不同株型小麦新品种超前繁育技术和效益分析

采用不同播种方法对两种不同株型的小麦品种的繁殖系数和经济效益进行研究分析,结果表明:小麦新品种超前稀繁的繁殖系数随行距扩大而提高;3 cm株距时,紧凑型品种的超前繁育以40 cm行距为宜,松散型小麦品种的超前繁育以50 cm行距为宜,均可获得最高经济效益.     

小麦套种西瓜高效栽培

1.留好套种行 在小麦播种前精细整地，以1.8米为1个播种带，采用高低畦种植，低畦宽1米，高畦比低畦高10厘米。在低畦内种6行小麦，小麦行距20厘米，套种行内种1行西瓜，每亩密度不低于800株。     

行距对两种穗型冬小麦品种碳氮运转及籽粒氮素输入特征的影响

为不同穗型小麦品种选择各自适宜的行距配置方式提供理论依据,在大田高产栽培条件下,研究了行距配置对两种穗型小麦品种花后光合物质和氮素积累及转运的影响,明确了小麦籽粒灌浆期植株氮素向籽粒输入特征及品种间差异.结果表明,花后光合产物向籽粒的输入量及对籽粒贡献率兰考矮早八为随行距增加呈先增加后减少变化,20 cm行距最大,豫麦...     

内蒙古河套灌区主要作物气象产量的风险分析

为弄清作物产量面临的风险水平,通过分析内蒙古河套灌区1953—2011年间12个旗县（市、区）的粮食、小麦、玉米和向日葵的产量资料,利用5年直线滑动平均模型分离实际产量,计算了气象产量的变异系数、年平均减产率、风险概率和综合风险指数等指标,对该区域作物产量灾害风险进行研究。结果表明：河套灌区粮食单产的4种风险指数总体小于小麦、玉米和向日葵的,以向日葵的最大,小麦和玉米的风险指数介于粮食和向日葵的风险指数;地区间以准格尔旗的几种单产的风险要高于其他地区;4种风险指数的最小值,在不同作物上没有明显区域特点。从减产风险概率看,河套灌区作物增产的地区多于减产地区的概率略高一些。     

墨西哥小麦在南京地区试种情况及利用意见

1977—1987年10年间,先后由墨西哥国际玉米小麦改良中心引进冬春麦杂交筛选圃、国际面包小麦筛选圃、耐热性筛选圃等观察材料计4819份。试验按正常季节播种,每品种播2—3行区不等,行长1.3米,行距2.7厘米,顺序排列,不设重复,每100个品种设两个对照,对照为当地推广品种宁麦3号和扬麦3号。调     

内蒙古河套灌区中,低产田土壤有机质平衡量化指标

采用砂滤管法和田间试验，结合室内分析，测定了７种有机物料的腐殖化系数分解量以及土壤有机质矿化率。提出了中低产田在各保持两个量级有机质平衡时，每年应投入各有机物料的数量。研究结果为河套灌区中、低产田的改土培肥，以及指标合理施肥提供了量化指标。     

内蒙古河套灌区中,低产田土壤有机质平衡量化指标

采用砂滤管法和田间试验，结合室内分析，测定了７种有机物料的腐殖化系数分解量以及土壤有机质矿化率。提出了中低产田在各保持两个量级有机质平衡时，每年应投入各有机物料的数量。研究结果为河套灌区中、低产田的改土培肥，以及指标合理施肥提供了量化指标。     

中高产小麦最适宜的行距

中高产小麦最适宜的行距马威，钱健康，李华，姜秀芳（河南省周口地区农科所４６６０００）自６０年代以来，在小麦生产上一直采用２０厘米左右的行距，小麦产量已由低产上升到中高产水平。目前高产麦田普遍存在着田间郁蔽，通风透光条件不良的问题，不但影响小麦的个体健...     

“一种烤烟免耕防蚜防病高效栽培方法”发明专利获公开

<正>8月20日,国家知识产权局公开一件由中国农业科学院烟草研究所和山东临沂烟草有限公司沂水分公司共同申请的发明专利:一种烤烟免耕防蚜防病高效栽培方法。该发明所采用的技术手段是:第一年10月份在田间按常规方法种植小麦;第二年4月份在小麦行间栽烟苗,株距50厘米,行距1米,栽烟穴深5~8厘米;6月份收割小麦,小麦麦茬高度为20~30厘米,收获小麦25~30天后,灭小麦茬,给烟     

河套灌区小麦耐盐性及其生态适宜区

以河套灌区小麦主栽品种永良4号为研究对象,选择20个农户地块定位观测,探讨不同土层土壤盐分含量对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响,研究小麦在该地区的耐盐性及其生态适宜区。结果表明,以小麦苗期0~10 cm土壤饱和浸提液电导率(ECe)作为根层盐分指标来评判小麦的耐盐性最具代表性,该土层对应的小麦耐盐指数为10.465;土壤盐分与小麦各产量构成因素之间均呈显著负相关,尤其与公顷穗数的相关性更强;根据小麦耐盐性分析,以小麦相对产量下降幅度≤10%、10%~25%、25%~50%和≥50%作为划分标准,将区域耕地划分为小麦生产最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区,其对应的小麦苗期0~10 cm土壤ECe分别为≤4.972、4.972~6.747、6.747~9.196和≥9.196 dS m⁻¹。     

Soil Temperature Effects on the Nitrogen Availability in Soils and Growth of Sorghum (Co. 25)

Two field experiments were carried out one after the other to study the effect of date of sowing and soil temperature on the soil nitrogen availability and yield of sorghum (Co. 25). Crops sown at weekly intervals were the treatments. Mean soil temperature at different depths, available soil N at different stages, leaf area index were assessed and correlation among different parameters established. The results indicated that time of sowing sorghum crop influenced the soil available N due to variations in soil temperature and the eanopv development at different levels as measured by leaf area indices.
Mean soil temperature increased with depths upto 30 cm. Also available N varied at different stages of crop growth but invariably higher in early sown crops Qanuary sown). Soil temperature at 15 cm depth influenced the available soil N most and consequently the leaf area index. This was reflected in the yield also.     

The Effects of Sowing Date on the Growth and Nutritive Value of Lablab purpureus

In two similar experiments, Lablab purpureus was sown at different dates in July and August to evaluate the effects of sowing date on the yield and nutritive value of the plant and shed leaves. On each occasion, an interim harvest was performed on half of the plants sown at each date and the regrowth recorded. The interim harvest reduced the total yield, and in particular that of shed leaves. In one of the two experiments, late sowing resulted in a considerable reduction in yield, increased crude protein and reduced modified acid-detergent fibre concentrations. Ash concentrations were higher in plants sown later and their shed leaves. Sodium concentrations were inadequate for ruminants and, like phosphorus concentrations, tended to decrease with later sowing. However, both calcium and magnesium concentrations increased with later sowing and were sufficient for ruminant production. Potassium concentrations were high and were little affected by sowing date. It is concluded that both an interim harvest and late sowing are disadvantageous when lablab is grown for ruminant livestock, the former because of yield reduction and the latter because of yield reduction, increases in ash concentration and reductions in sodium and phosphorus concentrations.     

Influence of Sowing Dates on Yield and Oil Quality in Sunflower

Effect of sowing dates (temperature regimes) on growth, yield oil content and quality in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L. ) was studied. Plants of early sowings which had received low temperature during 0–45 days of growth grew very poorly in height. Plant height significantly correlated with temperature at all the three growth stages. Plants sown in March produced highest yield and January sown plants recorded lowest yield. Protein content of seeds decreased where as the oil content increased with delay in sowing dates. Oil content in the seeds collected from different sowing dates showed significant differences. However, oil content was not significantly correlated with temperatures at any growth stages. Incorporation of ¹⁴C-acetate into lipids of developing seeds was increased as the sowing was delayed. Early sown plants had higher percentage of oleic acid and late sown plants had higher percentage of linoleic acid. Effect sowing dates on oil content and oil quality were discussed on the basis of temperature variation during different growth stages.     

Seedbed Characteristics and Seeding Depth Effects on Emergence and Seedling Vigour of Upland Rice

Effects of seedbed condition and seeding depth on the emergence and seedling vigour of upland rice was studied. Regardless of aggregate size distribution, seeds sown at 2 cm depth gave the maximum emergence rate (80-90 %) which was reduced to 47 % for sowing at 5 cm depth. Seeding at 10 cm depth caused total failure in emergence. When planted at 2 cm depth, aggregate size produced considerable variation in the speed of emergence but caused no significant differences in final emergence count. For seeds sown at 5 cm depth, seedbed with aggregate size < 2 mm resulted in poor emergence (12 %) while with aggregates > 8 mm reduced emergence by 34 % compared with balanced proportion of larger, moderate and smaller aggregates. Neither the seedbed condition nor seeding depth caused significant variation in seedling height or seedling dry weight.     

‘越光’作麦茬夏稻栽培适宜播期（秧龄）的研究

旨在探明不同播期对‘越光’生长发育及其产量的影响,确立‘越光’在黄淮区域作麦茬夏稻栽培的适宜播期,阐明‘越光’适期播种高产的生长发育特点。以‘越光’为试验材料,连续进行了2年的田间试验,2013年设T₁（5月1日）、T₂（5月11日）、T₃（5月21日）、T₄（5月31日）4个播期处理,6月27日移栽,2014年与2013年播期处理相同,6月30日移栽,随机区组设计,3次重复。2013年的试验结果表明,T₃（5月21日播种,秧龄37天）产量最高,为6681.8 kg/hm²,T₄（5月31日播种,秧龄27天）产量次之,为 6533.2 kg/hm²,两者之间差异不显著;2014年的试验结果表明,T′₃（5月21日播种,秧龄40天）产量最高,为6866.4 kg/hm²,T′₄（5月31日播种,秧龄30天）产量次之,为6647.4 kg/hm²,两者之间差异不显著。2年试验中均以5月21日播种的综合农艺性状最好,5月31日播种的次之,表现为分蘖集中、蘖位较低,一次大分蘖所占比例大,群体整齐,后期不早衰,抗倒伏能力强,灌浆成熟期延长,落黄好,产量高,品质好。试验得出的结论是：‘越光’在黄淮区域作麦茬夏稻栽培适宜播期为5月下旬,适宜秧龄为35天左右（6叶1心）,10月1日前后成熟,全生育期127天左右;适当晚播是避免早衰、防止倒伏、提高单产的关键技术措施。     

Growth analysis of autumn and spring sown sugar beet

Slow leaf formation in spring is regarded as the main factor limiting sugar beet yield. It is therefore expected that yield can be enhanced when plants develop leaves earlier resulting in an extended growing period. The aim of this study was to analyse leaf and storage root growth of sugar beet plants sown in autumn or very early in spring with regard to possible yield increases. In 2005/06 and 2006/07, field trials were conducted at 4 sites with 6 sowing dates: August, beginning and mid of September, and in February, March and April. Sequential harvests were conducted to follow yield formation.Field emergence of autumn sown sugar beets was fast and reached 90% whereas in early spring it was severely restricted due to low temperature. Leaf and root yield formation of autumn and spring sown sugar beets could well be described with thermal time confirming that sugar beet growth is temperature driven and day length insensitive. Despite longer growing periods autumn sown beets did not form more cambium rings in the storage root than spring sown beets. That might be partly due to the bolting process after winter. However, early spring sown beets as well did not achieve more cambium rings than plants sown in April pointing to a presumably limited ability to adapt cambium ring formation. Because of the shift to reproductive growth, autumn sown beets formed high amounts of shoot dry matter, but not much root dry matter. Furthermore, the root dry matter consisted of a lower sugar and a higher marc content and would therefore not be suitable for sugar recovery. Earlier sowing in spring did not result in a significant yield increase because the benefit from early sowing diminished throughout the season as also obvious from the distance between the cambium rings.For bolting resistant sugar beet varieties, which are expected to be available in near future, the presented data form a basis to predict yield with models. However, it has to be investigated to what extent sugar beet growth and yield formation benefits from early sowing and extended growing periods.     

基肥施用方式对小麦出苗及苗期生长的影响

通过室内盆栽试验研究不同基肥施用方式对小麦出苗及苗期生长的影响。设置种肥混播条播、条播侧方施肥、条播下方施肥、种肥混播宽幅撒播4种播种施肥方式,同时每个播种施肥方式下设置225、375、600 kg/hm² 3个肥料用量水平。结果表明,种肥混播条播方式对小麦的出苗影响极为明显,且随着施肥量的增加小麦出苗率明显降低,条播侧方施肥、下方施肥以及种肥混播宽幅撒播方式对于小麦的出苗率影响不大。在种肥混播方式下,无论条播还是宽幅撒播方式均表现出了随着施肥量增加小麦株高和根系增加的趋势,其中种肥混播宽幅撒播方式下小麦株高和根长数值相对较高。同一播种施肥方式下,小麦地上部生物量随着施肥量的增加而增加,而在等量肥料投入的情况下,地上部生物量均表现为种肥混播宽幅撒播>条播侧方施肥>条播下方施肥>种肥混播条播。本试验条件下,建议小麦基肥采用种肥混播宽幅撒播的方式,以降低化肥用量、保证出苗安全和培育壮苗。     

Growth and Yield Response of Facultative Wheat to Winter Sowing, Freezing Sowing and Spring Sowing at Different Seeding Rates

Growth and yield of wheat are affected by environmental conditions and can be regulated by sowing time and seeding rate. In this study, three sowing times [winter sowing (first week of September), freezing sowing (last week of October) and spring sowing (last week of April)] at seven seeding rates (325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575 and 625 seeds m^?2) were investigated during the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons, in Erzurum (Turkey) dryland conditions, using Kirik facultative wheat. A split‐plot design was used, with sowing times as main plots and seeding rates randomized as subplots. There was a significant year × sowing time interaction for grain yield and kernels per spike. Winter‐sown wheat produced a significantly higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, spikes per square metre, kernel weight and grain yield than freezing‐ and spring‐sown wheat. The optimum time of sowing was winter for the facultative cv. Kirik. Grain yields at freezing and spring sowing were low, which was largely the result of hastened crop development and high temperatures during and after anthesis. Increasing seeding rate up to 525 seeds m^?2 increased the spikes per square metre at harvest, resulting in increased grain yield. Seeding rate, however, was not as important as sowing time in maximizing grain yield. Changes in spikes per square metre were the major contributors to the grain‐yield differences observed among sowing times and seeding rates. Yield increases from higher seeding rates were greater at freezing and spring sowing. We recommended that a seeding rate of 525 seeds m^?2 be chosen for winter sowing, and 575 seeds m^?2 for freezing and spring sowing.     

华北低平原不同播种期春玉米的产量表现及其与气象因子的通径分析

针对华北地区种植春玉米面临的灌浆期高温胁迫问题,2011-2012年在河北省吴桥县开展了2个春玉米品种(郑单958播种于2011年,金海5号播种于2012年)的播期试验,以探讨气象因子与玉米产量间的关系,为通过调整播种期减轻春玉米灌浆期的高温胁迫提供理论依据。结果初步表明,不同播种期使春玉米灌浆时期发生变化,因而灌浆期气象因子特征表现出差异。4月上旬播种与其他播种期处理相比,春玉米灌浆期光水资源丰富,降雨量增加5.0~47.4 mm,日照时数增多41.0~70.0 h、气温日较差大0.2~0.6℃,但是,高温胁迫严重(≥33℃天数多达15 d,日均温高达28.4℃);5月中旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫轻（≥33℃天数仅有8 d,日均温平均26.0℃）,而光水资源相对充足;4月中旬、4月下旬和5月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对严重;5月下旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对较轻,但阴雨寡照严重。两年的籽粒产量由高到低的播种期依次是,4月上旬、5月中旬、5月上旬、4月下旬、4月中旬、5月下旬;郑单958和金海5号在4月上旬播种的产量分别达9912 kg hm^-2和11 046 kg hm^-2,在5月中旬播种的产量分别达9906 kg hm^-2和10 852.5 kg hm^-2,其他4个播种期的产量比前两个播种期低6.0%~28.2%。通径分析表明,4月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期气温日较差大、光照时数长,对千粒重和穗粒数的直接正效应大,从而缓解了高温胁迫负效应;5月中旬播种的玉米产量较高是因为躲避了灌浆期高温胁迫,但气温日较差和日照时数的正效应比4月上旬播种期的低,因此比4月上旬播种的产量低;4月中旬、4月下旬、5月上旬、5月下旬各播种处理的千粒重和穗粒数受高温胁迫或阴雨寡照影响较大,且气温日较差和光照时数正效应较小,产量下降明显。针对华北地区种植春玉米面临的灌浆期高温胁迫问题,2011-2012年在河北省吴桥县开展了2个春玉米品种(郑单958播种于2011年,金海5号播种于2012年)的播期试验,以探讨气象因子与玉米产量间的关系,为通过调整播种期减轻春玉米灌浆期的高温胁迫提供理论依据。结果初步表明,不同播种期使春玉米灌浆时期发生变化,因而灌浆期气象因子特征表现出差异。4月上旬播种与其他播种期处理相比,春玉米灌浆期光水资源丰富,降雨量增加5.0~47.4 mm,日照时数增多41.0~70.0 h、气温日较差大0.2~0.6℃,但是,高温胁迫严重(≥33℃天数多达15 d,日均温高达28.4℃);5月中旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫轻（≥33℃天数仅有8 d,日均温平均26.0℃）,而光水资源相对充足;4月中旬、4月下旬和5月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对严重;5月下旬播种的玉米灌浆期高温胁迫相对较轻,但阴雨寡照严重。两年的籽粒产量由高到低的播种期依次是,4月上旬、5月中旬、5月上旬、4月下旬、4月中旬、5月下旬;郑单958和金海5号在4月上旬播种的产量分别达9912 kg hm^-2和11 046 kg hm^-2,在5月中旬播种的产量分别达9906 kg hm^-2和10 852.5 kg hm^-2,其他4个播种期的产量比前两个播种期低6.0%~28.2%。通径分析表明,4月上旬播种的玉米灌浆期气温日较差大、光照时数长,对千粒重和穗粒数的直接正效应大,从而缓解了高温胁迫负效应;5月中旬播种的玉米产量较高是因为躲避了灌浆期高温胁迫,但气温日较差和日照时数的正效应比4月上旬播种期的低,因此比4月上旬播种的产量低;4月中旬、4月下旬、5月上旬、5月下旬各播种处理的千粒重和穗粒数受高温胁迫或阴雨寡照影响较大,且气温日较差和光照时数正效应较小,产量下降明显。     

Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Seedling Emergence in Chickpea

Although laboratory (Petri dish) germination as an estimate of seed viability is a standard practice, it may not give an accurate prediction of seedling emergence in the field, especially when saline irrigation water is used. Experiments were conducted to investigate seedling emergence in two chickpea cultivars (ILC 482 and Barka local) in response to varied salinity levels and sowing depths. Seeds were sown in potted soil at a depth of 2, 4 or 6 cm. The salinity treatments were 4.6, 8.4 and 12.2 dS m^–1. Tap water (0.8 dS m^–1) served as the control. Depth of sowing had a significant effect on seedling emergence. Seeds sown 6 cm deep showed the lowest seedling emergence. Similarly, salinity had an adverse effect on seedling emergence. The lowest seedling emergence percentages were obtained at the highest salinity treatment (12.2 dS m^–1). The interaction between salinity treatment and seeding depth was significant. Hypocotyl injury was implicated as a possible cause of poor seedling emergence in chickpea under saline water irrigation and was less severe when pre-germinated seeds were used. ILC 482 appeared to be more tolerant to salinity than Barka local, suggesting that breeding programmes involving regional exchange of germplasm may be helpful.