日本树木提取物的利用现状和展望

树体各部分经粉碎、溶剂抽提、压榨和蒸馏等操作,所得之浸提物、油脂和精油;割伤某些树种的树体,采集流出的树脂;以及纸浆生产过程中所得的某些副产物,统称为树木提取物。为扩大森林资源的利用范围及振兴山村,日本林野厅于1989年提出“促进树木提取物利用”的计划,欲与民间企业共同投资对树木提取物的利用技术进行开发与研究,时间为4年。研究分四大项目,即精油、树脂、配糖体及残渣利用。本文对日本树木提取物的利用现状、存在问题及可能发展的方向进行综述。     

林产化学品的前景(英文)

早在有史以前,人们已经利用那些易于获得的树木提取物为人类提供了许多必需品,以后,不同国家的科学家们经过长期互相协作研究,分离出其有效组分,阐明了它们的结构,作到了化学合成和生物合成,还确定了控制它们在植物中生成的某些生物因素。今天在有机化学上的许多进展都是从175年以前的这些研究中发展而来的。近年技术的发展,质量标准的提高以及价格竞争都要求有特殊性质的原料以满足特殊的需要。当今技术的迅速发展使国际间的出口局限于那些价格低廉、质量较高的基本原料,或具有不能替代的特有成分的产品。在资源日益减少的今日世界必须更重视特定地区再生资源的保护和最大限度的发展,以及生产所需产品的最有效的技术。为此目的,对树木的生理和化学还需要更深刻的认识。     

魔芋飞粉乙醇提取物对木材霉菌的抑制作用初探

采用生长速率法及显微观察探究不同浓度魔芋飞粉乙醇提取物及其不同有机萃取物对黑曲霉的抑菌效果。结果表明:15%和20%浓度的魔芋飞粉乙醇提取物及浓度为4%的魔芋飞粉乙醇提取物的三氯甲烷萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物和正丁醇萃取物对黑曲霉菌落生长有一定的抑制作用;提取物主要是通过抑制黑曲霉孢子的萌发和扩散,抑制菌丝的生长以及改变菌丝细胞壁的通透性达到对黑曲霉的抑菌效果。该研究可为开发利用魔芋飞粉制备天然木材防霉剂提供理论参考。     

植物源木材防腐剂增效技术研究进展

近年来,利用植物提取物制备木材防腐剂已成为木材保护研究领域的热点。单一植物提取物制备木材防腐剂的环境稳定性和防腐性存在局限,导致其应用总体效果较差。文中阐述国内外植物源木材防腐剂的提取物类型及其存在问题,综述利用化学药剂、微囊技术、纳米技术等增效植物源木材防腐剂的研究现状,讨论当前这些技术存在的问题与不足,并展望植物源木材防腐剂的开发应用前景。     

核桃叶提取物化感作用的研究(Ⅰ)

本实验选用核桃叶为供体材料,以不同科的莴苣、小麦、西红柿为受体材料,采用发芽和生长实验,研究了核桃叶提取物浓度对3种受体的化感作用。结果表明,不同浓度的核桃叶提取物对3种受体分别有抑制或促进作用。核桃叶提取物的化感活性成分主要是酚类及黄酮类化合物。这为核桃叶作为无公害植物源农药的开发利用提供了依据。     

核桃叶提取物化感作用的研究（I）

_小实验选用核桃叶为供体材料，以不同科的莴苣、小麦、西红柿为受体材料，采用发芽和生长实验，研究了核桃叶提取物浓度对3种受体的化感作用。结果表明，不同浓度的核桃叶提取物对3种受体分别有抑制或促进作用。核桃叶提取物的化感活性成分主要是酚类及黄酮类化合物。这为核桃叶作为无公害植物源农药的开发利用提供了依据。     

甘肃产不同品种松针的抗氧化活性研究

以甘肃产白皮松、雪松、油松、落叶松、樟子松和华山松6个树种的松针为研究对象,采用DPPH法、ABTS法和铜离子还原能力测定其不同浓度乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性,并采用熵值法综合评价遴选出抗氧化活性强的松针资源,为松针的进一步开发利用提供参考。研究表明：采用不同浓度乙醇提取时,40%乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性最好;不同品种松针中,雪松松针的抗氧化活性最好,其中天水产雪松松针40%乙醇提取物的评分最高达99.52%,表明其可以作为进一步研究松针抗衰老研究的资源。     

竹提取物抗菌杀虫性能的研究进展

竹子不同部位含有特征性的生物活性成分,将其开发成天然食品防腐剂和杀虫剂已成为当今的研究热点,该文综述了竹叶提取物、竹醋液、竹皮提取物的抑菌、杀虫作用及其相关研究进展,以期为竹子提取物在食品添加剂和生物农药领域的应用提供信息。     

油橄榄的化学组成和加工利用

研究油橄榄果和叶中的化学组成及其药效功能,国内外油橄榄的开发利用现状。针对国内油橄榄发展中存在的问题,提出应加强油橄榄叶的加工利用,尤其是油橄榄叶中多酚、黄酮及橄榄苦苷的分析研究和提取物精制技术的开发,为油橄榄叶提取物的生产和应用提供理论基础。     

治疗疱疹病毒的天然中药提取物

利用该中药提取物,对细菌和病毒进行体内外抑菌和抗病毒研究。中药提取物对体外单纯疱疹病毒具有明显的抑制和直接杀灭作用;中药提取物对细菌的抑制作用非常明显,并具有广泛的杀灭作用,有良好的抗菌活性。被抑制和杀灭的细菌中既有革兰氏阳性细菌也有革兰氏阴性细菌,既有球菌也有杆菌。     

The effect of methylbenzene/ethanol ratios on chemical composition of extractives from Eucalyptus grandis

Chemical components of methylbenzene/ethanol extractives of Eucalyptus grandis were identified by GC/MS and different methylbenzene/ethanol solutions (9/1,4/1,2/1,1/1,1/2) were used to describe their distinctions.The distributions of micro particles in each extractive were studied simultaneously.The results show that there were significant differences between the various extractives,although the extractives were essentially the same,i.e.,alcohols,alkanes,esters and acids.With the increase of ethanol composition in the solutions,the total amount of extractives increased;in solvent with higher amounts of ethanol,some acidic structures or acids,such as glutaric acid,could be seen.An investigation of micro particles indicated that the distribution of particle size of each sample did not change greatly between the solutions.A slight decrease in size was seen with the reduction in the amount of methylbenzene.     

尾叶桉纸浆材化学成分等在树干高度上的变异

分析了５个试验地尾叶桉纸浆材的主要化学成分含量和ｐＨ值在树干高度上的差异和变化趋势．结果表明,在５个试验地中,尾叶桉材的化学成分含量及ｐＨ值在树干高度上的变异情况大致相同．在不同的树干高度上,木材热水抽提物含量、纤维素含量和木素含量的差异达１％显著性水平;质量分数为１％ＮａＯＨ抽提物含量和戊聚糖含量的差异达５％显著性水平;冷水抽提物含量和ｐＨ值无统计上的显著性差异．由树基向上,冷水抽提物、热水抽提物和木素的含量呈渐低趋势;戊聚糖含量和木材ｐＨ值呈渐高趋势;１％ＮａＯＨ抽提物含量树干中部较低,两端较高;纤维素含量树干中部稍高,两端稍低．     

火炬松纸浆材化学成分及其在树干高度上的变异规律

对18年生人工林火炬松纸浆材的化学成分含量进行了系统地测试,分析和讨论了火炬松化学成分含量在树干高度方向上的变异规律.结果表明:1、火炬松纸浆材的灰分、冷水、热水、苯醇和1%N aOH抽提物含量,纤维素、戊聚糖和木质素含量平均值分别为0.33%、1.59%、3.21%、2.32%和13.66%、47.98%、15.10%、29.66%;2、沿树干高度方向,火炬松木材灰分含量和纤维素含量变化不明显;热水和苯醇抽提物含量逐渐减小;冷水抽提物和木质素含量表现出先增加后减小或者逐渐减小的趋势;1%N aOH抽提物含量则表现出先减小后增加的趋势;戊聚糖含量表现出逐渐增加或减小的趋势.方差分析表明,火炬松木材各化学成分含量在沿树干高度方向的变化不显著.     

人工林米老排木材化学成分及其在树干高度上的变异

采用我国木材化学成分分析国家标准,对人工林米老排木材化学成分进行了测定和研究分析.结果表明:人工林米老排木材冷水抽提物含量和热水抽提物含量分别为2.67%和3.12%,1%NaOH抽提物含量为17.08%,纤维素含量为47.49%,综纤维素含量为80.42%,木素含量为28.80%,pH值为5.44;木材冷水抽提物和综纤维素含量在树干的不同高度上略有差异,但方差分析检验,差异不显著,热水抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物、纤维素和木素含量在树干的不同高度上差异显著,达到1%显著性水平;由树基往上,热水抽提物含量略呈两端高、中间低的趋势,冷水抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物和木素的含量逐渐降低,综纤维素含量和木材pH值逐渐升高;纤维素含量在树干上的分布规律为中间高、两端低,而且从树干中部往上的降低幅度较大.     

Influence of the chemical composition of kenaf bast and core on the alkaline pulping response

The bast and core of kenaf,Hibiscus cannabinus L., have markedly different chemical components and alkaline cooking responses. The bast had about double the hot-water extractives content and only about half the lignin content of the core. The core contained a large amount of hemicellulose, mostly composed of xylan. The lignin structures of bast and core were also quite different: The former had a significant abundance of syringyl structures. Evidence showed that the bast was much more easily delignified than the core. When the bast and core were cooked together in alkaline condition, the pulp yields at the same kappa number were higher than those of the individual pulpings of bast and core. The bast-core pulping gave a positive effect on the yield of bast pulp in the sodaanthraquinone and kraft pulpings. On the other hand, kenaf was abundant in the hot water extractives. These extractives consumed alkali during cooking to a relatively large extent but acted as a protector of hemicellulose and slightly increased the pulp yields.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th and 49th Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 3–5, 1998 and Tokyo, April 3–5, 1999     

Analysis of compounds in dichloromethane extractives for Sawara Falsecypress （Chamaecyparis pisifera） outer heartwood

The chemical components of dichloromethane extractives for Sawara Falsecypress heartwood were analyzed with GC/MS except for basic chemical composition analysis for heartwood with Chinese standard method. 14 kinds of compounds were idenfifjed according to the computer compounds library data. The major compounds in dichloromethane extractives comprised of terpene and naphthalene derivafives. The experiments of antifungal effects of the dichloromethane extractive on Aspergillus niger were also carded out. The result showed that the dichloromethane extractive from Sawara Falsecypress has no or weak antifungal capability.     

Lightwood induction in Pinus sylvestris by means of mechanical wounding

In a field experiment the influence of different girdling patterns like wide girdling, longitudinal debarking, debarking with one or several bridges, narrow girdling and bark crushing on resin soaked wood formation (lightwood) in Pinus sylvestris L. trees was investigated. Four years after treatment the concentrations of total extractives and resin acids were measured. It is shown that treatment methods differently affected concentrations of total extractives and resin acids. Longitudinal debarking with a wide bridge and debarking with several narrow bridges were the most successful methods for lightwood induction.     

Regulation effect of Phyllostachys pubescens methanol extractives on growth of seed plants

Methanol extractives from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) culms were found to have some regulation effects on the growth of the seed plants tested. They showed inhibition or promotion of hypocotyl and radicle growth of lettuce, watercress, and chrysanthemum. The methanol extractives were fractionated with n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The diethyl ether-soluble fraction contained more phenolic substances than the other fractions and showed strong inhibition of growth in lettuce seeds. The water-soluble fraction showed a promotion effect on the hypocotyl growth of lettuce. The water-soluble fraction was heated at 200°C for 8h, and the inhibition effect on the radicle growth of lettuce decreased and the promotion effect on the hypocotyl growth increased at 0.1% concentration. An erratum to this article is available at .     

植物源提取物木材防腐剂的研究现状与展望

自然界的许多植物中均含有抑菌性和防虫性物质, 如果将这部分资源开发并用于木材防腐, 来替代和部分替代现有的合成类木材防腐剂, 将会促进人居和生态环境的改善。随着发展绿色、环保型木材保护技术的呼声越来越高, 世界范围内的很多学者广泛开展了植物提取物木材防腐剂的研究。文中对国内外植物源木材防腐剂的研究及其在木材和木制品保护中的利用进行概述, 并对今后的植物源木材防腐剂研究进行展望。