不同品种柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力研究

本文以5类（宽皮橘类、甜橙类、柚类、柠檬类和金柑类）柑橘共5个品种的果皮提取液为原料,评价各品种的抗氧化能力。实验采用DPPH法和ABTS法测定柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力,用IC₅₀值来评价柑橘的抗氧化性,并综合分析了各品种柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力强弱。结果表明,供试柑橘的果皮均具有良好的抗氧化性,不同样品柑橘果皮的抗氧化能力不同,综合抗氧化能力由高到低为：太田椪柑>金弹>北京柠檬>纽荷尔脐橙>坪山柚,即在5类柑橘品种中,宽皮橘类的抗氧化能力最强,金柑类次之,柠檬类和甜橙类较弱,柚类最弱。     

世界柑橘贸易趋势及县域产业振兴对策

石门是柑橘生产大县,也是柑橘出口大县,柑橘产业发展应与世界柑橘贸易、消费发展主流同步发展。根据县域资源条件,优化品种结构,实现产业转型升级,创新产业建设方式,推动产业可持续发展。     

绿色柑橘种植与管理技术

为适应消费者对绿色健康柑橘果品需要,在柑橘的种植过程中采用绿色的种植管理技术。从科学选择品种、合理规划园地、合理整形修剪、科学施肥、合理管水、综合防治病虫害等六个方面介绍了绿色柑橘种植和管理的技术。     

湘西自治州柑橘产业发展现状与对策

针对湘西自然地理优势情况和柑橘产业现状,从品种、种苗供应、栽培、产后处理等方面目前存在的主要问题进行了深入的分析。提出了加强老果园改造、优化品种结构、种苗的有序供应、合理安排区域布局、加强产后处理和营销等系列措施和对策,为全面实现湘西柑橘提质增效提供了较现实的途径。     

茶树品种资源管理系统的研制

70年代以后,计算机已广泛应用于农业数值计算、农业信息管理和农业生产技术各方面。目前,世界上已有10多个国家将计算机应用于品种资源研究工作。80年代以后,我国先后在CROMEMCO,UT-20、IBM PC-XT、PDP 11/23等微机上建立了水稻品种资源管理系统,农作物品种资源数据库,家蚕品种信息的管理、检索和汉字输出系统,柑橘品种资源数据库管理系统,太湖流域水稻资源数据库等农作物品种资源数据库。     

超声波和微波对柑橘杂交种果皮中酚类物质浸提及其抗氧化能力的影响

以柑橘杂交品种葡萄柚、茂谷橘橙果皮为材料,研究超声波和微波对柑橘果皮提取物中酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:葡萄柚果皮中含有丰富的柚皮苷、芦丁、橙皮素等酚类物质,茂谷橘橙果皮中含有丰富的槲皮素、川陈皮素、橙皮素等酚类物质。葡萄柚果皮提取液的抗氧化活性高于茂谷橘橙。葡萄柚果皮超声波提取液中酚类物质的含量和抗氧化活性高于微波提取液。柑橘果皮提取物中酚类物质的含量与其DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力呈正相关。此结果说明超声波提取法可提高葡萄柚果皮中酚类物质的提取率和提取液抗氧化能力。     

柑橘溃疡病生防细菌的分离鉴定

为了从柑橘上获得能防治柑橘溃疡病的生防细菌,从福州3个地区的柑橘园采集不同柑橘品种的叶片、春稍和花,用稀释分离法分离得到84株细菌菌株,用平板抑菌圈法筛选获得11株对柑橘溃疡病菌具有拮抗作用的菌株;用离体叶片防效筛选获得39株对柑橘溃疡病具有50%以上防效的菌株,占菌株总数的46.4%。对3株防效显著的拮抗菌株YH1、YS5和NY20进一步进行防效测定,结果表明:菌株培养液的防治效果最好,菌体次之,代谢产物最差;对这3株细菌的β-1,4-葡聚糖酶、蛋白酶和β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的酶活性进行测定,结果表明酶活性的强弱与防病效果有一定的相关性。经过16S rDNA序列分析,革兰氏染色、鞭毛染色、芽孢染色和生理生化测定,确定这3个菌株均属于芽孢杆菌属,其中菌株YH1鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌Bacillus pumilus。     

石门柑橘采后商品化处理行业现状及发展对策

柑橘采后商品化处理指按一定的质量标准,通过一系列相互衔接的加工流程,使果实成为高档次的商品,它包括柑橘采后药液洗果、打蜡、分级和包装等内容。21世纪以来,中国柑橘业进入了快速发展的阶段,国外柑橘与国产柑橘的市场竞争日益激烈,柑橘已由卖方市场转变为买方市场,广大市场和消费者在注重果品质量安全时,对果实的外观品质提出了更高的要求,这意味着柑橘采后商品化处理的重要性和必要性。石门柑橘凭借规模和质量优势,逐步得到了国内外广大销售市场的认可和赞同,柑橘采后商品化处理行业的兴起和发展,更加巩固了石门柑橘的市场地位,成为石门柑橘产业发展的推进剂。本文以此为主线,首先概述了石门柑橘的产销形势,阐明了柑橘采后商品化处理行业的发展必然及现状,客观分析了当前柑橘商品化处理行业存在的主要问题,针对形势,明确了石门柑橘采后商品化处理行业今后的发展方向与对策。     

临澧县柑橘产业发展现状及建议

近年来,临澧柑橘产业得到了迅速发展,成为农民增收的支柱产业.但是与现代农业的要求相比还存在一些不容忽视的问题,如柑橘标准化建设力度不够,桔园抗拒自然灾害能力较弱,生产发展不平衡,知名品牌少,加上柑橘销售形势不容乐观,柑橘产业发展受阻.通过对临澧县柑橘生产的现状调查分析,剖析柑橘生产发展的障碍,提出促进柑橘产业快速发展的若干建议.     

石门柑橘产品销售及市场建设现状与对策

根据石门柑橘产品销售及市场建设现状,提出石门柑橘产品销售及市场建设对策:加强基础设施建设、规范农村经纪人管理、扶持柑橘专业合作社发展、加强柑橘产品质量体系建设、加强柑橘信息平台建设。     

柑桔转基因研究进展

柑桔基因工程育种因其具有周期短、效率高、可控性强等优点而成为柑桔育种的重要内容之一。本文就柑桔转基因研究的品种及外植体、柑桔转基因研究所采用的方法、导入柑桔的外源基因进行了综述,最后提出了柑桔遗传转化中存在的问题并对柑桔转基因研究进行了展望。     

Fiber from tangerine juice industry

The four main tangerine varieties (Oroval, Hernandina, Fortuna and Clemenville) processed in the Mediterranean region were analyzed for juice yield, diverse by-products obtained in industrial processing (peel, core and frit) and fiber content: crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), from the by-products (peel, core and frit) obtained in tangerine processing in pilot plant tests. Not much work is reported which is related to the effect on the characteristics of citrus by-products due to the configuration of the components in citrus juice extractors. In recent works, there appears to be a relationship between particle size and treatment, and the physiological functions of, at least, orange fibers. In this work, it was possible to correlate the configuration (as fruit size adaptation of it) and characteristics of the fiber obtained from the by-products. The variety Hernadina has the highest juice content and therefore has less peel, core and frit. The Oroval variety has more frit content, two times more than Hernandina and Clemenville and three times more than Fortuna. As regards crude fiber results it is clearly significant that the Oroval variety has a higher content than the rest of varieties. Regarding components, the core has the least fiber content and frit the highest. These results are useful to support marketing strategies based on the high dietetic fiber content of Clementines. This fiber could have a huge potential for food and pharmacy as an alternative to cereal fiber, improving economical profits from the tangerine juice extraction process.     

Orchard and nursery dynamics of the effect of interplanting citrus with guava for huanglongbing,vector, and disease management

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is an important pest of citrus in the United States of America primarily because it vectors ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, the bacterium putatively responsible for Asiatic huanglongbing (HLB). Asiatic HLB is considered one of the most serious diseases of citrus. In the United States where Asiatic HLB was first found in the state of Florida, vector control is considered an essential component to mitigate pathogen infection and spread of the disease. Therefore commercial citrus growers in Florida have adopted intensive insecticide programs to manage psyllid populations. However, the repetitive use of insecticides for ACP control is expensive and interferes with biological control of ACP and other citrus pests. As an alternative to insecticides, reports from Vietnam indicated that infestations of ACP in citrus (and consequently incidence of HLB) were reduced when citrus was interplanted with white guava, Psidium guajava L. Speculations were that guava volatiles reduced ACP infestations in citrus by either repelling ACP or interfering with ACP ability to locate and infest citrus grown next to guava. We present the results of two studies conducted in Florida (where both ACP and HLB occur) to assess ACP infestations and HLB incidence in citrus interplanted with either white or pink guava compared to infestations and disease incidence in citrus grown as a monoculture, both in orchards and nurseries. In the field study, the effect of guava on ACP infestations was assessed alone and in combination with insecticide or oil applications. Significant reductions in ACP infestations in citrus interplanted with pink guava were identified, but there was no reduction in citrus interplanted with white guava. The effect of pink guava on ACP infestations could be investigated further. However, intercropping citrus with either white or pink guava did not prevent the introduction and spread of HLB. Conclusions from field studies regarding guava as a management tactic against ACP were difficult to make due to persistent nematode problems and freeze damage to guava, which could have interfered with the production of guava volatiles responsible for deterring ACP infestations. Conversely, citrus nursery trees interspersed with guava did show reduced HLB incidence and disease progression over time. However, vector and disease reduction resulting from guava intercropping in citrus nurseries was not adequate to recommend it as a management strategy.     

Screening of different citrus rootstocks and citrus-related species for resistance to Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Nine citrus-related species and 349 citrus rootstocks were evaluated under either field or laboratory conditions for resistance to the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton). Field results confirmed the widespread susceptibility of citrus to the leafminer. Only 0.9% of the trees checked during one growing season escaped damage by flushing once early in the season. Laboratory assays showed that differences among citrus rootstocks existed, but levels of resistance detected were not high enough to establish a breeding program. Contrary to these results, two citroids, Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel and Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retzius) Corrêa, exhibited antibiotic effects against first instar larvae and may provide a source of pest-resistance genes for breeders.     

沼肥对柑桔果实品质和产量的影响

通过对柑桔进行施沼肥、化肥试验,结果表明,沼肥对柑桔树长势、柑桔产量、柑桔品质有很好的作用,施沼肥与施化肥及没施肥处理相比,总产量增产分别约21.5%及33.4%,且叶片明显浓绿而厚实,果实成熟早、个头大、色泽好、前期落果少;施用了沼肥的处理,果实的可溶性固形物、总糖、还原糖、维生素C含量都有所增加,总酸明显减少,柑桔品质有了明显提高,沼肥与化肥混合施效果好、经济。     

广陈皮原料茶枝柑与其他典型柑橘成分差异分析

本文以广陈皮原料茶枝柑为对照,探究了其他典型的柑橘原料在可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、总黄酮、总多酚等方面的差异,分析其他橘皮作为茶枝柑替代品的可行性。结果表明,温州蜜柑、脐橙、湖北柑果皮的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、总黄酮、总多酚含量与茶枝柑果皮相比均差异显著;采用GC-MS法检测出茶枝柑果皮精油的成分主要是D-柠檬烯、萜品烯、γ-松油醇、2-甲氨基-苯甲酸甲酯等,3种典型柑橘皮原料中的精油特征成分及D-柠檬烯含量与茶枝柑最为接近的均为脐橙。综合以上分析可知,脐橙作为广陈皮原料的替代品是最具前景的。     

Total mixed ration silage containing elephant grass for small‐scale dairy farms

Alternatives need to be addressed for reducing losses in elephant grass (EG; Pennisetum purpureum) silages. Furthermore, smallholders lack information on the nutritional aspects of dairy farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate total mixed ration silage (TMR) combining fresh EG and concentrate ingredients, creating the following treatments: (i) EG silage (control); (ii) EG, corn and soya bean meal; (iii) EG, corn, soya bean meal and molasses; (iv) EG, citrus pulp and soya bean meal; and (v) EG, citrus pulp, soya bean meal and molasses. Five replicates of each treatment were ensiled in 15‐L plastic jars. The fermentation profile, chemical composition, microbial counts and aerobic stability were assessed. Three contrasts were tested, as follows: (i) control vs. TMR; (ii) TMR with corn vs. TMR with citrus pulp; and (iii) TMR with molasses vs. TMR without molasses. Variables were analysed through the PROC MIXED procedure of the SAS at the 5% level. The TMR had better fermentation profile, lower effluent production and longer aerobic stability compared to control. When the effect of corn was compared to citrus pulp among the TMR, silages with citrus pulp showed lower fermentation losses, non‐protein nitrogen and effluent production. The aerobic stability also improved with citrus pulp. Molasses did not affect the fermentation profile. Overall, lactic acid was the primary acid in all TMR. Nitrogen source (e.g., soya bean meal) can be used without compromising the fermentation process. TMR with citrus pulp showed better results than corn. TMR may be an alternative to optimize the use of EG on smallholdings.     

广西柑橘碎叶病和叶斑病调查及其病原的遗传多样性分析

调查了广西南宁、崇左、柳州、桂林、玉林、河池、贺州及防城港等主要柑橘种植区的柑橘碎叶病和叶斑病的发生情况,并对其病原柑橘碎叶病毒(Citrus tatter leaf virus,CTLV)、苹果茎沟病毒(Apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)和柑橘叶斑病毒(Citrus leaf blotch...