漳州地区柑桔小实蝇危害状况和防治对策

本文从漳州的气候特点、柑桔小实蝇的生活特性、危害特点出发，讨论对柑桔小实蝇的防治办法，避免其造成进一步的辗转危害。     

海南岛美洲班潜蝇发生规律及防治试验研究

调查美洲斑潜蝇（Liriomyza sativae Blanchard)田间发生消长规律，结果表明，该虫主要危害茄科、豆科及葫芦科蔬菜。在海南儋州整年发生危害，2－5月份为危害高峰期，其虫口密度与温度、天敌成负相关，即高温和天敌寄生虫可抑制美洲斑潜蝇的发生；其幼虫田间分布型符合奈蔓A（核心分布）和负二项分布；该虫主要通过成虫飞翔和随寄主植物扩散而传播；1．8％爱福丁乳油和40％辛硫磷乳油防治美洲斑潜蝇的效果较好，田间防治效果达80％以上。     

几种药剂防治水稻二化螟试验

二化螟是江苏北部沿海地区水稻中后期的主要害虫之一，不仅其发生历期较长、峰次多，而且幼虫转株危害的时间不一致，在田间发生极不平衡，对该地区水稻的增产增收构成极大的威胁。为了有效控制二化螟的危害，我们设计了筛选高效低毒安全的药剂试验。     

强寒潮对早稻秧苗影响的调查分析

寒潮是一种严重的灾害性天气过程，早稻育秧期间遇到春季寒潮，常造成烂秧死苗。2006年4月12～14日，宁乡县遭遇气温剧降并伴有大风的强寒潮，造成早稻秧苗普遍青枯、发黄，甚至死苗，其危害程度与秧田管理水平、品种特性、育秧方式、秧苗素质、秧龄等有关。在选用抗寒品种、选择适宜育秧方式及播种期，采用壮秧营养剂培育壮秧的基础上，加强秧田和大田的管理，能有效地防御和减轻强寒潮危害。     

薇甘菊的分布危害、生物防治及资源化利用研究现状与展望

薇甘菊作为唯一一种全国林业检疫有害植物，由于其较强的攀援、繁殖扩散能力，以及极强的化感作用，对入侵地区的林农业发展产生了极大的危害；作为一种菊科植物薇甘菊有极强的资源化利用价值，在生物农药，药物等方面都有着广泛的利用前景。此文对薇甘菊的生物学特性、分布、适生区及危害进行介绍，对国内外薇甘菊生物防治及资源化利用的研究现状进行综述。     

沈阳地区美洲斑潜蝇的发生与防治

美洲斑潜蝇学名Liriomyza sativae Blanchard，属于双翅目潜蝇科斑潜蝇属，是一种外来入侵的检疫性害虫，在沈阳地区已经发生10余年，为本地蔬菜生产主要害虫之一。为了有效控制美洲斑潜蝇的危害进而达到彻底防除的目的，我们对其发生危害规律进行了研究，并探索出了一套行之有效的防治方法。     

安化黑茶的降血糖作用及其机理

近年来我国糖尿病患病率显著上升，糖尿病及其并发症成为危害国民身体健康的重要因素。安化黑茶因其独特的加工原料与工艺，赋予其独特的风味品质和显著的降血糖等健康属性。文章重点介绍了糖尿病发生原因及危害、安化黑茶降血糖的主要活性成分、安化黑茶降血糖功效及其机理，以期为安化黑茶的健康品饮以及黑茶资源的高值化开发利用提供理论依据。     

双峰县水稻二化螟上升原因分析及综合防治技术探讨

二化螟是双峰县水稻主要害虫。近年来，二化螟发生面积逐年增加，危害程度持续上升，并分析了其原因。为有效控制二化螟危害．应大力推广以农业防治为基础。科学用药作保证的综合防治，采取以“狠治一代，巧治二代，重治三代，挑治四代”的策略，抓住防治适期选择对口药剂科学施药防治。     

茶刺蛾危害诱导茶树挥发物释放变化的研究

茶园观察发现，茶刺蛾危害的茶园的棒须刺蛾寄蝇数量明显多于未危害的茶园。推测茶树被茶刺蛾危害后释放了特定的信号物质，这些物质在棒须刺蛾寄蝇寄主定位中起着关键的作用。为了证实这一猜想，我们研究了茶刺蛾危害对茶树挥发性有机物释放的影响。未受茶刺蛾危害的枝叶有挥发性有机物74种组分。与未受茶刺蛾危害枝叶的挥发物组分相比较，受害后酯类、醛类和烃类的种类数量和所占相对含量都有显著变化。醇、杂环化合物、醚和有机酸类化合物在种类数量和相对含量上变化不大。受害后，4-异丙基甲苯、蒎烯、1-乙基-2,4-二甲基苯、4-乙基甲苯、3-乙基-甲苯、6-甲基庚烯[5]酮[2]和1,2,4-三甲基苯的相对含量显著增加。新产生54种化合物，其中烯烃14种，芳香烃12种，酯8种，烷烃8种，酮5种，醇3种，醛2种，有机酸和杂环类各1种。值得注意的是受害后萜类化合物的种类数量和相对含量均有显著的变化，暗示这些化合物可能在棒须刺蛾寄蝇的寄主寻找过程中发挥作用。研究结果为筛选引诱天敌昆虫的化学信息素，并应用其防控茶刺蛾的研究奠定一定的基础。     

几种药剂防治棉花黄萎病的效应初报

近年来，棉花黄萎病在江汉平原棉区蔓延直接威协着棉花生产和产量，本文就减轻其危害，提高经济效益，探索药剂防治棉花黄萎病的效应作了试验。     

白背飞虱取食后水稻幼苗内源激素变化研究

[目的]研究白背飞虱取食后苗期水稻内源激素含量变化规律及其合成途经相关基因的差异表达,为进一步解析内源激素调控水稻白背飞虱抗性机理提供参考.[方法]利用UPLC-MS方法测定了白背飞虱敏感材料9311与抗性近等基因系(NIL)在白背飞虱取食0、24和48 h后植株水杨酸(SA)、脱落酸(ABA)、茉莉酸(JA)和生长素...     

茶尺蠖幼虫取食提高茶树儿茶素代谢响应强度

研究了茶尺蠖幼虫为害茶树叶片对儿茶素合成途径的影响。采用3龄茶尺蠖幼虫取食茶树新梢芽下第二叶,测定了儿茶素合成相关基因的表达水平和儿茶素含量。研究结果表明,与对照相比,茶尺蠖幼虫为害后3、6、12βh显著诱导了CsANR基因的相对表达水平,且在为害后3βh和12βh达到了极显著差异。CsLAR基因在茶尺蠖为害后6βh和12βh,与对照具有显著差异。茶尺蠖幼虫为害后24βh显著诱导了没食子酸、没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和表儿茶素没食子酸酯含量的升高,而茶尺蠖为害后48βh仅没食子酸和没食子儿茶素的含量显著高于对照;儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素和没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯在茶尺蠖为害后24βh和48βh均没有被显著诱导。上述结果表明茶尺蠖幼虫为害提高了茶树儿茶素合成途径的代谢强度和儿茶素类化合物的积累。     

Pheromone trap catches as a means of predicting damage by pink bollworm larvae in cotton

The male moth catches in gossyplure-baited traps were used to predict larval infestation of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in cotton fields during 1988 and 1989. The mean moth catches per trap per night were positively correlated with percentage larval infestation. The moth counts in traps and larval infestation in green bolls increased with advance in reproductive stage of the cotton plants. A mean trap catch of 9–12 pink bollworm moths per night was associated with economically damaging infestation. It is, therefore, inferred that insecticidal sprays may be scheduled when 9–12 moths are captured per trap per night.     

Effect of plant age on potato leafhopper infestation of resistant and susceptible potato clones

The effect of age of resistant potato clones,Solarium tuberosum gp.tuberosum, on infestation by potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), was investigated by varying the date of planting in a naturally infested fieldtest Significant differences (P < .05) in infestation levels were found among clones and among dates of planting. The responses of resistant and susceptible clones to infestation differed with date of planting. But lower levels of infestation occurred on all clones in the first 2–3 weeks of leafhopper migration on the early plantings, indicating that plant age in potatoes is a factor in host preference of potato leafhopper     

Evaluation of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) rice varieties against stem borer (Chilo suppressalis)

Three transgenic rice varieties namely Khazar, Neda and Nemat, all containing a cry1Ab gene, were evaluated through PCR analysis and field examinations for their resistance at natural infestation of insect pests during 2007. The results showed that all transgenic varieties produced 1.2 kb PCR product derived from application of cry1Ab gene. In field conditions, transgenic varieties exhibited high levels of resistance against natural infestation of stem borer and the damaged plants based on dead heart or white heat for them were less than 1%. Moreover, in stem-cut bioassay 100% of released larvae died within four days after infestation. These results demonstrate that expression of cry1Ab gene in the genome of transgenic varieties provided season-long protection from the natural infestation of lepidopteran insects.     

Selection for resistance to potato leafhopper in potatoes: III. Comparison of two selection procedures

A comparison was made of two breeding procedures for recurrently selecting potato,Solanum tuberosum L., for resistance to infestation by potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris). On the basis of selection advance per year, the more efficient procedure involved randomly intermating a group of clones, planting seedling tubers in a field test to measure resistance to infestation, and then bulking the seed from the most resistant clones to complete the selection cycle in one year. A population developed by five cycles of selection (five years) for resistance to infestation using this procedure resulted in a decrease of 57% in the level of infestation from the original population.     

Loss of yield in potato selections infested with potato leafhoppers

The loss of yield resulting from infestation with potato leafhoppers,Empoasca fabae (Harris), was measured in a group of potato selections (Solatium tuberosum subsp.tuberosum). For 6 years in which 300 different clones were tested, the average loss of yield was 39%. The correlation over clones between level of infestation and percent hopperburn equaled 0.56; between level of infestation and loss of yield 0.36; and between percent hopperburn and loss of yield 0.41. Each coefficient is significant at P=0.01. Significant differences were found in levels of infestation and in percent hopperburn among the selections, but even those selections with the most resistant foliage had greatly reduced yields when infested. No selections were found that consistently produced a normal yield when infested with leafhoppers. The low level of infestation on the more resistant clones, however, may make chemical control at lower rates more effective.     

Mechanically-applied wax matrix (SPLAT-GBM) for mating disruption of grape berry moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

An ATV-mounted mechanical applicator was designed to treat vineyards with SPLAT-GBM™ for mating disruption of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). SPLAT-GBM was applied to vineyards in 0.8 g drops at a density of 1544 or 3089 drops per hectare for a total of 1.3 or 2.5 kg per hectare. Trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in vineyards receiving grower-standard insecticide sprays for control of grape berry moth and other insect pests. In the first trial, SPLAT-GBM applied twice at 1.3 or 2.5 kg/ha caused a significant reduction in grape berry moth infestation at harvest on clusters at the border of the vineyards where infestation is highest, compared with the no-pheromone control, but three applications at 2.5 kg/ha did not result in lower infestation compared with both the control and other treatments. In the second trial, application of SPLAT-GBM 2.5 kg/ha in mid-June and late-July caused a significant reduction in grape berry moth infestation at harvest on clusters at the border of the vineyards. Application in early-May and late-June resulted in infestation that was similar to the other program, but not statistically different from the control. In both trials, there were no significant differences between any of the treatments of SPLAT-GBM and the control inside the vineyards where infestation is low. Among treatments of SPLAT-GBM, infestation was similar regardless of number, rate, or timing of the applications. This study shows that mechanical application of wax matrix drops to release pheromone is an effective method for control of grape berry moth using mating disruption.     

A large-scale analysis of soil and bioclimatic factors affecting the infestation level of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) by Phelipanche species

Soil and bioclimatic factors constitute key factors that influence the interaction between host plants and broomrape. The identification and quantification of the relationship between environmental variables and the level of infestation with Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Phelipanche ramosa was examined for 144 tobacco fields in surveys during two years 2003–2004 in Greece. The distribution of Phelipanche species was mapped using a Geographical Information System to reveal variability in the infestation level between the species, the cultivated types and the sampling areas. To assess the effect of abiotic factors on the level of infestation with Phelipanche species, soil and bioclimatic parameters were taken into account: soil texture, pH, organic matter content (OM), total humidity index (THI) and growing degree days (GDD). Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to examine the influence of the above parameters on Phelipanche intensity. ANOVA showed that the infestation varied significantly between the sampling areas and Phelipanche species, while significant differences were also detected among the regions in terms of the studied abiotic parameters. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the level of Phelipanche infestation correlated negatively with pH, THI and positively with OM. Multiple regression analysis suggested that soil and climatic variables together explained 63% of the infestation variance. Discriminant functions accounted for 90% of the total variation in the dataset. All statistical analyses demonstrated that pH, THI and OM were the most decisive variables for the severity of infestation. The two Phelipanche species were clearly discriminated, with P. ramosa being found at higher and P. aegyptiaca at a lower level of infestation. A parasitism specification was also observed between the two Phelipanche species and tobacco types. The findings provide constructive information for modelling broomrape infestation based on abiotic factors and create a baseline for future monitoring of broomrape distribution.     

Recurrent selection for potato leafhopper resistance in potato,Solanum tuberosum L. Gp. Tuberosum

ASolanum tuberosum L. Gp. Tuberosum population was recurrently selected for resistance to potato leafhopper (PLH) (Empoasca fabae, Harris). Primary selection was for low levels of nymphal infestation under natural infestation in field tests. The selection procedures allowed completion of a selection generation per year. The original population and seven selection-generation populations were tested for PLH resistance for three years at two locations. Averaged over six tests, seven generations of selection reduced the level of nymphal infestation by 71% and severity of plant damage (hopperburn) by 45%. The rate of reduction slowed in later generations.