不同免疫应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、养分消化和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同免疫应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、养分消化、血清生化指标和肉品质的影响.选取540只1日龄Cobb500肉仔鸡,随机分为5组(对照组、常免组、简免组、免疫亢进组和免疫抑制组),每组设9个重复,每个重复12只鸡.常免组和简免组按试验要求进行疫苗免疫,亢进组和抑制组在常免基础上分别注射细菌脂多糖(LPS)和环磷酰胺(CPM).21日龄和42日龄屠宰取样,检测相关指标.结果表明:1)不同免疫应激对肉仔鸡料重比无显著差异(P>0.05);无免组和简免组肉仔鸡采食量和体增重与常免组无显著差异(P>0.05),LPS亢进和CPM抑制均极显著降低肉仔鸡全期体增重(P<0.01),且LPS亢进显著降低肉仔鸡全期采食量(P<0.05);2)不同免疫应激对能量表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);除简免组干物质表观消化率与无免组差异不显著(P>0.05)外,不同免疫应激均极显著或显著降低了肉仔鸡中后期干物质表观消化率(P<0.01)和粗脂肪表观消化率(P<0.05);肉仔鸡中后期免疫抑制组粗蛋白质回肠表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05);3)CPM抑制极显著增大了肌肉滴水损失(P<0.01).结果提示:合理控制饲养环境条件下,无免疫不影响肉仔鸡生长性能,而免疫应激降低肉仔鸡对饲粮干物质、回肠粗蛋白质、粗脂肪的表观消化率,影响采食量和体增重,不利于肉仔鸡生长和生产.     

沙棘黄酮对AA肉仔鸡胴体和肉品质的影响

为了研究沙棘黄酮对AA肉仔鸡胴体和肉品质的影响,选择1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡360羽,采用单因子试验设计,随机分为3个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只,分别为基础饲粮组、0.1%沙棘黄酮组、0.2%沙棘黄酮组,进行为期8周的饲养试验。于17~19日龄采用全收粪法测定粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙、磷的表观消化率;于试验结束时测定胴体品质、肉品质和相关血液生化指标。结果表明,在肉鸡生长全期饲料中添加0.1%沙棘黄酮对饲料中蛋白质表观消化率有提高趋势（P=0.054）,极显著提高饲料中钙的表观消化率（P〈0.01）,对腿肌肌纤维直径有降低趋势（P=0.080）;0.2%沙棘黄酮极显著提高了肉鸡的屠宰率（P〈0.01）,极显著降低了肉鸡的腹脂率（P〈0.01）;极显著提高了胸肌和腿肌的肉色和腿肌粗蛋白的含量（P〈0.01）;显著降低了胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失、腿肌粗脂肪以及血清甘油三酯的含量（P〈0.05）。在肉鸡生长全期饲料中添加0.1%和0.2%沙棘黄酮可显著提高饲料中蛋白质和钙的利用率,并显著提高胴体品质和改善肉质,且对肉仔鸡无毒无害。     

溶血卵磷脂提高肉仔鸡对禽脂的表观消化率

试验研究日粮中禽脂水平(30和24 g/kg)以及是否添加外源乳化剂溶血卵磷脂(LPC)对肉仔鸡生长性能、脂肪酸表观消化率以及日粮表观代谢能(AME)的影响.本试验选用168只1日龄AA肉仔鸡(公雏),按照2×2因子设计,分4个处理,每个处理7个重复,每个重复6只鸡.试验中测定生长性能、营养物质表观消化率以及日粮AME.结果表明,禽脂添加水平对肉仔鸡生长性能、脂肪酸表观消化率以及日粮AME没有显著影响(P>0.05).日粮中添加LPC提高肉仔鸡体增重(P<0.05)、降低料重比(P<0.05)、提高14～17日龄日粮AME(P<0.05).添加LPC有提高14～17日龄肉仔鸡粗脂肪表观消化率的趋势(P=0.086).日粮中添加外源乳化剂LPC提高了C18:0脂肪酸的表观消化率(P<0.05),对其他脂肪酸、粗蛋白质以及粗脂肪表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05).这些结果表明,在含禽脂的日粮中添加500 mg/kg LPC能改善肉仔鸡生长性能;LPC改善肉仔鸡生长性能的作用是通过提高脂肪表观消化率实现的.     

苜蓿素对AA肉仔鸡免疫指标的影响

为研究不同剂量的苜蓿素对AA肉仔鸡免疫指标的影响,选取1日龄AA肉仔鸡120只,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组基础日粮中分别添加150、300、450 mg/kg苜蓿素。分别于28、35和42 d从每组取10只鸡进行采血,测定血清球蛋白含量;取法氏囊和脾脏,称重并计算免疫器官指数;采用MTT比色法测定T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力。结果表明,基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂28 d,能够显著提高AA肉仔鸡法氏囊指数（P〈0.05）;添加450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂28 d,能够显著提高AA肉仔鸡血清球蛋白含量和免疫器官指数（P〈0.05）。添加300 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂35 d,能够显著提高AA肉仔鸡血清球蛋白含量、免疫器官指数（P〈0.05）,显著促进B淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.05）;添加450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂35 d,能够显著提高血清球蛋白含量、脾脏指数（P〈0.05）,显著促进T淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.05）,极显著促进B淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.01）。添加300和450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂42 d,能够极显著提高AA肉仔鸡法氏囊指数（P〈0.01）;添加450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂42 d,能够显著促进B淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.05）。结果提示,日粮中添加苜蓿素能够提高多项AA肉仔鸡免疫指标,以添加450 mg/kg效果最优。     

植酸酶对肉仔鸡生产性能和钙磷消化率的影响

 研究了3个不同品牌的微生物植酸酶在两个不同磷酸氢钙添加水平（0.44%和0.77%）下对肉仔鸡生产性能和钙磷消化率的影响。试验结果表明：与正常磷酸氢钙添加水平（1.1%）的对照组相比,降低磷酸氢钙用量并添加植酸酶后肉仔鸡的采食量和日增重与对照组接近,饲料转化率有一定提高,死淘率和腿病发生率与对照组差异不显著。降低磷酸氢钙用量并添加植酸酶能够一定程度的提高肉仔鸡对灰分的消化利用率（P＞0.05）,显著提高磷的消化利用率（P＜0.05）,并大幅提高24日龄肉仔鸡的钙表观消化率（P＜0.01）,小幅提高42日龄肉仔鸡的钙表观消化率（P＞0.05）, 不同品牌植酸酶的作用效果存在一定差异。     

膨化饲料对生长期猕猴增重和营养消化率的影响

为给处于生长期的猕猴研制一种饲料,试验通过对处于生长期的猕猴分别饲喂蒸糕和膨化饲料,连续6个月称量试验动物体重,并对干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪表观消化率进行测试分析。结果表明:饲喂6个月后,试验组和对照组猕猴体重差异显著(P0.05);粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率差异极显著(P0.01),可见膨化饲料可作为生长期猕猴的一种有效日粮。     

共轭亚油酸对肉仔鸡生长性能、脂质代谢和体组成的影响

本试验目的旨在探讨饲粮中添加共轭亚油酸（CLA）对肉仔鸡生长性能、脂质代谢、屠体性能及组成的影响。240只1日龄肉仔鸡随机分为4个（0%、0.25%、0.5%和1%CLA）日粮处理组，饲喂6周。结果表明：CLA对肉仔鸡的生长性能，脂质代谢没有显著影响（P〉0.05）。42日龄时，肉仔鸡的心脏、肝脏、脾脏指数在各处理间没有显著差异（P〉0.05），0.5%和1%CLA组内仔鸡胸肌率显著高于对照组（P〈0.05），1%CLA组肉仔鸡42日齿腿肌率显著高于对照组，肉仔鸡的腹脂率在各处理之间没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,1%CLA组肉仔鸡胸肌蛋白与脂肪比显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。试验结果表明：CLA对肉仔鸡的生长性能及脂质代谢的影响不显著，可以改善体组成。     

牛磺酸对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫器官发育及抗氧化能力的影响

选用240只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组3个重复.对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的牛磺酸,试验期42 d.结果表明:(1) 日粮中添加0.10%牛磺酸,能够显著提高肉仔鸡平均日增重和饲料转化率(P＜0.05),显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡脾脏指数和6周龄法式囊指数(P＜0.05),显著提高肉仔鸡血清和3周龄肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(P＜0.05),并显著降低3周龄血清和肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量(P＜0.05).(2)添加0.15%的牛磺酸显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡脾脏和胸腺指数(P＜0.05).(3)日粮中添加0.20%的牛磺酸对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫器官发育和抗氧化能力没有显著影响(P＞0.05).     

肉鸡日粮中添加多不饱和脂肪酸对其肠道微生物环境基本没有影响

近几年的多数研究表明,n-3PUFA（多不饱和脂肪酸）可明显提高肉仔鸡生长速度和改善肠道内环境,同时也可改变鸡肉成分组成。刚孵出的科布500肉仔鸡被划分成4个组,分别是没有任何添加剂日粮组（对照组）、杆菌肽锌组（ZnB组）、2%沙美特罗组（SALmate组）、5%沙美特罗组,记录第15~22d共7d的能量代谢数据,第25d将雏鸡屠宰,收集肉仔鸡的肠道标本来评估雏鸡肠道微生物环境。结果显示,各处理组雏鸡的体重、采食量、饲料转化率或者饲料养分的回肠消化率没有明显差异（P〉0.05）;ZnB组饲料的表观代谢能（AME）比其他各组的要高（P〈0.05）;2%SALmate组和5%SALmate组的鸡胸肉组织的二十碳戊烯酸、二十碳六烯酸、鲱油酸和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量和空白对照组以及ZnB组的含量差异显著（P〈0.05）,各组间的回肠和盲肠的微生物群落没有显著差异（P〉0.05）;2%SALmate组的乳酸菌杆菌属种类和对照组有显著差异（P〈0.05）,而5%SALmate组的乳酸杆菌和其他几个组的差别不大。总体来看,n-3PUFA的添加只能单纯增加鸡胸肉组织的n-3PUFA含量,n-3PUFA日粮对改善肉仔鸡肠道乳酸菌的群落所起到的作用也相当有限,因此n-3PUFA的添加基本没有改变肉仔鸡的肠道微生物环境和雏鸡的生产性能。     

玉米豆粕型日粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶和α-半乳糖苷酶对肉仔鸡养分利用率的影响

本试验在肉仔鸡玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加不同剂量的β-甘露聚糖酶和α-半乳糖苷酶，研究其对肉仔鸡平均采食量及干物质、能量、粗蛋白质表观消化率的影响。探讨其在肉仔鸡日粮中的作用效果。试验结果表明：与负对照组相比．在降低50Kcal／kg能量的玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加不同剂量的β-甘露聚糖酶和α-半乳糖苷酶可以不同程度提高饲料的干物质、能量表观消化率．其中添加500U／kgβ-甘露聚糖酶组饲料干物质、能量表观消化率较负对照组提高2．23％（P〈0．05）、2．18％（P〈0．05），较正对照组提高1．77％、1．15％；添加20U／kg α-半乳糖苷酶与负对照组相比能量表观消化率提高2．66％．差异显著（P〈0．05），添加40U／kg α-半乳糖苷酶与正、负对照组相比粗蛋白质表观消化率分别提高4．39％（P〈O．05）、4．03％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein