辽南地区部分蛋鸡舍内氨气含量的调查以及减排措施

在蛋鸡养殖过程中会产生很多有害气体,其中氨气是最为常见且对环境危害较大的气体之一.文章对辽南地区部分蛋鸡舍内氨气含量进行测量调查,分析氨气危害并提出减少氨气排放的有效措施,以期对蛋鸡养殖过程中减少氨气的排放提供参考.     

Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production

In different parts of Europe animal production is highly concentrated. Pig production generally is the main animal production activity in these areas. Main concerns of these large numbers of pigs are the amount of surplus nutrients in excreta and gaseous losses to the environment. Main nutrients of concern are N, P, and heavy metals and main gaseous losses of concern are ammonia, odour, and methane. Although losses are inevitable to a certain extent, nutrition seems to be a key factor in reducing these losses. Main nutritional strategies to reduce N and P excretions from pigs are: phase feeding (N, P), supplementation of limiting amino acids to the diet (N), and addition of phytase to the diet (P). Nutritional strategies to reduce heavy metals excretions from pigs are: finding alternative, natural, growth promoters that could replace Cu and Zn in the diet; using feedstuffs for the diet that are less contaminated with Cd. Main strategies to reduce ammonia emissions are: 1) lowering crude protein intake in combination with addition of limiting amino acids; 2) Shifting nitrogen excretion from urine to faeces by including fermentable carbohydrates in the diet; 3) lowering pH of urine by adding acidifying salts to the diet; 4) lowering the pH of faeces by inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates in the diet. These strategies proved to be independent from each other and effects are additive. By combining these strategies a total reduction of ammonia emission in growing-finishing pigs of 70% could be reached. Strategies to reduce odour emission are: 1) reducing protein fermentation by balancing available protein and fermentable carbohydrates in the large intestine; 2) Minimizing breakdown of absorbed sulphur amino acids. More studies are needed in this area of research, but results until now are very promising. A clear relationship exists between fermentable carbohydrates in the diet and methane emissions. This disadvantage should be considered when tackling ammonia emission by this strategy. It is concluded that there is a large potential to reduce environmental load within pig dense areas by nutritional means.     

Nutrient losses from manure management in the European Union

Manure management systems are conducive to nutrient and carbon losses, but the magnitude of the loss highly depends on the nutrient element, the manure management system and the environmental conditions. This paper discusses manure management systems in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU-27) and nutrient losses from these systems, with emphasis on nitrogen (N). In general, losses decrease in the order: C, N >> S > K, Na, Cl, B > P, Ca, Mg, metals. Assessments made with the integrated modeling tool MITERRA-EUROPE indicate that the total N excretion in 2000 by livestock in EU-27 was  10,400 kton. About 65% of the total N excretion was collected in barns and stored for some time prior to application to agricultural land. Almost 30% of the N excreted in barns was lost during storage; approximately 19% via NH₃ emissions, 7% via emissions of NO, N₂O and N₂, and 4% via leaching and run-off. Differences between Member States in mean N losses from manure storages were large (range 19.5–35%). Another 19% of the N excreted in animal housing systems was lost via NH₃ emissions following the application of the manure to land. The results indicate that maximally 52% of the N excreted in barns was effectively recycled as plant nutrient. Various emission abatement measures can be implemented and have been implemented already in some Member States to reduce the emissions of NH₃ and N₂O, and the leaching of N and P. There is scope to reduce NH₃ emissions by  30% relative to the reference year 2000, although the uncertainty in estimated emissions and in the estimated effects of emission abatement measures is relatively large.     

Cooling and feeding strategies to reduce heat load of grain-fed beef cattle in intensive housing

Six Murray Grey × Hereford yearling steers were used to determine the effect of two cooling treatments (ENV) (day cooled (0600–1400) or night cooled (1400–2200), and two dietary treatments (DIET) – control (CON) no added fat or added fat (FAT) – on rectal temperature, respiration rate and dry matter intake (DMI). Cattle were exposed to 2 d of thermoneutral conditions followed by four hot days in a controlled climate facility. This was replicated 6 times. Steers were given a 10 d rest in outside pens between each replication. Sprinklers (2.84 L min^− 1; 5 min on, 20 min off) and fans (continuous; 2 m s^− 1) were used when ambient temperature (T_A) ≥ 28 °C. Rectal temperature (5 min intervals) and respiration rate (hourly) were measured for 12 × 24 h periods on hot days (2 per replication). Individual DMI over two time periods (PER) (period 1; 0600–1500, and period 2; 1500–0600) and daily metabolisable energy (ME) intakes were also recorded. Steers fed FAT had greater (P < 0.05) DMI then the CON steers during day cooling. However, there were no DIET or PER differences for DMI during night cooling. DMI of FAT and CON fed steers during night cooling was similar to the DMI of the FAT fed steers during day cooling. Overall DMI was greater during night cooling (DMI from both diets pooled). There were PER differences for DMI, with more (P < 0.05) feed consumed during period 2 irrespective of ENV or DIET. ME intake was 22.9% greater (P < 0.05) for the FAT fed steers during day cooling then for the CON fed steers. There were no DIET effects on ME intake during night cooling. DIET had no effect (P > 0.05) on respiration rate however differences were seen for rectal temperature. Mean rectal temperature for the FAT steers was lower (P < 0.05) than the mean of the CON steers, however there were no within ENV differences. Day cooled cattle had a higher (P < 0.05) respiration rates (71.8 breaths/min; bpm) than the night cooled steers (65.3 bpm). There were no differences for rectal temperature. However, day cooled steers had lower (P < 0.05) rectal temperature and respiration rate than the night cooled steers during the day — which corresponded with the day cooling period. Night cooling appears to be beneficial in lowering mean rectal temperature and respiration rate, and in maintaining DMI. There is no suggestion that feeding fat will replace the need for supplementary measures to alleviate heat exposure of confined cattle. However feeding fat may be worthwhile in maintenance DMI when combined with strategies involving day cooling.     

Fate of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms during storage of liquid hog manure in Québec

Pathogenic microorganisms in manure represents a potential hazard to human and animal. Few data describing the microbiological content of liquid hog manure intended for spreading are available in the scientific literature. The objective of this project was to verify the presence and estimate the persistence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Cryptosporidium spp. in liquid hog manure from storages under conditions typical of commercial swine production in Québec. E. coli content of liquid hog manure taken during the spreading period in the 32 hog operations varied between 0 and 5.52 log₁₀ CFU/g with a 95% confidence interval of 3.16–4.23 log₁₀ CFU/g. Salmonella spp., Y. enterocolitica and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 37%, 9% and 3% samples, respectively. Under the conditions of this experiment, the predicted number of days required to obtain a 90% reduction of E. coli populations varied between 15 and 26 days, while the predicted storage period necessary to reach undetectable levels was 54–114 days. The maximal persistence of Salmonella observed in this study was 88 days. A 73-day storage time was insufficient for the elimination of Y. enterocolitica.     

单胃动物内源氨基酸损失的测定方法及影响因素研究进展

氨基酸消化率是评定饲料蛋白质生物学效价的重要指标。对内源氨基酸损失进行准确测定可获得精准的氨基酸消化率,不仅可以节约日粮蛋白资源,降低饲料成本,还可减少因氮排放造成的环境污染。目前,内源氨基酸损失测定的方法主要包括无氮日粮法、绝食法、差量法、酶解蛋白日粮法、回归法、高精氨酸法和同位素法等。内源氨基酸损失又与动物、饲养环境、日粮组成(日粮蛋白、纤维、抗营养因子)及测定方法等有关。本文综述了内源氨基酸损失的测定方法及影响因素。     

Losses due to porcine peproductive and respiratory syndrome in a large swine farm

The aim of the presented studies was to demonstrate losses and economical consequences of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) outbreak in a large swine farm in Poland. Prior to the occurrence of PRRS the piglets' mortality rate did not exceed 6%, losses among weaners and fatteners were lower than 3.5% and the percentage of sows that farrowed before term was 1.4%. During the first month after onset of the outbreak 25.6% of sows farrowed before 110 days of pregnancy, the percentage of mummies was 21.7%, the percentage of piglets that died before weaning was 43.3%, losses among fatteners and weaners were four times greater, and average production of weaned piglets per sow per year dropped from 21.1 to 18.1. Farrowing rate dropped from 80.5 to 47.7% and even 12 months after onset of the outbreak did not reach the level found before the outbreak. Expenses dealing with preventing and treating secondary infections, during the 12 months after the outbreak were on average 60% higher than, those found, during the previous year.     

Methods to reduce or eliminate detection of estrus in a melengestrol acetate-PGF2alpha protocol for synchronization of estrus in beef heifers

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate methods to decrease or eliminate the detection of estrus inherent to a melengestrol acetate (MGA)-PGF2alpha (PGF) protocol for synchronization of estrus in heifers. In each experiment, all heifers received 0.5 mg of MGA x animal(-1) x d(-1) for 14 d (d -32 to -19) and PGF (25 mg, i.m.; d 0, 0 h) 19 d after the last feeding of MGA (MGA-PGF protocol). In Exp. 1, heifers (n = 709) were assigned to each of the following protocols: 1) the MGA-PGF protocol with AI 6 to 12 h after detection of estrus (estrus AI; MGA-PGF); 2) MGA-PGF plus 100 microg, i.m. of GnRH on d -7 (1x GnRH) and estrus AI; or 3) MGA-PGF, GnRH on d -7, and GnRH (100 microg, i.m.) at 48 h after PGF, coincident with insemination (2x GnRH-TB48). In Exp. 2, heifers (n = 559) received the MGA-PGF protocol and were inseminated by either estrus AI or fixed-time AI (TAI) at 60 h, coincident with an injection of GnRH (GnRH-TB60). In Exp. 3, all heifers (n = 460) received the MGA-PGF protocol and were inseminated by estrus AI when detected up to 73 h. Heifers not observed in estrus by 73 h received TAI between 76 and 80 h. Half the heifers inseminated by TAI received no further treatment (TB80), and the remaining half was injected with GnRH at insemination (GnRH-TB80). Variance associated with the interval to estrus and the proportion in estrus from d 0 to 5 was similar for 1x GnRH and MGA-PGF treatments in Exp. 1. Pregnancy rate (d 0 to 5) did not differ for the MGA-PGF and 1x GnRH treatments (62.5 and 60.4%, respectively), and both were greater (P < 0.05) than TAI pregnancy rate in the 2x GnRH-TB48 treatment (42.3%). In Exp. 2, the peak estrous response occurred 60 h after PGF. Pregnancy rate during the synchrony period was greater (P < 0.05) for the MGA-PGF (255/401; 63.6%) than the GnRH-TB60 (74/158; 46.6%) treatment. In Exp. 3, 75.7% of heifers (348/460) were detected in estrus by 73 h and were inseminated, with a conception rate of 74.4%. Pregnancy rates after TAI did not differ between TB80 and GnRH-TB80 (14/56 = 25% and 19/ 56 = 33.9%, respectively). Total pregnancy rate was 63.5% for heifers inseminated after detected estrus and by TAI. Collectively, these data indicate that the exclusive use of TAI for heifers treated with the MGA-PGF protocol resulted in lower pregnancy rates than when AI was performed after detection of estrus. However, estrus AI for 3 d and TAI at the end of d 3 could result in pregnancy rates similar to those achieved after a 5-d period of detecting estrus.     

Bio—G除臭剂对蛋鸡舍内氨气及产蛋性能的影响

在面积相等，饲养密度相近的2栋蛋鸡舍内连续15d喷洒Bio-G除臭剂，每天1次，每次5L，结果表明，喷洒Bio-G后，鸡舍氨气含量明显下降，但对蛋鸡产蛋性能无明显影响。     

瘤胃微生态种群对宿主动物氮源物质的调节作用研究

瘤胃微生物如细菌、原虫以及纤毛虫等的研究一直是反刍动物研究的重要方面。它们不仅可以对饲料纤维、淀粉进行降解,日粮蛋白质也是它们的发酵底物之一,此外,内源性的含氮物质和日粮中添加的氮源物质都可被它们代谢利用。在瘤胃微生物产生的各种降解酶的作用下,饲料养分被逐级降解进行转化,但它们的作用机理及相互作用尚不完全清楚,一直是反刍动物营养研究的重点。为此,文章对瘤胃微生物对宿主动物氮源物质的作用及其需求作一介绍,以便为深入研究作一参考。     

Heat shock protein 60 expression in heart, liver and kidney of broilers exposed to high temperature

The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of HSP60 in the heart, liver, and kidney of acutely heat-stressed broilers at various stressing times. The plasma creatine kinase (CK) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) concentrations statistic increased following heat stress. After 2 h of heat stress, the tissues showed histopathological changes. Hsp60 expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of parenchyma cells heat stress. The intensity of the cytoplasmic staining varied and exhibited an organ-specific distribution pattern. Hsp60 levels in the hearts of heat-stressed chickens gradually increased at 1 h (p < 0.05) and peaked (p < 0.05) at 5 h; Hsp60 levels in the liver gradually decreased at 3 h (p < 0.05); Hsp60 levels in the kidney had no fluctuation. It is suggested that Hsp60 expression is tissue-specific and this may be linked to tissue damage in response to heat stress. The Hsp60 level is distinct in diverse tissues, indicating that Hsp60 may exert its protective effect by a tissue- and time-specific mechanism.     

降低家禽养殖业沙门氏菌感染的研究进展

沙门氏菌是一种人畜共患病原体,食用生的或未煮熟的受污染家禽产品可导致人类急性胃肠炎。本综述总结了目前关于降低家禽养殖业沙门氏菌感染的研究,并对未来在家禽沙门氏菌控制领域的发展提出建议,包括常规的预防卫生措施,以及饲料和饮用水有机酸酸化等其它策略和基于被动免疫和主动免疫的免疫策略。另外,通过改变饲料原料成分和营养也可降低家禽对沙门氏菌感染的易感性。     

Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle

To differentiate between the effects of heat stress (HS) and decreased dry matter intake (DMI) on physiological and metabolic variables in growing beef cattle, we conducted an experiment in which a thermoneutral (TN) control group (n = 6) was pair fed (PF) to match nutrient intake with heat-stressed Holstein bull calves (n = 6). Bulls (4 to 5 mo old, 135 kg body weight [BW]) housed in climate-controlled chambers were subjected to 2 experimental periods (P): (1) TN (18 °C to 20 °C) and ad libitum intake for 9 d, and (2) HS (cyclical daily temperatures ranging from 29.4 °C to 40.0 °C) and ad libitum intake or PF (in TN conditions) for 9 d. During each period, blood was collected daily and all calves were subjected to an intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT) on day 7 and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) on day 8. Heat stress reduced (12%) DMI and by design, PF calves had similar nutrient intake reductions. During P1, BW gain was similar between environments and averaged 1.25 kg/d, and both HS and PF reduced (P < 0.01) average daily gain (-0.09 kg/d) during P2. Compared to PF, HS decreased (P < 0.05) basal circulating glucose concentrations (7%) and tended (P < 0.07) to increase (30%) plasma insulin concentrations, but neither HS nor PF altered plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. Although there were no treatment differences in P2, both HS and PF increased (P < 0.05) plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (75%) compared with P1. In contrast to P1, both HS and PF had increased (16%) glucose disposal, but compared with PF, HS calves had a greater (67%; P < 0.05) insulin response to the GTT. Neither period nor environment acutely affected insulin action, but during P2, calves in both environments tended (P = 0.11) to have a blunted overall glucose response to the ITT. Independent of reduced nutrient intake, HS alters post-absorptive carbohydrate (basal and stimulated) metabolism, characterized primarily by increased basal insulin concentrations and insulin response to a GTT. However, HS-induced reduction in feed intake appears to fully explain decreased average daily gain in Holstein bull calves.     

扁穗牛鞭草组织培养中褐化控制技术初探

以雅安’扁穗牛鞭草（Hemarthria compressa cv.Ya’an）幼茎诱导的愈伤组织为试验材料,探讨了3种抗褐化剂[活性炭(AC)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、抗坏血酸(Vc)],以及不同继代培养周期和培养温度对扁穗牛鞭草愈伤组织褐化控制及愈伤组织生长状况的影响。结果表明,向培养基中添加AC和低浓度的PVP能有效降低褐化率并促进愈伤组织的生长,其中以2.0 g·L-1AC的效果最好,1.0 g·L-1 AC和1.0 g·L-1 PVP的效果次之,Vc抗褐化性能较差;以10 d为一个继代培养周期,愈伤组织的褐化率最低;培养室温度控制在（23±2）℃左右,既可有效降低愈伤组织的褐化率,又不影响愈伤组织的生长。     

Estimating the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis in ruminants in Turkey

The aim of this study was to estimate the production losses due to cystic echinococcosis (CE) in cattle, sheep and goats in Turkey. For this purpose, official records and previously published data in the literature were used. The weighted mean prevalence rates of the disease were calculated to be 7.4% in cattle, 46.3% in sheep and 10.9% in goats. The financial losses were estimated in US$ at 2008 current prices under expected (mean value), optimistic (mean value lowered by 10%), and pessimistic (mean value increased by 10%) scenarios. The production losses in an infected ruminant were estimated as US$ 139.2 (125.3–153.2, under optimistic–pessimistic scenarios) for cattle, US$ 13.7 (12.3–15.1) for sheep, and US$ 13.9 (12.5–15.3) for goats. The nation-wide annual losses due to CE were estimated as US$ 32.4 million (26.2–39.1) for cattle, US$ 54.1 million (43.8–65.5) for sheep and US$ 2.7 million (2.2–3.3) for goats. The nation-wide production losses due to CE in Turkey in 2008 were calculated as US$ 89.2 million (72.2–107.9). The results of this study may provide information to assist decisions of the policy makers in prioritising the allocation of scarce resources in controlling animal diseases in Turkey. However, alternative disease control-eradication programmes and cost-benefit analyses of them are needed for the future studies of this kind to provide better decision support in this area.     

锡林郭勒草原退化的经济损失估算及启示

锡林郭勒草原是我国华北地区最大的绿色屏障,以天然牧场为基础的草原畜牧业是当地的主体经济,但是目前锡林郭勒草原退化沙化严重,成为主要的风沙源。对草原退化造成的经济损失进行估算,有助于促进政府和有关部门在制定政策时将生态环境的基础性作用考虑其中。根据草原生态功能的特点和资料的可靠性,选择典型指标,对锡林郭勒草原退化的经济损失进行估算。结果表明,2002年锡林郭勒草原退化的直接经济损失为11.09×108元,间接经济损失为12.24×108元,总经济损失为23.33×108元,与2002年第一产业国民生产总值相当;退化草原的恢复费用需要18.11×108元,占2002年GDP的22.1%,而目前草场恢复的资金远远低于理论数值,草原恢复速度低于退化速度。