新造经济林地土壤肥力定位观测研究

该文对设置在世界银行贷款“贫困地区林业发展项目”(FDPA)河北省内新造经济林地上的土壤肥力定位观测点上连续观测取得的资料和数据进行了综合分析。结果表明,造林后土壤中各类养分含量逐年变化程度不一,土壤速效N、P含量的变幅较大,而土壤有机质和全N含量变幅较小。建议通过土壤肥力观测确定施肥方案,重点对土壤速效养分下降明显的土壤进行施肥。     

杉木林地土壤肥力观测初探

为了解造林后杉木林地土壤肥力的变化情况及施肥对林地土壤肥力的影响,经对杉木中心产区土壤肥力中等的杉木林地设固定样地,进行土壤肥力的观测研究。结果表明,杉木林地施肥后土壤的理化性质得到了明显的改善。施肥后第２年,土壤的含Ｐ量,Ｐ２和Ｐ２Ｋ１处理分别比对照提高了１３％和２１％,而Ｐ２Ｋ１处理的速效和缓效Ｋ比对照提高了２０％和１９５％;施肥后第４年其含Ｐ量分别高２５％和２８％,而Ｐ２Ｋ１处理的速效和缓效Ｋ比对照提高了２１％和２９％;造林后,随着林龄的增加杉木林地的土壤肥力呈逐年下降的趋势。造林５年后,离树干距离４０ｃｍ的土壤含Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥的下降比例较树干距离８０ｃｍ的低。     

火炬松和湿地松幼林施肥对土壤性质和叶片养分影响

１９９１～１９９５年期间,在江西景德镇市低丘千枚岩和第４纪红土红壤上,研究了火炬松、湿地松幼林施肥（Ｐ和ＰＫ）对土壤性质和叶片养分的影响。结果表明：（１）２个施肥处理使火炬松和湿地松林土壤速效Ｐ含量提高,有机质等其它土壤肥力指标下降。施Ｐ肥加速了有机质矿化和林木对Ｎ的吸收;（２）２个施肥处理能提高湿地松林土壤细菌、真菌和纤维分解菌的数量,减少放线菌的数目,而施肥前期对好气固Ｎ菌、Ｐ细菌有促进作用,后期对其有抑制作用;（３）２个施肥处理能明显提高湿地松林土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,施肥前期磷酸酶活性受到抑制,施肥后期磷酸酶活性不再受抑,酶活性大大提高。Ｐ肥能提高蔗糖酶活性,而ＰＫ肥对蔗糖酶活性有抑制作用;（４）湿地松林施肥２年后,叶片养分有明显变化,Ｐ和ＰＫ处理提高了叶片Ｃａ、Ｍｇ的含量,降低了Ｎ水平,而对Ｐ和Ｋ含量影响不大。     

主要树种新造丰产林地水土流失定位观测研究

本文对设置在世界银行贷款“国家造林项目”１２个项目省（区）的７个主要造林树种新造丰产林地上的１８个水土流失定位观测点连续５年的观测数据进行了综合分析。结果表明，造林施工会导致造林地不同程度的水土流失，在全部１８个观测点中，在发生水土流失相对最严重的造林后当年或次年，８４％的点只发生了微度或轻度土壤侵蚀，１１％的点发生了中重度土壤侵蚀，只有１个点发生了重度土壤侵蚀。水土流失主要发生在造林当年和次年，从造林后第３年（或第２年）起，地表径流量降低到一定水平，以后历年随降雨量波动，而土壤流失量则迅速减少，以后逐渐消失。高强度的整地作业是造成水土流失的重要原因，全垦整地与穴垦整地相比可使土壤流失量增加１００％。造林地土壤养分流失量年变化与水土流失年变化同步，在流失的养分总量中，土体有机质＞土体全Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ＞水体Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ＞土体速效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ。建议改变大强度造林清场、整地和幼林抚育作业方式，以减少或消除造林地的水土流失。     

杉木林地土壤肥力监测初探

为了解造林后杉木林地土壤肥力的变化情况及施肥对林地土壤肥力的影响，经对杉木中心产区土壤肥力中等的杉木林地设固定样地，进行了土壤肥力的监测研究。结果表明，杉木林地施肥后土壤的理化性质得到了改善。施肥后第２年，土壤的含Ｐ量，Ｐ２和Ｐ２Ｋ１处理分别比对照提高了１３％和２１％，而Ｐ２Ｋ１处理的速效和缓效Ｋ比对照提高２０％和１９．５％；施肥后第４年其含Ｐ量分别大２５％和２８％；而Ｐ２Ｋ１处理的速效和缓效Ｋ比     

蓝桉造林施肥对林地土壤肥力影响的监测结果

为了解蓝桉人工林地土壤肥力的变化情况，进行了蓝桉施肥和造林后的林地土壤肥力监测和分析。经对设于保山市辛街３种施肥处理的蓝桉人工林地，进行为期两年（１９９３、１９９４年）的土壤１１项化学性状监测得出：土壤的有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的含量随林地的施肥而增加；造林两年后，土壤的ｐＨ（Ｈ２Ｏ）、ｐＨ（ＫＣｌ），有机酸，全氮，有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ，水解酸，交换性Ｃａ（＋＋）、Ｍｇ（＋＋）的指标均低于造林前。     

刚果12号桉林地土壤肥力监测初报

本次土壤肥力监测试验，以处理九（Ｎ３Ｐ３Ｋ３）效果最佳，处理八（Ｎ３Ｐ２Ｋ２）次之，对照处理（Ｎ１Ｐ１Ｋ１）最差。为了提高林木生长量和质量，造林前要下足基肥，造林后要以Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ科学配比适时进行追肥，同时要适时适量加施生理碱性肥料，使土壤养分发挥应有的效能。     

高阿丁枫人工林土壤养分定位研究

采用灰色系统理论，对高阿丁枫人工林土壤肥力定位监测结果进行分析，得知：高阿丁枫人工林的土壤分含量１９９３－１９９５年呈下降趋势，１９９５－１９９８年有所回升，但总的变化趋势是下降。其中，土壤有机质含量呈上升状态、有效Ｎ含量变化平稳，稍有上升，全Ｎ、有效Ｐ、有效Ｋ则呈下降趋势，因此，高阿丁枫人工林土壤养分含量下降的土壤全Ｎ、有效Ｐ、有效Ｋ呈下降趋势。在高阿丁枫营林生产中，应考虑补充土壤中的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ     

高阿丁枫人工林土壤养分定位研究

采用灰色系统理论,对高阿丁枫人工林土壤肥力定位监测结果进行分析,得知：高阿丁枫人工林的土壤养分含量１９９３～１９９５年呈下降趋势,１９９５～１９９８年有所回升,但总的变化趋势是下降。其中,土壤有机质含量呈上升状态,有效Ｎ含量变化平稳,稍有上升,全Ｎ、有效Ｐ、有效Ｋ则呈下降趋势。因此,高阿丁枫人工林土壤养分含量下降的原因是土壤全Ｎ、有效Ｐ、有效Ｋ呈下降趋势。在高阿丁枫营林生产中,应考虑补充土壤中的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ。     

施肥对杨树人工林土壤养分及环境影响的研究

本文报道了施肥４年对杨树人工林土壤养分的消长、水分物理特性及土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,施肥可提高土壤有机质,全Ｎ、速效Ｎ含量,其最适处理（１００ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２＋１００ｋｇＰ２Ｏ５／ｈｍ２）分别比施肥前提高２１％、６０％和１４％;而施肥对全Ｐ、速效Ｐ以及土壤水分物理特性影响不大;对各处理土壤微生物的分析表明,施肥使土壤微生物总数比造林前提高了３７７％,从而提高土壤活性,促进林木生长。适当地施肥并不会对土壤理化性质和生态环境造成剧烈的影响。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.