagnosis of luteal and follicular ovarian cysts by palpation per rectum and linear-array ultrasonography in dairy cows.

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the accuracy of palpation per rectum and linear-array ultrasonography for diagnosing follicular vs luteal ovarian cysts in cows. Forty-seven examinations of ovarian cysts from 28 cows were diagnosed by palpation per rectum as either a firm, thick-walled structure (luteal cyst) or a soft, thin-walled structure (follicular cyst) during weekly herd examinations. The ovaries of each cow were then examined by ultrasonography. Ultrasonograms of cysts greater than 25 mm in diameter were diagnosed as luteal or follicular cysts and were recorded on videotape for evaluation by a second clinician. Serum progesterone concentrations at the time of examination were determined by radioimmunoassay and used to classify luteal (greater than 0.5 ng/ml) or follicular (less than or equal to 0.5 ng/ml) cysts. Selection of this discriminatory level was based on response of a proportion of cows with luteal cysts that were given 25 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha at the time of diagnosis by ultrasonography. Sensitivity and specificity of palpation per rectum for diagnosis of type of ovarian cyst were low (43.3 and 64.7%, respectively). In contrast, sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography were considerably higher (86.7 and 82.3%, respectively). Agreement between the 2 methods of diagnosis was 57.4%. Overall agreement between the 2 clinicians' diagnoses by ultrasonography was 85.1%. On the basis of our findings, we confirm that luteal and follicular cysts cannot be accurately differentiated by palpation per rectum alone. These data suggest that linear-array ultrasonography is more effective than palpation per rectum for diagnosing type of ovarian cyst in cows.     

An Update on Cystic Ovarian Degeneration in Cattle

Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) is considered to be one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in cattle. There is a severe economic loss to dairy industry because COD increases days‐open in the postpartum period and the culling rates. The disease process is a consequence of a mature follicle that fails to ovulate at the appointed time of ovulation in the oestrous cycle. This anovulatory follicular structure either regresses or persists as a follicular or luteal cyst depending upon its structural/functional characteristics. The cells lining the follicular cyst synthesize oestrogen that, in certain instances, forces the animal to exhibit clinical signs of nymphomania. Besides oestrogen production, as per recent findings, they are also capable of secreting varying amount of progesterone which may dictate their fate. The animals that carry a luteal cyst may tend to be in anoestrus as the higher amount of progesterone secreted by this luteinized structure may change the pattern of gonadotrophins’ secretion. Present findings suggest that perturbation of the hypothalamo‐hypophyseal‐ovarian (HHO) axis, due to many exogenous and endogenous factors, as the cause for anovulation. For example, it has been suggested that lack of hypothalamic or hypophyseal response to the positive feedback effect of oestrogens that are secreted by the dominant follicle as one of the many causes. The non‐physiological changes that occur in the receptor expression of the HHO axis for the hormones involved in maturation, deviation, dominance and ovulation of the follicle may be yet another cause. The changes that occur at the cellular and molecular level in the ovary (in response to the factors mentioned above) that contribute to anovulation remain to be documented. This approach would allow us to completely understand the disease process. Hitherto, hormonal preparations that release luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary or have luteinizing hormone‐like action are used to treat follicular cysts. GnRH belongs to the former group and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) hormone forms the latter group. Treatment with a luteolytic agent, prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α), is successful if a luteal cyst is diagnosed properly. Many agents may be developed in the future if the cellular and molecular pathways of the disease process are delineated. This article will review recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of COD and suggest direction for future studies to completely understand the disease mechanism. This review will also discuss the existing method of treatments for cysts and methods proposed for treatment of cysts that tend to be refractory in nature.     

Transvaginal aspiration as first treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cattle under field circumstances

On dairy farms covered by the ambulatory service of the Department of Farm Animal Health, 55 Holstein-Friesian cows with suspected ovarian follicular cysts on the basis of rectal palpation underwent confirmatory transrectal ultrasonography. An ovarian follicular cyst was confirmed in 28 cows (50.9%) and was treated by single transvaginal-guided needle aspiration. Cows with a corpus luteum or a luteinized cyst were not treated. After aspiration, 82.1% (n=23) of the cows showed oestrus behaviour at 13.3 +/- 6.0 days. Artificial insemination was performed during the first heat after cyst aspiration and resulted in a pregnancy rate of 64.2%. In conclusion, single transvaginal-guided needle aspiration of ovarian follicular cysts is an easy and good method for the treatment of follicular cysts. Moreover, it is a safe and good alternative method for the manual, active rupturing of cysts during rectal palpation.     

Effect of a single injection of progesterone on ovarian follicular cysts in lactating dairy cows

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of a single injection of progesterone on the lifespan of ovarian follicular cysts and to examine the fate of follicles that mature following treatment. Lactating Holstein and Jersey cows with ovarian follicular cysts were identified by rectal palpation. The ovaries of cystic cows were then examined by transrectal ultrasonography three times weekly to monitor formation of new follicular cysts. Cows with newly formed follicular cysts were treated either with a single injection of progesterone (200 mg, IM, n = 11) or corn oil vehicle (n = 7). Venous blood samples were collected daily for quantification of progesterone. Blood sampling and ultrasonography continued until ovulation or a new follicular cyst formed. Treatment reduced the lifespan of the cyst by 12 days, from 29.8 +/- 2.3 days in control cows to 17.2 +/- 1.8 days in progesterone-treated cows (P = 0.01). Progesterone treatment also tended to alter the frequency of subsequent follicular events. Ovulation occurred in 4/11 cows that were treated with progesterone whereas none of the vehicle treated cows ovulated (P = 0.07). In conclusion, a single injection of 200mg of progesterone, administered early in the life of an ovarian follicular cyst, shortened its lifespan and in some cases was followed by ovulation of a new follicle.     

The Relationship Among Vitamin C, β‐carotene,Vitamin A,Progesterone and Oestradiol 17‐β Concentrations in Plasma and Cyst Fluid of Holstein Cows with Ovarian Cyst

The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of the progesterone, oestradiol‐17‐β, vitamin A, C and β‐carotene in plasma and cyst fluid and to relate these values with cystic diameter and membrane thickness of Holstein cattle with ovarian luteal cyst. 1650 Holstein cows were examined for the presence of the ovarian cyst and luteal and follicular cystic ovaries were obtained following slaughtering in personal slaughterhouse in Konya‐Turkey. 15 Luteal and 15 follicular cystic ovaries were distinguished by rectal palpation and by post mortem ultrasonographic examination. Plasma and cyst fluid, hormone and vitamin analyses were carried out by EIA method and spectrophotometric measurement respectively. Although there was no relationship between β‐carotene and vitamin A in plasma and cyst fluid of both cyst type and hormone concentrations, the vitamin C concentration of cyst fluid was found significantly higher in luteal cyst than in follicular cyst. Moreover, there is a positive correlation among values of the vitamin C concentrations of cyst fluid and cystic membrane thickness, plasma and the cyst fluid progesterone concentrations, but there is a negative correlation among the vitamin C concentrations of cystic fluid and oestradiol 17β levels of plasma and cyst fluid. In conclusion, vitamin C concentration of cyst fluid supported ultrasonographic and endocrinologic findings. Also, it can be postulated that vitamin C is probably effective on progesterone synthesis in the luteal tissue of cyst.     

Altered vitamin D metabolic system in follicular cysts of sows

This study aimed to examine 25OHD₃ concentration in the fluid of follicular and follicular lutein cysts of sows in comparison with preovulatory follicles as well as immunolocalize vitamin D metabolic enzymes (CYP27B1 and CYP24A1) and determine their protein abundances in the cyst wall. We have shown for the first time that 25OHD₃ level in the fluid of both cyst types was significantly lower than in preovulatory follicles. Furthermore, we have demonstrated CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 protein immunolocalization and abundance in follicular and follicular lutein cysts. The abundance of protein for both metabolic enzymes was decreased in ovarian cysts when compared to preovulatory follicles. We propose that altered VD metabolism in ovarian cyst might associate with their formation in sows.     

Use of milk progesterone enzyme immunoassay for differential diagnosis of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum in cows

In 160 cows with ovarian cysts as determined by rectal palpation, differentiation was made of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum on the basis of milk progesterone concentrations estimated by an enzyme immunoassay before and at 10 days after cows were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Cows having a progesterone concentration in skim milk less than 1.0 ng/ml were considered to have follicular cysts and those with concentrations of 1.0 ng/ml or higher were regarded as the cases of luteal cyst or cystic corpus luteum. Luteal cyst was characterized by progesterone values remaining high in the cows for 10 days after treatment, and cystic corpus luteum was characterized by a decrease in progesterone concentration after cows were treated. By the rectal palpation procedure it was impossible to differentiate luteal cyst and cystic corpus luteum from follicular cyst. The frequencies of follicular cyst, luteal cyst, and cystic corpus luteum were 65%, 19%, and 16%, respectively. Of 104 cows with follicular cysts as defined by milk progesterone assay result, 73 (70%) responded to the treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the milk progesterone concentration increasing from 0.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) to 1.8 +/- 1.1 ng/ml. The accuracy of rectal palpation 10 days after treatment for judgment of luteinization of follicular cyst confirmed by milk progesterone analysis was only 30% (48 cows of 160).     

Comparison of different methods of diagnosis of cystic ovarian disease in cattle and an assessment of its treatment with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device

The aims of this study were to assess the accuracy of different common methods of differentiating between follicular and luteal ovarian cysts, and to monitor the response of the cysts to 12 days treatment with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID). On the basis of agreement between the different methods, 25 of the 46 cases examined were diagnosed as follicular and 14 as luteal cysts; for the other seven cases the methods disagreed. The use of ultrasound was more accurate in diagnosing follicular cysts than luteal cysts, and combined with plasma progesterone concentrations gave the most accurate assessment of cyst type (92 per cent for follicular cysts and 82 per cent for luteal cysts). The mean (se) plasma progesterone concentration was lower in the cows with follicular cysts than in those with luteal cysts (0.29 [0.05] v 3.90 [0.63] ng/ml; P<0.05). Luteal cysts had thicker walls (5.3 [0.04] v 2.5 [0.2] mm; P<0.0001), and the wall thickness of all the cysts was positively correlated with plasma progesterone concentration (r=0.52, P<0.0004). Cows with luteal cysts had more additional follicles greater than 5 mm in diameter (P<0.01). In cows with follicular cysts and other follicles greater than 5 mm in diameter, the mean oestradiol concentration was 7.9 (1.8) pg/ml compared with 24.2 (3.1) pg/ml (P=0.002) in cows without other follicles greater than 5 mm in diameter on either ovary. At the time of PRID removal, plasma progesterone concentration had increased in the cows with follicular cysts to 1.59 (0.06) ng/ml (P<0.05) and decreased in the cows with luteal cysts to 0.87 (0.01) ng/ml (P<0.05), although there was no change in original cyst structure in 45 per cent of the cases. However, new ovarian structures were frequently observed during the treatment. The overall pregnancy rate for cows with both types of cyst after treatment was 50 per cent after three inseminations, but the first service pregnancy rate was only 18 per cent for cows with follicular cysts and 28 per cent for cows with luteal cysts. After treatment, the fertility of cows with follicular cysts was similar to that of paired herdmates, whereas cows with luteal cysts took 40 days longer to calve again than healthy herdmates. However, the culling rate was higher for cows with follicular cysts (41 v 11 per cent).     

Steroid concentrations in cows with corticotropin-induced cystic ovarian follicles and the effect of prostaglandin F2alpha and indomethacin given by intrauterine injection.

In 7 instances, cystic ovarian follicles resulted when adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was administered daily during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in cows. Two cows given daily injections of hydrocortisone (cortisol) during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle did not develop cystic ovaries. Plasma concentrations of estradiol in cows with induced cystic ovarian follicles were similar to the peak values observed at estrus and were between 6 and 12 pg/ml. Progesterone concentrations in plasma of cows with cystic ovaries were low, between 1 and 2 ng/ml. Ovulation occurred when 2 cows were given human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) during the period of ovarian cyst development with ACTH administration. Several days of administration of ACTH was required to cause cyst development. Ovulation occurred at the expected time in 1 cow when injections began on day 19, that is, late in the follicular period. In another cow, when treatment was stopped on day 3, after the expected time of estrus a delayed ovulation occurred. In 2 cows with induced cystic ovarian follicles, cyst atresia occurred spontaneously about day 13 to 17 of the cycle. In these cows, new follicular growth and ovulation followed (although delayed in 1 cow). The time of atresia of cystic follicles was not influenced by the intrauterine injection of 10 ml of sterile saline solution on days 8, 9, and 10 in 1 cow. When 5 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha in 10 ml of sterile saline solution was given (uterine injection) in 2 cows on days 8, 9, and 10, cyst atresia occurred earlier than the time of spontaneous atresia. Intrauterine administration of 100 mg of indomethacin in 10 ml of sterile saline solution daily for 13 or 14 days to 2 cows, starting on day 12 or 13 of the cycle, resulted in persistence of the induced cystic ovarian follicles. After cessation of indomethacin treatment, atresia of cysts followed and new follicular growth and ovulation occurred.