Scintigraphy of normal mouse ovaries with monoclonal antibodies to ZP-2, the major zona pellucida protein

The zona pellucida is an extracellular glycocalyx, made of three sulfated glycoproteins, that surrounds mammalian oocytes. Parenterally administered monoclonal antibodies specific for ZP-2, the most abundant zona protein, localize in the zona pellucida. When labeled with iodine-125, these monoclonal antibodies demonstrate a remarkably high target-to-nontarget tissue ratio and provide clear external radioimaging of ovarian tissue.     

The unfolded protein response: from stress pathway to homeostatic regulation

The vast majority of proteins that a cell secretes or displays on its surface first enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they fold and assemble. Only properly assembled proteins advance from the ER to the cell surface. To ascertain fidelity in protein folding, cells regulate the protein-folding capacity in the ER according to need. The ER responds to the burden of unfolded proteins in its lumen (ER stress) by activating intracellular signal transduction pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). Together, at least three mechanistically distinct branches of the UPR regulate the expression of numerous genes that maintain homeostasis in the ER or induce apoptosis if ER stress remains unmitigated. Recent advances shed light on mechanistic complexities and on the role of the UPR in numerous diseases.     

G protein signaling from activated rat frizzled-1 to the beta-catenin-Lef-Tcf pathway

The frizzled receptors, which mediate development and display seven hydrophobic, membrane-spanning segments, are cell membrane-localized. We constructed a chimeric receptor with the ligand-binding and transmembrane segments from the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) and the cytoplasmic domains from rat Frizzled-1 (Rfz1). Stimulation of mouse F9 clones expressing the chimera (beta2AR-Rfz1) with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol stimulated stabilization of beta-catenin, activation of a beta-catenin-sensitive promoter, and formation of primitive endoderm. The response was blocked by inactivation of pertussis toxin-sensitive, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and by depletion of Galphaq and Galphao. Thus, G proteins are elements of Wnt/Frizzled-1 signaling to the beta-catenin-lymphoid-enhancer factor (LEF)-T cell factor (Tcf) pathway.     

2001-2013年中国重大食物中毒事件的分析评价

为了深入了解我国重大食物中毒事件的发生特征,该研究采用时间序列季节分解法、变异度值、t值检验等分析方法对我国2001-2013年重大食物中毒事件发生起数、死亡人数、中毒因素、中毒场所等通报数据进行分析评价。结果显示：我国重大食物中毒事件发生起数、死亡人数自2006年起均具有逐年下降的趋势,且呈明显的季节周期性,其中,第三季度是中毒事件发生起数最多、造成危害程度最严重的季度。对比引起食物中毒的因素,化学因素是造成生命危害程度最大的因素,但深度分析可知,微生物因素应是未来食品安全防控的重点。中毒场所的比对分析中,家庭场所发生食物中毒的后果最为严重。本研究采用多元数学统计方法对食物中毒事件进行细致、全面的分析,充分揭示了当前我国食物中毒事件发生的总体状况以及未来潜在发展趋势。     

从蚕桑大省到蚕丝大省的发展思路

广西已是中国的蚕桑大省区，产业基础扎实，竞争优势较强。应抓住机遇，大力发展蚕桑产业集群，牢固确立蚕桑大省地位；推广优良的蚕桑品种，提高种养技术水平；建立和完善蚕桑良种繁育、技术推广服务、质量监督检验等产业保障体系和科技支撑体系，建立和优化蚕茧收购和流通体系；采取积极有效的措施，加快广西茧丝绸加工业的发展；培植和打造茧丝品牌，做大做强茧丝绸贸易，把广西建成为国内外重要的茧、丝、绸生产、加工和贸易基地。     

phlb基因对簇毛麦遗传物质向小麦直接遗传转移的影响

经人工授粉和幼胚培养成功地获得了普通小麦“中国春”CS及其phlb突变体CSphlb与簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa)的属间杂种F     

A major food web component in the orinoco river channel: evidence from planktivorous electric fishes

Deep-water sampling of the Orinoco River main channel resulted in the collection of an unexpectedly high abundance and diversity of specialized fishes. Twenty-eight of the more than 60 species collected belong to the Gymnotiformes(New World electric or knife fishes). One of the more numerous of these, a recently described species of the genus Rhabdolichops, consumes large numbers of very small planktonic Crustacea and insect larvae. These items are captured in the very swift, turbid, and deep waters of the Orinoco. Although the strong dependence of the river food web on terrestrial and floodplain food sources is well known, the specialized capabilities of Rhabdolichops and of other fishes that occur with it indicate a significant extension of the river food web into the main channel.     

烟草赤星病菌糖蛋白激发子诱导烟草抗病防卫反应

用来自赤星病菌弱毒株的糖蛋白激发子处理烟草，能明显抑制烟煤草体内过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性，增加组织中H2O2的含量，诱导后1dCAT活性就已开始下降，至第6天下降到最低，以后又逐渐恢复，而H2O2含量的变化趋势与CAT活性的变化相反，随CAT活性的降低，组织中H2O2含量逐渐增加，在诱导后第10天达到最大值，激发子处理烟草还可以诱导碱性PR蛋白基因PR1b的表达；同时，烟草对赤星病强毒株的抗性逐渐增强，以诱导后第10天接种抗性最强，且这种抗性是系统性的，水杨酸（SA）处理后CAT及H2O2的变化与上述趋势类似。     

2002—2015年中国主要粮食作物过量施肥程度的空间关联格局分析

为使全国范围内化肥减量工作的开展更具有针对性,本研究采用C-D生产函数测算2002-2015年水稻、小麦、玉米3种粮食作物主产区的过量施肥程度,并运用空间自相关理论和冷热点分析方法,对中国主要粮食作物过量施肥程度的空间关联格局进行分析。结果显示：1）水稻主产区过量施肥程度的高值区域在黄淮海地区、华南地区呈团块状分布,小麦主产区过量施肥程度的高值区域在北部高原地区、黄淮海地区和长江中下游地区连片分布,玉米主产区过量施肥程度的高值区域在华南地区、长江中下游地区和东北地区呈团块状分布,集聚特征显著。2）水稻、小麦和玉米过量施肥程度均呈现出较强的空间自相关性,小麦集聚程度最强,水稻居中,玉米最弱。3）水稻过量施肥程度的热点区域主要分布在黄淮海地区、长江中下游地区和华南地区,冷点区域主要分布在北部高原地区和东北地区;小麦过量施肥程度的冷热点空间分布特征表现为"中间热周围冷",热点区域集中在黄淮海地区和长江中下游地区,冷点区域集中在西北地区;玉米过量施肥程度的冷热点格局由"南热北冷"转变为"东热西冷",热点区域集中在西南地区、华南地区和长江中下游地区,冷点区域集中在西北地区。     

1951-2015年中国主要粮食与油料作物种植结构变化分析

为阐明中国主要粮食-油料作物种植结构变化特征。本研究基于1951—2015年中国主要粮食与油料作物的分省生产数据,利用优势指数理论等指标分析中国主要粮食与油料作物生产时空变化特征,探讨影响中国粮食与油料作物种植结构变化的驱动因素。结果表明:1951—2015年,中国水稻、玉米和花生种植面积均有不同程度增加,小麦和大豆面积有所减少;各作物总产量和单位面积产量均显著增加。1951—2015年,东北地区和华北地区粮食与油料作物种植结构变化最显著,东北地区水稻和玉米面积显著增加,小麦面积显著下降;华北地区玉米和花生面积显著增加,大豆面积显著下降。     

A major meteorite impact on the Earth 65 million years ago: evidence from the cretaceous-tertiary boundary clay

Evidence for a major meteorite impact on the earth 65 million years ago is shown by the presence of meteoritic debris in the "fish clay" from Denmark representing the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Noble metals (iridium, osmium, gold, platinum, rhenium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, and cobalt), which are sensitive indicators of meteorites and are normally depleted on the terrestrial surface by factors of 10(4) to 10(2) relative to cosmic abundances, are enriched in this boundary clay by factors of 5 to 100 over the expected abundances. With the exception of rhenium, all the enriched noble metals in the clay are present in cosmic proportions, indicating that the impacting celestial body had not undergone gross chemical differentiation. The major extinction of life on the earth at the end of the Cretaceous Period may be related to the meteorite impact.     

A "Green" route to adipic acid: direct oxidation of cyclohexenes with 30 percent hydrogen peroxide

Currently, the industrial production of adipic acid uses nitric acid oxidation of cyclohexanol or a cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone mixture. The nitrous oxide emission from this process measurably contributes to global warming and ozone depletion. Therefore, the development of an adipic acid production process that is less damaging to the environment is an important subject in chemical research. Cyclohexene can now be oxidized directly to colorless crystalline adipic acid with aqueous 30 percent hydrogen peroxide under organic solvent- and halide-free conditions, which could provide an ideal solution to this serious problem.     

2013—2016年宁海县畜禽重大传染病免疫状况监测分析

为监测2013—2016年浙江省宁海县畜禽重大传染病免疫状况,按照国家推荐的标准诊断方法对宁海县养殖的猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭进行重大传染病抗体检测。检测结果显示,2013—2016年宁海县畜禽免疫状况整体良好。这4年:猪O型口蹄疫、猪瘟和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征抗体年均阳性率分别为76.27%、75.84%和79.88%;牛O型、A型和亚Ⅰ型口蹄疫病毒抗体阳性率均>90%;羊O型、亚Ⅰ型口蹄疫抗体年均阳性率分别是65.37%、67.52%,须加强免疫;家禽(鸡和鸭)H7N9亚型禽流感抗体阳性率为0,鸡、鸭的H5N1亚型禽流感抗体年均阳性率分别为98.67%、95.60%;鸡新城疫抗体年均阳性率为62.86%,受季节影响较大,夏季抗体阳性率最低(季平均54.64%),仍须加强免疫。本研究获得的2013—2016年宁海县重大传染病的免疫效果可为国家强制性免疫计划的制定和效果评估提供基础数据。     

2006—2012年国内外生态旅游研究回顾与反思

基于《Annals of Tourism Research》、《Tourism Management》和《旅游学刊》3大国内外顶级旅游期刊检索到的生态旅游研究论文,回顾和分析了国内外学术界自2006年以来有关生态旅游研究的趋向与特点,并结合相关研究,探讨了生态旅游发展研究方向与趋势等问题,提出生态旅游是一种理想的旅游可持续发展形式或目标。生态旅游研究在解决实践操作技术问题的同时,要加强理论研究; 通过推动生态旅游理论的完善,促进其健康发展。     

Up to now: A history of American Agriculture from Jefferson to revolution to crisis

Written as a contribution to the Social Science Agricultural Agenda Project, this essay in historical interpretation assumes that the main contribution that historians can make to the planning process is to describe and explain how the situation facing the planners came to be. Organized around three concepts—Jeffersonian or democratic agrarianism, the Great American Agricultural Revolution, and the farm crisis of the 1980s, the main implication of the paper may be that Jeffersonianism, once so filled with promise, now gets in the way of realistic thinking about farming and rural life. To implement agrarian values in existing circumstances, we would need to do more than end the crisis. We would need to move back against the revolution.     

A larval specific OBP able to bind the major female sex pheromone component in Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)

Odorant binding proteins(OBPs) in insects are postulated to solubilize and transport the hydrophobic odorants across the hydrophilic antennal lymph to the olfactory receptors(ORs) located on the dendrite membrane of the sensory neurons. OBPs in adult insects have been intensively reported, but those in larvae are rarely addressed. In our study, a full-length OBP c DNA, namely Sexi OBP13, was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE strategy from the heads of Spodoptera exigua larvae. The quantitative real-time PCR(q PCR) measurement indicated that Sexi OBP13 was highly expressed in larval head, but very low in other parts of larva and was not detected in any tissues of adult. The binding affinities of Sexi OBP13 to plant volatiles and female sex pheromone components were measured by competitive binding assays. Interestingly, Sexi OBP13 displayed a high binding affinity(Ki=3.82 μmol L–1) to Z9,E12–14:Ac, the major sex pheromone component of S. exigua, while low affinities to the tested host plant volatiles(Ki27 μmol L–1). The behavioral tests further confirmed that Z9,E12–14:Ac was indeed active to elicit the behavioral activity of the third instar larvae of S. exigua. Taken together, our results suggest that Sexi OBP13 may play a role in reception of female sex pheromone in S. exigua larvae. The ecological significance of the larvae preference to the adult female sex pheromone was discussed.     

新型固定化乙酰胆碱酯酶传感器的制备及氨基甲酸酯农残检测

以双醛纤维素(dialdehyde cellulose,DAC)为固载酶基质材料,通过固定化酶化学键联技术制备固定化乙酰胆碱酯酶(DAC-AChE),采用自组装法制备多层壳聚糖/固定化乙酰胆碱酯酶/功能化碳纳米管生物传感器(Chi/DAC-AChE/F-CNTs/GCE),利用交流阻抗法(AC impedance,ACI),循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)及差分脉冲伏安法(differential pulse voltammetry,DPV)考察新型传感器对农残的检测性能。结果表明:成功制备了新型固定化乙酰胆碱酯酶电化学传感器;新型传感器对氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂1-萘基-N-甲基氨基甲酸酯(carbary,CAB)具有良好的响应,检测方法响应快速,线性范围宽,灵敏度高,最低检出限可达3.5 μg·L-1,具有很好的重现性和稳定性,有关结果可为氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的检测提供一种新的分析方法。