日粮淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能和氮代谢的影响

选择28 d断奶、平均体重约8kg杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪52头,以玉米、早籼稻糙米、糯米和抗性淀粉(Hi-Maize 1043)作为淀粉来源,配合4个等能、等氮、等淀粉试验日粮,进行为期21d的饲养试验和4×4拉丁方代谢试验,研究日粮淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能和氮代谢的影响。结果表明,饲喂玉米组平均日增重最高,分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米组高36%(P<0.01)、24.53%(P<0.01)和10.77%(P<0.05),料重比也分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米组低12.73%(P<0.05)、18.18%(P<0.01)和7.88%,抗性淀粉组的采食量最低(P<0.05)。与其它日粮组相比,抗性淀粉组蛋白质表观消化率较低(P<0.05),排泄粪氮较多(P<0.05),而糯米日粮组则排泄较多的尿氮,整体蛋白质沉积以玉米组最佳(P<0.05)。     

不同淀粉来源对生长猪氮代谢及血液部分生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究日粮淀粉来源对生长猪氮代谢和血液中部分生化指标的影响.试验选择17头体重(21.09±0.72)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交阉公猪,以玉米、早籼稻糙米、糯米和抗性淀粉作为淀粉来源,配合4个等氮、等能、等淀粉试验日粮和1个无氮日粮,进行1个按5×5拉丁方设计的氮代谢试验和1个为期8 d的单因子饲养试验.结果表明,抗性淀粉组蛋白质表观和真消化率均最低,表观消化率分别比玉米组、糯米组、糙米组低9.28%、11.31%和11.05%(P<0.05),真消化率分别低8.79%、10.80%和10.50%(P<0.05);蛋白质沉积率以玉米组最高,分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米日粮组高25.98%(P<0.05)、1.32%(P>0.05)和1.37%(P>0.05).血液生化指标分析结果显示,抗性淀粉组试验猪的血液中葡萄糖、胰岛素浓度及胰岛素/血糖变化比较平稳,其他各组采食后升高幅度较大,1 h后达到高峰;其中糯米组采食后1 h血液中葡萄糖、胰岛素含量及胰岛素/血糖最高,分别为1.21 mg/mL、52.35μU/mL和43.27μU/mg,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).由结果可知,日粮淀粉来源影响生长猪氮代谢和血液部分生化指标,抗性淀粉组的血糖和胰岛素变化幅度较小,蛋白质的沉积率也较低.     

不同淀粉来源对生长猪回肠食糜中微生物氮和氨基酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究淀粉消化性能的差异对生长猪回肠食糜中微生物氮和氨基酸含量的影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择4头回肠末端安装有简单T瘘管的杜×长×大三元杂交公猪进行消化代谢试验.结果显示,淀粉来源不同其回肠末端消化率存在差异,在生长猪的回肠末端抗性淀粉有83.07%被消化;糯米淀粉被100%消化,玉米和糙米淀粉介于二者之同,分别有97.63%和96.41%被消化;回肠食糜中氮的流量以采食抗性淀粉日粮组最高(为每千克干物质采食量7.44 g),而食糜氮中微生物氮所占比例以采食糯米组最高(为72.8%);各组回肠食糜氨基酸流量中微生物氨基酸所占比率变化范围为25.43%(玉米组)～45.09%(抗性淀粉组),其中抗性淀粉组Asp、Glu、Ser和Lys的比率明显高于玉米组(P<0.05),但Tyr却低于玉米组(P<0.05);糙米组Arg显著高于抗性淀粉组,而Ala和Leu却比抗性淀粉组低(P<0.05);糯米组Ala和Leu也明显较抗性淀粉组低.     

日粮淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能和氮代谢的影响

选择28 d断奶、平均体重约8 kg杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪52头,以玉米、早籼稻糙米、糯米和抗性淀粉(Hi-Maize 1043)作为淀粉来源,配合4个等能、等氮、等淀粉试验日粮,进行为期21 d的饲养试验和4×4拉丁方代谢试验,研究日粮淀粉来源对断奶仔猪生产性能和氮代谢的影响.结果表明,饲喂玉米组平均日增重最高,分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米组高36%(P＜0.01)、24.53%(P＜0.01)和10.77%(P＜0.05),料重比也分别比抗性淀粉、糯米和糙米组低12.73%(P＜0.05)、18.18%(P＜0.01)和7.88%,抗性淀粉组的采食量最低(P＜0.05).与其它日粮组相比,抗性淀粉组蛋白质表观消化率较低(P＜0.05),排泄粪氮较多(P＜0.05),而糯米日粮组则排泄较多的尿氮,整体蛋白质沉积以玉米组最佳(P＜0.05).     

半胱胺对小尾寒羊瘤胃原虫和养分消化率及血清生化指标的影响

为了研究半胱胺对小尾寒羊瘤胃原虫和养分消化率及血清生化指标的影响,试验选择体质量40 kg左右小尾寒羊40只,随机分为4组,每组10只,半胱胺每天每只的添加量分别为0.1(1组)、0.2(2组)、0.3(3组)、0(对照组),结果表明,(1)半胱胺能够激发瘤胃原虫的生长率和增长数量.(2)试验羊采食正常,各组间采食量无显著差异.试验3组的日增重达到0.234 kg,显著高于其他组(P<0.05),试验1组、试验2组和对照组间日增重无显著差异(P>0.05).试验3组的耗料/增重显著低于其他各组(P<0.01),试验1组和对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05).试验3组的粗蛋白消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),粗脂肪消化率则极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率组间差异不显著(P>0.05).(3)每天每只添加0.3 g半胱胺试验组的血糖(glucose)水平最高,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);血清尿素氮(BUN)值最低,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),生长抑素(SS)值为56.02 ng/L,极显著低于对照组的71.45 ng/L(P<0.01);血清3-碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和甲状腺素(T1)水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),而生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)水平也显著高于对照组(P<0.01);试验组的血清胰岛素(INS)水平与对照组不显著(P>0.05).     

限饲和自由采食条件下色氨酸对仔猪生长性能和血清尿素氮的影响

色氨酸在仔猪的玉米-豆粕型或玉米-鱼粉型饲粮中是第二限制性氨基酸。仔猪饲粮中添加色氨酸能够促进采食量的增加,提高仔猪的生长性能。试验选取32头28日龄断奶体重约为(8.63±0.79)kg法系长白阉公猪,2×2因子设计,分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期为21天。采取限饲和自由采食饲喂方式,研究两个不同色氨酸浓度的饲粮(0.12%,0.26%)对仔猪生长性能的影响。在试验的第一周,饲喂方式之间的日增重差异极显著(P<0.01),不同色氨酸水平之间的日增重没有显著差异,饲喂方式和饲粮色氨酸水平之间没有互作效应。第二周,饲喂方式和饲粮色氨酸水平都对仔猪日增重有显著影响(P<0.05),料重比在自由采食情况下极显著高于限饲情况(P<0.01),饲喂方式和饲粮色氨酸水平没有互作关系。限饲组和自由采食组饲喂0.26%色氨酸饲粮的仔猪日增重高于0.12%组(P<0.05和P<0.01),料重比明显低于饲喂0.12%色氨酸饲粮组(P<0.05和P<0.01)。第三周的结果和第二周相似。整个试验期饲喂方式和饲粮色氨酸水平对仔猪日增重和料重比都有极显著或显著影响,但两者没有互作效应。限饲组和自由采食组中,饲喂0.26%色氨酸饲粮组的仔猪日增重极显著高于饲喂0.12%色氨酸饲粮组仔猪(P<0.01),同时不同饲喂方式之间日增重差异极显著(P<0.01);饲喂0.26%色氨酸饲粮的仔猪料重比极显著低于饲喂0.12%色氨酸饲粮的仔猪(P<0.01)。限饲条件下色氨酸水平由0.12%升高到0.26%,仔猪血清尿素氮水平由15.37mg/mL下降到12.13mg/mL,差异显著(P<0.05);同样在自由采食条件下血清尿素氮明显下降(P<0.05),由原来的16mg/mL降到11.38mg/mL。结论,在其他营养素进食相同条件下,增加饲粮色氨酸量能够提高仔猪日增重和饲料报酬,降低血清尿素氮,说明色氨酸本身对仔猪的生长和代谢有一定的作用;在自由采食情况下,增加饲粮色氨酸量还可提高仔猪采食量,结合其本身促生长作用,能显著提高仔猪生长性能。     

糙米-豆粕型日粮对断奶仔猪生长性能及蛋白质代谢的影响

本研究旨在评估糙米-豆粕型日粮对断奶仔猪生长性能及蛋白质代谢的影响。试验选择平均初始体重为7.5kg的25d断奶仔猪120头,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复10头。两组分别饲喂以玉米或糙米为基础日粮,试验共进行14d。结果 :糙米日粮组1～14d仔猪日增重较玉米日粮组显著提高了22.04%(P 0.05),同时饲料效率显著提高14.42%(P 0.05)。与玉米型日粮组相比,糙米日粮组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著提高12.26%和34.55%(P 0.05)。但糙米日粮组血浆尿素氮浓度较玉米日粮组显著降低44.83%(P 0.05)。糙米日粮组血浆缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸和甘氨酸浓度较玉米日粮组分别显著提高27.63%、74.19%、32.84%和93.51%(P 0.05),而组氨酸浓度较玉米日粮组显著降低22.5%(P 0.05)。结论 :在不改变采食量的情况下,日粮添加糙米可以改善断奶仔猪日增重和饲料效率,并可能增加断奶仔猪蛋白质沉积。     

α-酮戊二酸对脂多糖应激断奶仔猪生长抑制的缓解作用

试验用大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS)多次刺激断奶仔猪建立应激模型,研究α-酮戊二酸(AKG)对断奶仔猪的生长性能和血浆激素水平的影响,探讨AKG能否缓解仔猪应激反应.选用24头健康断奶仔猪(杜洛克×长白×大白,体重(7.25±0.23)kg),随机分成3个组(空白对照组、应激对照组和AKG组),每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪.2个对照组饲喂基础日粮+1%淀粉,AKG组饲喂基础日粮+1%AKG,在试验第10天、第12天、第14天和第16天分别在应激对照组和AKG组仔猪的腹膜注射80 μg/kg LPS.试验结果显示:(1)试验第1～9天,未注射LPS时,AKG组平均日增重分别比空白对照组和应激对照组提高30.0%(P<0.05)和31.1%(P<0.05),料重比降低12.4%(P<0.05)和12.8%(P<0.05);试验第10～16天(注射LPS),应激对照组与空白对照组相比平均日增重降低28.8%(P<0.05),料重比升高16.8%(P<0.05),但AKG组的平均日增重和料重比与空白对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)与空白对照组相比,试验第10天,首次LPS刺激后,应激对照组的血浆胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-I)水平降低22.7%(P<0.05),而AKG组无显著变化(P>0.05);试验第16天,多次LPS刺激后,与空白对照组比较,应激对照组的IGF-I和胰岛素(INS)水平分别降低21.2%(P<0.05)和25.7%(P<0.05),而AKG组无显著变化(P>0.05).结果表明,日粮中添加1%AKG能显著缓解LPS应激对杜×长×大断奶仔猪生长的负影响.     

淀粉对育肥猪生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响

本试验研究育肥猪采食不同来源淀粉(玉米淀粉、糯米淀粉和土豆淀粉)对生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响。15头体重为(24.49±1.34)kg健康PIC阉割公猪,按体重随机分为3组,对照组、试验1组和2组分别饲喂含有玉米淀粉、糯米淀粉、50%玉米淀粉和50%土豆淀粉的日粮,测定育肥猪在25~50、50~75、75~100 kg的日增重、日采食量、饲料增重比和粪便中营养物质的表观消化率。结果表明:体重在25~50 kg时,对照组的日增重和饲料增重比显著优于试验2组((P0.05);体重在50~75 kg时,试验1组的饲料增重比显著的高于其他两组(P0.05);在25~50、50~75 kg,试验1和2组的Ca、P的吸收率均极显著高于对照组(P0.01);体重在75~100 kg时,试验2组显著的提高了日采食量(P0.05)。结果提示,PIC育肥猪前期,以玉米淀粉作为饲料的主要能量来源能提高其生长性能,饲料中不同淀粉的适当搭配可能有助于提高营养物质的消化吸收率,增加PIC育肥猪的生长速度。     

强制补饲对早期断奶仔猪腹泻及消化道的影响

选用二元杂交仔猪10窝,随机分为对照组和试验组,8日龄时开始补饲,对照组自由采食,试验组在自由采食基础上,增加强制补饲至21日龄.结果表明,强制补饲可明显增加28日龄断奶仔猪断奶前的饲粮采食量:试验组(600.6±29.97)g,对照组(202.6±16.59)g(P<0.01);断奶前后日增重显著提高(P<0.01);断奶后仔猪腹泻频率显著降低:试验组(14.78±2.13)%,对照组(45.75±6.26)%(P<0.01);28日龄胃内pH值低于4,显著低于对照组(P<0.05);肠道内大肠杆菌数量显著低于对照组(P<0.01);35日龄时,试验组胃质量显著大于对照组(P<0.05),胃和十二指肠黏膜绒毛显著高于对照组(P<0.05).     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein