潮棕壤不同利用方式土壤氮的垂直变化及氮储量

对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤在水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和林地等经过14年不同利用方式后0-150cm各土层(2003年11月取样)N的剖面分布及N储量进行研究的结果表明不同利用方式下土壤全N、碱解N、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量发生明显的剖面差异;土壤N储量为林地>玉米地>撂荒地>水稻田,NO3--N含量为玉米地>水稻田>林地>撂荒地,说明不同利用方式下生物量差异及N的生物循环对N行为的影响。100cm深度林地土壤平均N储量为11.41t穐m-2,分别是水稻田和玉米地土壤的1.65和1.25倍,而玉米地和撂荒地的土壤N储量无显著差异。玉米地和水稻田相对较高的NO3--N含量可能由于过量施用N肥和人为干扰所致。土壤碱解N与全N含量呈线性正相关关系(R20.929,p<0.001),而自然生态系统(林地和撂荒地)中的相关性略高于农田生态系统(水稻田和玉米地)。过量施用N肥还导致耕地土壤中比撂荒地和林地积累更多的NO3--N。研究结果表明,农林复合系统对于作物生产和环境保护具有重要的潜在贡献。图2表5参23。     

Vertical distribution of plant nematodes in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical distribution of the dominant genera of plant nematodes at the depth of 0-150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied for four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that the numbers of some dominant genera under different land uses decreased with the increase of soil depth. Helicotylenchus was most dominant genus under each land use type. Genera of Filenchus, Psilenchus and Tylenchus in paddy field occurred at the depth of 0-20 cm; while Paratylenchus in fallow field and woodland, as well as Pratylenchus in maize field presented in the deeper soil layers (0-80 cm). Significant correlations between the numbers of dominant genera of plant nematodes and soil chemical properties were found in this study. The number of Helicotylenchus under different land uses was positively correlated with C/N ratio, total C, total N, total P, alkai-N, and Olsen-P. The numbers of Filenchus and Paratylenchus in paddy field,Pratylenchus in maize field and Paratylenchus in fallow field were negatively correlated with soil pH, and positively correlated with total C,total N and alkai-N. This study results showed that it is essential to sample at a certain depth according to the vertical distribution information of different genera of plant nematodes in adequately assessing the population size of plant nematodes.     

哀牢山植物多样性垂直分布格局

以设于哀牢山各植物群的样地调查材料为依据,分析了哀牢山东、西坡不同海拔高度地带性植物群落乔木层林木的高、径垂直分布特征,植物群落生物多样性指数的垂直分布态势。结果表明:该山地植物群落乔木层和灌木层的植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈单峰型分布格局,以中山湿性常绿阔叶林乔木层林木的最大和平均树高、最大胸径值和物种多样性指数最大;而灌木层植物物种多样性指数最大值出现在中山湿性常绿阔叶林带下的季风常绿阔叶林和半湿性常绿阔叶林带内;而草本层植物的物种多样性指数则沿海拔梯度上升呈整体减小的趋势;累加其植物群落乔、灌、草3层植物的物种多样性指数,哀牢山东、西坡植物群落的Shannon-Weiner指数和物种丰富度最大值出现在海拔高度2000 m左右。在相同海拔高度处,西坡植物群落的植物物种多样性高于东坡,季风常绿阔叶林的物种多样性大于半湿性常绿阔叶林,而山顶苔藓矮林的植物物种多样性最小。     

嫩江沙地几种植物根系垂直分布的研究

采用全部分层挖取法研究了银中杨(Populus alba×Populus berolinensis)、沙棘(Seabuckthorn)、沙枣(Elaeag-nus angustifolia)和山杏(Prunus arm eniaca)4个树种的根系分布情况。结果表明:各树种之间根系的垂直分布差异显著,银中杨根系在0～120 cm土层中均有分布,林龄越大分布越深,但主要集中在0～40 cm的土层中,而且以直径小于7 mm的根系为主;沙棘根系分布较浅,在0～30 cm土层中,分布相对均匀;沙枣根系分布最深仅达20 cm;山杏的根系分布虽可达130 cm,但主要还是集中在10～50 cm土层中。根系总量分布由大到小依次是银中杨、沙棘、沙枣、山杏。     

河南省伏牛山自然保护区植物资源研究(Ⅱ)植物群落垂直分布与物种多样性研究

采用法瑞学派的样地记录法，对河南省伏牛山自然保护区植物区系、植物群落垂直分布与物种多样性进行了调查分析，该区南北植物交汇、种类较为丰富，植物群落垂直分布明显，是秦岭以东森林群落物种多样性最高地区之一。     

老秃顶子自然保护区森林植被垂直分布格局研究

该研究对老秃顶子自然保护区种子植物科、属区系进行分析,同时分析了种子植物随海拔梯度的变化规律。结果表明:老秃顶子地区共有种子植物104个科,其中世界性分布的有53个科,热带分布科19个,温带分布科14个,间断分布科18个;物种丰富度与多样性指数随海拔高度的上升呈现出明显的线性下降趋势;老秃顶子自然保护区具有中山植被分布带,海拔在950 m以下为落叶阔叶林带;海拔在950～1 050 m为枫桦和云杉、冷杉等树种组成的混交林带;海拔在1 050～1 180 m主要为云杉、冷杉针叶林带;海拔在1 180～1 250 m为岳桦林带;海拔在1 250～1 290 m为中山灌丛带;海拔在1 290 m以上为中山草地。     

2种野生岩生植物下土壤微生物生态分布研究

公路、铁路等道路的建设严重改变原有的景观(张翼等,2000).尤其在我国南方,多山地丘陵,道路建设形成大量裸露的陡峭岩石边坡给绿化工作带来更大困难.岩石边坡未形成成熟土壤,坡度大,水分易流失、蒸发,一般绿化植物不能生长.选择适生于岩石边坡的野生岩生植物,是进一步解决岩石边坡植被恢复这一难题的关键.     

江苏椴树属植物资源的分布与应用研究

全世界有椴树属植物25种,中国有19种,江苏有7种,2变种,1栽培种。该文从椴树属的广泛用途和江苏省林业发展目标阐述了发展应用椴树属植物资源的必要性。从资源和气候的优势、已有的研究基础和研究实力阐述了发展应用椴树属植物资源的可能性。提出了江苏发展应用椴树属植物资源面临的困难和需要解决的问题。     

基于森林资源清查的广东省森林群落优势科垂直分布特征研究

随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化的进一步推进,生态环境日益突出,作为生态环境问题的重要课题—生物多样性逐渐引起人们的重视。以广东省2012年森林资源连续清查1/8样地资料为数据源,对广东省森林群落优势科的垂直分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,调查样地里共有899种植物,隶属于154科493属,其中禾本科(主要集中在草本层)为第一大科,包括45属;分布区类型以泛亚热带分布、世界分布和北温带到亚热带分布为主;从不同气候区森林群落垂直分布来看,中亚热带、南亚热带乔木层优势科分别以杉科和松科为主,灌木层、草本层均以蔷薇科和禾本科为主,北热带乔木层桃金娘科占绝对优势,灌木层优势科植被以马鞭草科和桃金娘科为主,而草本层则以禾本科为主;从优势科在相对显著度、相对多度和相对频度的分布特点来看,不同的植物科在广东省森林群落中的分布格局存在极大的差异。     

针阔混交林植物N_2O排放的研究(英文)

本研究测定了长白山两种阔叶红松林地表以上空气的N2O浓度垂直梯度分布。在进行的 十二次观测中,有六次观测发现了不同高度处的空气N2O浓度间存在显著差异。这些观测结 果中,高N2O浓度比正常浓度高3.03%到64.9%（差异显著或极显著）;并且,林冠及其附近 处的高N2O浓度与树干高度处正常N2O浓度的同时存在这一现象表明了树冠向大气排放N2O。 本文为证明在森林生态系统中,除土壤外,植物自身在自然状态下也是一个重要的N2O排放 源提供了证据。     

Vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in the depth of 0–150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied under 14 years of four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that different land uses had different profile distributions of soil total nitrogen (STN), alkali N, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃ ⁻-N). The sequence of STN storage was woodland>maize field>fallow field>paddy field, while that of NO₃ ⁻-N content was maize field>paddy field>woodland>fallow field, suggesting the different root biomass and biological N cycling under various land uses. The STN storage in the depth of 0–100 cm of woodland averaged to 11.41 t·hm⁻¹, being 1.65 and 1.25 times as much as that in paddy and maize fields, respectively, while there was no significant difference between maize and fallow fields. The comparatively higher amount NO₃ ⁻-N in maize and paddy fields may be due to nitrogen fertilization and anthropogenic disturbance. Soil alkali N was significantly related with STN, and the correlation could be expressed by a linear regression model under each land use (R ²≥0.929,p<0.001). Such a correlation was slightly closer in nature (woodland and fallow field) than in agro ecosystems (paddy and maize fields). Heavy N fertilization induced an excess of crop need, and led to a comparatively higher amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N in cultivated fields than in fallow field and woodland. It is suggested that agroforestry practices have the potential to make a significant contribution to both crop production and environment protection. Foundation item: The project was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-413-9) and Fund of Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, CAS (STZ0204) Biography: ZHANG Yu-ge, (1968-), female, Ph.D. candidate, associate research fellow in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Effect of soil air volume change on CH4 consumption in brown forest soil

The relationship between soil air volume and CH₄ consumption in brown forest soils was investigated. The CH₄ consumption was negatively affected when the soil air volume decreased in experiments carried out bothin situ and in the laboratory. A strong dependence of the CH₄ consumption on the soil air volume was found in the laboratory experiment. These results indicate the possibility that the soil air volume is the primary rate-limiting factor for the CH₄ consumption in forest soil. Thus our work suggests that the other factors by which CH₄ consumption might be affected should be examined under the same air volume condition in the soil. To obtain accurate data, we need to be careful not to change the air volume by trampling or disturbing during the measurement of the natural methane fluxin situ.     

兰州市高校木本植物群落研究

利用天然群落的样带调查法对兰州市高等院校校园绿化群落进行调查,统计树种的重要值,分析群落垂直结构、优势种胸径径级结构,并对绿化存在的问题提出相应的改善措施。       

Effects of soil fauna on leaf litter decomposition under different land uses in eastern coast of China

Soil fauna decompose litter, whereas land use changes may significantly alter the composition and structure of soil fauna assemblages. However, little is known of the effects of land-use on the contribution of soil fauna to litter decomposition. We studied the impacts of soil fauna on the decomposition of litter from poplar trees under three different land uses (i.e. poplar-crop integrated system, poplar plantation, and cropland), from December 2013 to December 2014, in a coastal area of Northern Jiangsu Province. We collected litter samples in litterbags with three mesh sizes (5, 1 and 0. 01 mm, respectively) to quantify the contribution of various soil fauna to the decomposition of poplar leaf litter. Litter decomposition rates differed significantly by land use and were highest in the cropland, intermediate in the poplar-crop integrated system, and lowest in the poplar plantation. Soil fauna in the poplar-crop integrated system was characterized by the highest numbers of taxa and individuals, and highest Margalef’s diversity, which suggested that agro-forestry ecosystems may support a greater quantity, distribution, and biodiversity of soil fauna than can single-species agriculture or plantation forestry. The individuals and groups of soil fauna in the macro-mesh litterbags were higher than in the meso-mesh litterbags under the same land use types. The average contribution rate of meso- and micro-fauna to litter decomposition was 18.46%, which was higher than the contribution rate of macro-fauna (3.31%). The percentage of remaining litter mass was inversely related to the density of the soil fauna (P < 0.05) in poplar plantations; however, was unrelated in the poplar-crop integrated system and cropland. This may have been the result of anthropogenic interference in poplar-crop integrated systems and croplands. Our study suggested that when land-use change alters vegetation types, it can affect species composition and the structure of soil fauna assemblages, which, in turn, affects litter decomposition.     

Effects of scattered Acacia tortilis (Forssk) hayne on soil properties in different land uses in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Among several agroforestry practices in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia, Acacia tortilis-dominated Parkland agroforestry systems are common. Utilizable information regarding the effects of the tree species on soil conditions in Ethiopia is very scarce to be of use for improved agricultural productivity. This study was conducted in three land use types in CRV areas in Oromia National Regional State in Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of A. tortilis on soil fertility variations along a gradient from the tree base to open area in different land use types. Soil samples from surface layers (0–15 cm) were taken at four concentric transects distances from tree base (0.5, 2 and 4 m), compared with soil samples from the adjacent open areas (15 m distance from the tree canopy cover), and then analyzed following the standard procedures. The results of the study indicated that except for Na the amount of soil nutrients under A. tortilis were significantly varied (P < 0.05) in the land use types. Generally, comparisons between under the canopy and outside the canopy of the tree species indicated a highly significant difference on major soil fertility parameters. The effect of the tree species on soil fertility parameters was significantly higher with the distance from the tree base to outside of the canopy. But soil texture was not affected, indicating that it is more related to parent material and land use practices than the tree influence. The study revealed that the indigenous Parkland agroforestry practices of A. tortilis tree improve soil fertility. Hence, the soil patches observed under A. tortilis trees can be important local nutrient reserves, leading to soil heterogeneity in an otherwise uniform agricultural landscape. This may be important for the agricultural landscape health and on farm biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes of similar agroecological conditions.     

蒙自断陷盆地不同土地利用方式土壤养分特征

为探讨喀斯特断陷盆地不同土地利用类型土壤养分含量本底特征,以蒙自断陷盆地内林地、农地、园地以及荒草地为研究对象,设置固定样地,采集0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100cm土壤样品,测定土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、pH以及机械组成,并采用主成分分析的方法选取具有代表性的指标进行土壤质量指数的计算。结果表明:土地利用类型显著影响土壤有机质含量,草地土壤有机质含量最高,其次为农地和林地,果园土壤有机质含量最低;不同土地利用类型之间土壤全氮含量差异显著,农田土壤全氮含量较高,其次是草地与林地,果园最低。林地土壤全钾含量最高,而全磷含量最低,草地土壤全磷含量最高,而全钾含量最低。4种土地利用类型土壤偏酸性,pH变化范围5.82~6.67。土壤质量指数计算结果表明,各类土地利用方式土壤肥力质量较为接近,林地土壤肥力质量最好。研究结果以期为喀斯特断陷盆地土壤养分含量变化范围以及土壤养分现状提供依据,并为评价喀斯特生态系统植被恢复的改良土壤效应提供基础支撑。     

Effectiveness of sloping agricultural land technology on soil fertility status of mid-hills in Nepal

Hedgerows with intercropping systems were established at the ICIMOD test and demonstration site at Godawari to assess the effective-ness of Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) in reducing run-o...     

Grazing impacts on spatial distribution of soil and herbaceous characteristics in an Australian tropical woodland

This study examined effects of different levels of applied grazing pressures on herbaceous vegetation (standing crop, basal area, size and spacing of grass tussocks) and soil properties (total soil C, total N, total P, and soil-borne plant material [roots and surface litter] in the A horizon) around grass tussocks of a dry eucalypt woodland (dominant woody components; Eucalyptus xanthoclada and Corymbia erythrophloia of northern Australia. Grass tussocks influenced total soil C and N at small (<20 cm) spatial scales, and applied grazing pressures significantly (p<0.05) affected all soil properties except total P. Concentrations of N and C were highest at locations close to plants, and levels in proximity to plants declined under sustained heavy grazing. Paddocks receiving heavier grazing pressures also produced less standing crop and tussocks were smaller and more widely dispersed. Further, areas with high amounts of soil C, N and soil-borne plant materials were smaller and more widely dispersed under heavy grazing. Alternatively, conservative grazing pressure in combination with wet season grazing deferments allowed conservation of landscape condition. Eucalypt woodlands in northern Australia have low resistance to disturbance, and limited resilience to recover following disturbance. As such, the effects of disturbance on these areas should be monitored by combinations of plant (basal area, plant spacing) and soil (soil-borne plant material, total N) characteristics capable of detecting degradation at the earliest stages possible.     

黄土高原刺槐根系垂直分布特征研究

在中国西北黄土高原地区，水分是树木生长发育的主要限制因子。根系分布特征由于反映了树木对环境条件的利用程度而具有更加特殊的生态意义。本研究选择阳坡和阴坡不同立地上年龄一致的刺槐林调查了根系分布特征。根系垂直分布特征的调查结果表明，在所有立地上，根系生物量随着深度的增加而降低，其中细根的分布深度大于粗根的分布深度。方差分析结果表明：不同立地上不同径级根系的分布特征也有明显的差别，粗根是差异存在的主要原因，阴坡立地上的根系生物量，特别是细根生物量大于阳坡立地上的。对根系消弱系数的分析结果表明，阴坡立地上的根系消弱系数大于0．982，而阳坡立地上的根系消弱系数小于0．982，说明阴坡市地上刺槐根系的生物量在深层土壤中的分布相对量更大一些。其中细根的根系消弱系数大于粗根的，这种根系分布特征有利于根系对深层土壤水分养分的吸收利用，进而促进树木地上部分的生长发育。图3表3参15。