毛皮动物饲料加工与饲养管理要点

近年来，我国各地先后建起丁不少狐、貉、貂饲养场，由于没有经验，又没有专业技术人员指导，不少场家在饲料加工和饲养管理方面技术程序不规范，而导致生产失败，经济效益不高，直接影响养殖发展。根据吉林、黑龙江、辽宁、河北、山东、河南、内蒙等省区的饲养场家的调查，并结合笔者多年的管理经验，对其做如下总结，以供各场家，特别是新建的饲养场家参考。     

毛皮动物常用的几种饲料

1肉类下脚饲料所有动物的肉在新鲜、无病、无毒的情况下,均可作为毛皮动物的饲料,如猪、牛、羊、兔、鸡、鸭、鹅的骨架、边角肉料,都可作为毛皮动物饲料。瘦肉营养价值高,可生喂,但是可疑的肉类必须高温处理后再喂,虽然适口性差点,消化率也有所降低,但安全可用。畜禽的鸡、鸭、鹅头、蹄、爪、内脏、骨架、血等都可做为毛皮动物的饲料,需按其特点和生长需要进行适当比例搭配饲喂。     

毛皮动物对蛋白质饲料的利用

毛皮动物的饲料种类很多,有些可以直接饲用,有些蒸熟后饲用,有些加工后还需再调制,才雒提高适口性,增加食欲,提高营养物质的可消化性,促进饲料营养吸收利用。     

毛皮动物常用饲料使用时注意的事项

毛皮动物(狐、貉、貂)为肉食动物,动物性蛋白质饲料在其饲料中所占比重较大,但随着我国狐、貉、貂养殖量的增加及用于毛皮动物养殖的海杂鱼资源的减少,毛皮动物主要饲料原料鲜海杂鱼、鲜肉及畜禽下杂等产品的价格逐渐升高,导致养殖成本上升。目前以鱼粉、肉骨粉、谷物性饲料等为主要原料的毛皮动物干粉或颗粒全价饲料、配合饲料及浓缩饲料逐渐被广大养殖户接受和使用。用于饲养毛皮动物(狐、貉、貂)的饲料种类很多,一般习惯于把狐、貉、貂的饲料分为动物性饲料、植物性饲料。在此,把常规饲料原料作为毛皮动物饲料使用时应注意的事项做一简要概述。     

饲料的加工和调制

饲料经过适当的加工和调制,能改善其适口性,增加采食量,提高饲料利用率和消化率,还能扩大饲料来源,提高饲料品质。 一、切碎。将各种青饲料、秸秆及干草等根据饲喂对象用机械或手工切割成适宜长度便于家畜采食和咀嚼。     

毛皮动物养殖需严格把握的两个重要环节

近年来，我国从事毛皮动物养殖的企业和个人不断增加。要搞好毛皮动物养殖，需严格把握饲料和防疫这两个重要环节。     

树叶饲料的加工调制

紫穗槐、刺槐、桑树、苹果、柳树、柑桔、葡萄、杏李及松树等大多数树木的叶子,都含有丰富的营养物质,只要进行科学处理,用来饲喂畜禽具有增重快、省精料和提高抗病力等作用,在当前青饲料严重短缺的情况下不失为一种大有开发前景的饲料来源。现将几种常用的加工调制方法介     

粗饲料的加工调制技术

饲料的营养价值不仅决定于饲料本身,而且也受饲喂前加工调制的影响。特别是粗饲料,经过加工调制,能改善原来的理化性质,增强适口性,消除饲料中有害有毒的物质,提高消化率。也是降低饲养成本,提高养畜经济效益的好办法。现将粗饲料加工调制技术介绍如下。     

饲料加工和贮存对维生素的影响

维生素是一类具有生物活性的化学物质,这些物质对周围理化环境非常敏感。动物生长、繁殖所需的维生素中,许多都含有不饱和碳原子、双键、羟基或其他对化学反应高度敏感的化学结构;当这些化学结构发生氧化或还原反应后,维生素的生物活性就会降低或消失。预混料、浓缩料、颗粒料或膨化料等饲料的加工中所用的生产工艺可提高饲料养分分布的均匀度和消化率。但是,上述一些生产工艺中严酷的生产条件可破坏维生素(Gadlent,1986;…)。同样,包括预混料和颗粒     

Missense polymorphisms in the MC1R gene of the dog,red fox,arctic fox and Chinese raccoon dog

Coat colour variation is determined by many genes, one of which is the melanocortin receptor type 1 (MC1R) gene. In this study, we examined the whole coding sequence of this gene in four species belonging to the Canidae family (dog, red fox, arctic fox and Chinese raccoon dog). Although the comparative analysis of the obtained nucleotide sequences revealed a high conservation, which varied between 97.9 and 99.1%, we altogether identified 22 SNPs (10 in dogs, six in farmed red foxes, two in wild red foxes, three in arctic foxes and one in Chinese raccoon dog). Among them, seven appeared to be novel: one silent in the dog, three missense and one silent in the red fox, one in the 3′‐flanking region in the arctic fox and one silent in the Chinese raccoon dog. In dogs and red foxes, the SNPs segregated as 10 and four haplotypes, respectively. Taking into consideration the published reports and results of this study, the highest number of missense polymorphisms was until now found in the dog (9) and red fox (7).     

貂,貉,犬多种免疫球蛋白的研究与应用

利用犬温热，细小病毒性肠炎，犬传染性肝炎，狂犬病等弱毒株，以香菇多糖和动物的核糖，多肽做为免疫增强剂，对异源动物羊，猪，犊牛，家兔进行了免疫应答，筛选出了猪做为异源免疫动物。在免疫增强剂的参与下，完成了多次免疫应答，达到了理想的免疫球蛋白（ＩｇＧ），通过试验摸清了该制剂的免疫程序，确定了生产工艺，经重复性试验，稳定性试验及含量测定，以及临床应用试验和现志应用试验均达以了预期效果，该制剂经冷冻干燥后     

Response of mink, skunk, red fox and raccoon to inoculation with mink virus enteritis, feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus and prevalence of antibody to parvovirus in wild carnivores in Ontario.

Mink virus enteritis, feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus-2 were inoculated separately into groups of raccoon, mink, red fox and striped skunk. Raccoons were highly susceptible to mink virus enteritis and feline panleukopenia, with animals developing clinical illness, and several dying within six to ten days of inoculation with lesions typical of parvovirus infection. Both viruses were shed in high titre in the feces of infected raccoons, and high antibody titres were stimulated. Raccoons inoculated with canine parvovirus-2 showed no signs; shedding of virus was sporadic though moderate titres of antibody developed. Mink inoculated with mink virus enteritis and feline panleukopenia developed signs and lesions of early parvovirus infection. No signs or significant lesions followed canine parvovirus-2 inoculation. Shedding of virus was heavy (mink virus enteritis) or sporadic (feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus-2), though good serological responses were elicited to all three viruses. Red fox showed no signs of infection, shed all three viruses only sporadically, and the serological response was strong only to feline panleukopenia. Skunks developed low antibody titres, but no signs, and did not shed virus. Antibody to parvovirus was found in 79.2% of 144 wild red foxes; 22.3% of 112 wild raccoons; 1.3% of 157 wild skunks and 6/7 coyotes in southern Ontario. The likely significance of these viruses to wild and captive individuals and populations of these carnivores is discussed.     

Effect of dietary glycine and benzoate level on benzoate metabolism in mink (Mustela vision), blue fox (Alopex lagopus), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Three 2 x 4 factorial experiments were carried out from August to September with 30 juvenile male mink, 24 raccoon dogs, and 24 blue foxes to investigate the effect of dietary glycine supply (low or high) on the efficiency of these species to excrete hippuric acid with incremental benzoate intake (0, 1, 2, or 4 mmol/kg BW). For mink, two additional treatments with 1 or 2 mmol/kg BW of ethyl benzoate were included. A basal low-glycine diet was formulated to meet the minimum protein requirements of fur animals (30% of ME). This diet was supplemented with 0 or 3 g/kg of glycine, or with 0, 1.0, 2.07, or 4.15 g/kg of sodium benzoate for mink and blue foxes, and with 0 or 4.5 g/kg of glycine and 0, 1.58, 3.17, or 6.34 g/kg of sodium benzoate for raccoon dogs, respectively. Two additional diets with .76 or 1.53 g/kg of ethyl benzoate were made for mink. Fecal and urinary benzoic and hippuric acid excretion were measured for 3 d. The 24-h recovery of [14C]benzoic acid injected intraperitoneally was measured from urine, the liver, and the kidneys. All animals appeared healthy and no clinical signs of benzoate overdose were observed. Dietary benzoate level did not affect ADFI or ADG in any species. Glycine supplementation lowered ADFI in mink. The majority of ingested benzoates were absorbed from the gut (over 95%), except in blue foxes, which excreted 6 to 15% of ingested benzoates in feces with incremental increases in benzoate intake. Urinary free benzoic acid excretion accounted for 10% of the ingested benzoates in blue foxes but less than 5% in mink and raccoon dogs. When benzoate intake was 1 mmol/kg BW, mink, blue foxes, and raccoon dogs excreted 71, 77, and 34% of ingested benzoates as hippuric acid in urine, respectively. With higher benzoate intakes, urinary hippuric acid excretion decreased quadratically with mink to 20%, and linearly with blue foxes and raccoon dogs to 45 and 16%, respectively. The hippuric acid pathway appears to be the principal route of benzoate elimination in the mink and blue fox, whereas, in the raccoon dog, other pathways appear to be more important. In mink, the elimination of ethyl benzoate did not differ from that of sodium benzoate. Because glycine conjugation is the primary route of benzoate elimination, it is recommended that benzoate content in fur animal feeds should not exceed 1 g/kg feed on an as-fed basis.     

Characterization of biological and antigenic properties of raccoon dog and blue fox parvoviruses: a monoclonal antibody study

Parvovirus isolates from blue foxes and raccoon dogs were characterized by studying their haemagglutination properties, host range in vitro and antigenic structure. In all 3 characters, raccoon dog parvovirus resembled canine parvovirus (CPV), while blue fox parvovirus was similar to mink enteritis virus (MEV). Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against both viruses. Raccoon dog parvovirus, while resembling CPV, had a unique antigenic site which could be specified by MAbs. The pattern of MAbs prepared against blue fox parvovirus indicated that it is a member of Type 2 MEV.     

FISH mapping of 10 canine BAC clones harbouring genes and microsatellites in the arctic fox and the Chinese raccoon dog genomes

Cytogenetic mapping of the arctic fox and the Chinese raccoon dog were performed using a set of canine probes derived from the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library. Altogether, 10 BAC clones containing sequences of selected genes (PAX3, HBB, ATP2A2, TECTA, PIT1, ABCA4, ESR2, TPH1, HTR2A, MAOA) and microsatellites were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments to chromosomes of the canids studied. At present, the cytogenetic map on the arctic fox and Chinese raccoon dog consists of 45 loci each. Chromosomal localization of the BAC clones was in agreement with data obtained by earlier independent comparative chromosome painting. However, two events of telomere‐to‐centromere inversions were tentatively identified while compared with assignments in the dog karyotype.     

Comparisons of feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus, raccoon parvovirus, and mink enteritis virus and their pathogenicity for mink and ferrets

Parvoviruses from mink (mink enteritis virus [MEV]), cats (feline panleukopenia virus [FPV]), raccoons (raccoon parvovirus [RPV]), and dogs (canine parvovirus [CPV]) were compared. Restriction enzyme analysis of the viral replicative-form DNA revealed no consistent differences between FPV and RPV isolates, but CPV and MEV isolates could be distinguished readily from other virus types. Feline panleukopenia virus, RPV, and MEV, but not CPV, replicated to high titers in mink. However, on the first passage, disease and microscopic lesions were observed only in mink inoculated with MEV. Feline panleukopenia virus and RPV isolates replicated in ferrets, but disease or microscopic lesions were not observed. Feline panleukopenia virus and RPV isolates could be passaged repeatedly in mink and ferrets. Virulence of FPV and RPV isolates was low compared with that of MEV, and only a single mink inoculated with FPV or with RPV developed clinical disease on the sixth passage of virus.