Chemotherapeutic efficacy of sulphadimidine, amprolium, halofuginone and chloroquine phosphate in experimental Eimeria bareillyi coccidiosis of buffaloes

Sulphadimidine, amprolium, halofuginone and chloroquine phosphate were administered to buffalo calves 10 days after experimental infection with Eimeria bareillyi. Animals given sulphadimidine or amprolium remained clinically normal and shed only a few oocysts in their faeces. Halofuginone was found partially effective and chloroquine phosphate completely ineffective in preventing faecal oocyst discharge and intestinal lesions. Sulphadimidine and amprolium treated calves gained weight, but chloroquine treated calves suffered progressive weight loss similar to that of infected untreated controls. No significant alterations of haematological values were observed either in the treated calves or in the untreated controls.     

Elimination ofTheileria buffeli infections from cattle by concurrent treatment with buparvaquone and primaquine phosphate

Attempts (some successful) were made to eliminate Theileria buffeli infections from 23 naturally or experimentally infected, splenectomised calves. The anti-theilerial hydroxynaphthoquinone derivative buparvaquone was used either alone or in combination with primaquine phosphate. After treatment the calves were monitored for infection for up to 26 weeks. Blood films were examined for piroplasms and serum antibody levels were measured using an immunofluorescence technique. Buparvaquone alone failed to eliminate infections. Infections were eliminated from 11 of 16 calves treated twice with buparvaquone and three or six times with primaquine phosphate. Theilerial parasites were not subsequently seen in these 11 calves nor were antibodies detected beyond the eighth week after treatment.     

Comparative efficacy of tulathromycin, tilmicosin, and florfenicol in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease in stocker cattle

The therapeutic efficacy and field safety of tulathromycin were evaluated in stocker calves with undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in three field studies conducted over two consecutive grazing seasons in Nebraska. Eight hundred calves exhibiting clinical signs of BRD and with rectal temperatures of 104 degrees F or higher were treated with tulathromycin (n = 340), florfenicol (n = 240), or tilmicosin (n = 220) and evaluated for approximately 60 days. Florfenicol and tilmicosin were administered as single SC injections according to labeled dosage. Tulathromycin was administered as a single SC injection of 2.5 mg/kg. In all three studies, the cure rate of calves 60 days after treatment with tulathromycin was significantly higher (P < or = .05) than that of calves treated with florfenicol or tilmicosin. Suspected adverse reactions were not reported for any of the study drugs. Tulathromycin proved to be significantly more effective than either florfenicol or tilmicosin in the treatment of BRD in stocker calves.     

A comparative study of the effects of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine (NSAIDs) as adjunctive therapy on interferon and tumor necrosis factor production in calves suffering from enzootic bronchopneumonia

The study was performed on 18 Black-and-White Lowland Breed calves with clinical signs of enzootic bronchopneumonia divided into three groups and respectively treated with oxytetracycline and meloxicam--Group I (9 animals); oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine--Group II (3 animals); and oxytetracycline only--Group III (6 animals--control). The following observations were recorded before treatment (1st day) and two days later (3rd day): body temperature, the serum level of interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as well as cytokine production by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. The treatment of calves with a combination of oxytetracycline and meloxicam (Group I) and especially with oxytetracycline and flunixin meglumine (Group II) caused a significantly faster, in comparison to the control group, normalization of body temperature. Both drugs, meloxicam and especially flunixin meglumine, inhibited excessive TNF production in the organism (measured as the serum level of cytokine). Moreover, BAL cells isolated from calves treated with both NSAIDs were still able, ex vivo, to release TNF, in contrast to the control group (treated only with tetracycline) which lost the ability to produce TNF. The treatment of the calves with meloxicam and flunixin meglumine did not significantly influence the levels of IFN in sera but normalized ex vivo IFN production in BAL cells. These results suggest that the combination of meloxicam with an antibiotic or flunixin meglumine with an antibiotic which does not exert an immunosuppressive influence on the organism of calves suffering from enzootic bronchopneumonia is equally effective in the treatment of calves and superior to the antibiotic alone.     

Relative efficacy of two oxytetracycline formulations and doxycycline in the treatment of acute anaplasmosis in splenectomized calves

The efficacy of 3 antibiotic formulations was measured in the treatment of artificially induced anaplasmosis in the early stages of an ascending parasitemia (1% to 4%) in 23 splenectomized calves. Group 1, consisting of 5 calves, served as nontreated controls. Four calves (group 2) were treated 1 time with 10 mg of oxytetracycline (T-50)/kg of body weight IM; 5 calves (group 3) were treated 3 times with 10 mg of T-50/kg IM; 5 calves (group 4) were treated 1 time with 20 mg of an experimental oxytetracycline (T-200)/kg IM; and 4 calves (group 5) were treated 1 time with 10 mg of a synthetically derived antibacterial agent, doxycycline (D-100)/kg IM. All control calves died and 1 of 4 calves died that was treated 1 time with T-50. Other deaths did not occur. All treatments were effective in moderating the infective process, but T-50 given 3 times and T-200 given 1 time were markedly more effective than T-50 and D-100 given 1 time. There appeared to be little or no difference in therapeutic efficacy between T-50 and D-100 given 1 time and between T-50 given 3 times and T-200 given 1 time.     

Resistance to Eimeria zuernii produced after chemotherapy of experimental infection in calves

Nineteen Holstein-Friesian bull calves were inoculated with 2.4 × 10⁶ sporocysts of Eimeria zuernii by stomach tube. The calves were divided into three groups 10 days after infection. The first group (seven calves) was treated with monensin (1 mg/kg body weight daily) from the 10th–20th day after infection; the second group (six calves) with amprolium (10 mg/kg body weight daily) for the same period of time and the third group (six calves) acted as infected controls. Both drugs were effective in preventing clinical signs, in reducing rates of weight gain and in suppressing oocyst production. The calves were reinfected with E. zuernii 35 days after the initial infection. The calves of all three groups were resistant to the second infection with E. zuernii as measured by rates of weight gain, fecal oocyst output and lack of clinical signs.     

Dose confirmation of moxidectin 0.5% pour-on against adults and fourth-stage larvae of various Cooperia spp. and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in Louisiana

Thirty-five castrate or intact Holstein male calves, ranging in weight from 122 to 210kg, were used in the study. On study Days -15 and -14, all study calves were treated with fenbendazole 10% paste at 10mg/kg to remove existing nematode infections. All cattle had zero egg counts on Day -1. Experimental infections of a mixed species inoculum were administered to all calves on Day 0. The inoculum consisted of Cooperia spp. (primarily C. punctata, but also C. pectinata, C. spatulata, C. oncophora and C. surnabada-total 40,961); Ostertagia ostertagi-1550; Trichostrongylus colubriformis-4996; and Oesophagostomum radiatum-38. Necropsy results from two of three monitor calves slaughtered on Day 6 after infection indicated that Day 6 was an appropriate time to evaluate efficacy of moxidectin against fourth larval stages (L(4)). The remaining 32 calves were randomly allotted to four groups of eight based on body weights. Eight calves (Group 1) were treated with moxidectin 0.5% pour-on at 0.5mg/kg on Day 6 to evaluate efficacy against nematode larval stages; eight control calves (Group 2) were matched with these principals. Eight calves (Group 3) were also treated with moxidectin pour-on at the same dosage on Day 23 in order to determine efficacy against adult nematodes; eight control calves (Group 4) were matched with these principals. In both cases, principals and controls of the Days 6 and 23 treatments were necropsied at 14-15 days after treatment. C. punctata was the only species found in a sufficient number of controls to evaluate moxidectin efficacy against the L(4). Moxidectin pour-on was not effective (P<0.05) against C. punctata L(4) by arithmetic means, but was highly effective based on geometric means. Regardless of whether arithmetic or geometric means were used for percent efficacy calculations, moxidectin pour-on was demonstrated to be highly effective (>99%) against the adult stages of C. oncophora, C. punctata, C. spatulata, C. surnabada, Cooperia spp. adult females and T. colubriformis adults.     

Assessment of nebulisation of sodium ceftiofur in the treatment of calves naturally infected with bovine respiratory disease

Twelve screened cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves were enrolled. Six of the calves were treated intramuscularly with sodium ceftiofur (1 mg/kg), and six were treated with nebulised sodium ceftiofur (1 mg/kg). Comparative evaluation of the two therapeutic modalities was based on repetitive analysis of hematological profile of calves on days 0, 5, and 10 post-therapy. The mortality rate in the group of calves treated with the nebulised sodium ceftiofur was significantly (p?<?0.001) lower, and their clinical and hematological parameters returned to normal significantly (p?<?0.001) faster than in calves treated intramuscularly. Nebulisation of sodium ceftiofur is the most effective treatment in calves with BRD under field conditions. Nasal lavage fluid analysis indicating a high rise of neutrophil count and macrophages may be used as an alternative method to detect pulmonary inflammation in BRD-affected calves.     

Neuroleptic treatment of red deer calves at weaning

AIMS: To determine whether neuroleptic drugs could be useful in reducing weaning stress in red deer, two groups of 30 calves were studied following separation from their dams for weaning at 3-4 months of age. METHODS: Within each group, on the day of separation (Day 0), 15 calves were given 0.2 mg/kg haloperidol (a short-acting neuroleptic) and 1 mg/kg perphenazine enanthate (a long-acting neuroleptic) by intramuscular injection (the treated calves) and 15 calves were given a 3 ml intramuscular injection of saline (the control calves). The calves were weighed on Days 0, 14 and 28 and the behaviour of eight individuals (four treated and four control calves) within each group was observed for 2 hours on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 14 and 15. RESULTS: No significant effect of the treatment on weight gain to Days 14 or 28 was observed (mean increases for treated and control calves to Day 14 were 3.4 kg and 3.5 kg, respectively (s.e.d. 0.26 kg), and 6.0 kg for both treatments to Day 28 (s.e.d. 0.36)). Behavioural variables (standing, grazing, moving, fenceline pacing, proximity to other deer and proximity to the fenceline) did not differ significantly between treatments, but in one group sitting in sternal recumbency was lower in treated calves compared with control calves (p < 0.05). Disturbed behaviour declined over the observation days with fenceline pacing, being within 2 m of a fence, and being within 1 m of another deer decreasing, and sitting and grazing both increasing (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It was concluded that we could not provide evidence from the present study that treatment with haloperidol and perphenazine enanthate at these dose rates was beneficial in reducing weaning stress in red deer calves.     

Curing experimental Bryophyllum tubiflorum poisoning of cattle with activated carbon, electrolyte replacement solution and antiarrhythmic drugs

A slurry of activated carbon (activated charcoal) in electrolyte replacement solution given by stomach tube and antiarrhythmic drugs given parenterally cured 9 of 11 calves dosed 7 to 24 h previously with a lethal amount (20g/kg) of Bryophyllum tubiflorum flower heads. Two of another 4 calves treated 26 to 36 h after dosing with flowers survived. B. tubiflorum toxins are bufadienolides (cardiac glycosides). Activated carbon was effective at a single dose of 5 g/kg. Calves were rehydrated with oral electrolyte replacement solution at 150 ml/kg in divided doses over 24 h. Tachycardia was treated with intravenous lignocaine (200 mg doses) or propranolol (5 mg doses) and atrioventricular block with atropine (0.5 mg/kg).     

Comparative efficacy of santonin and piperazine against Neoascaris vitulorum in buffalo calves

An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy of single dose treatment with santonin and piperazine against naturally acquired Neoascaris vitulorum in sixty-two buffalo calves of 20–60 days of age. Santonin was administered orally in doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg/kg body weight to thirteen, eighteen, and sixteen buffalo calves, respectively. As a control, piperazine (88 mg/kg) was given by drench to a group of fifteen infected buffalo calves. Pretreatment and post treatment faecal eggs per gram (EPG) counts were determined by the Stoll's technique. The percentage reductions in EPG counts on the third and seventh days after administration of the two drugs were calculated. The percentage reduction in EPG counts in the piperazine treated group on the third day was 82 ± 15, 90.2 ± 3 and 91.3 ± 2.3% while on the seventh day these values were 88 ± 16, 97 ± 3, and 98 ± 2% in high, moderate and heavy infection calves, respectively. Treatment with santonin at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg body weight also reduced the EPG counts. The percentage reduction in EPG counts in the calves treated with 15 mg/kg of santonin on the third day was 92.3 ± 18, 95.8 ± 7 and 93.5 ± 4% while on the seventh day these values were 100 ± 0, 100 ± 0 and 99.7 ± 2% in high, moderate and heavily infected calves, respectively. Both piperazine and santonin were associated with some side effects like diarrhoea, restlessness, etc. but their percentage incidence was not significantly different from each other. These findings suggest that santonin in a 15 mg/kg dose has an efficacy similar to piperazine given at the 88 mg/kg dose level for the treatment of ascariasis in buffalo calves.     

Comparison of the efficacy of dermal formulations of ivermectin and levamisole for the treatment and prevention of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in cattle

Four groups of six parasite-naive calves were infected at seven day intervals with three doses of infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus. Twenty-one days after the first dose three of the groups were treated either with an injectable formulation of ivermectin at a dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight, or with pour-on preparations of levamisole at 10 mg/kg or ivermectin at 500 micrograms/kg. On day 28 two calves from each group were slaughtered and their burdens of lungworms counted. On day 35 the remaining calves were reinfected with D viviparus infective larvae at a rate of 80 L3/kg. The levamisole preparation was 94.6 per cent effective and both ivermectin preparations were 100 per cent effective against the initial infections. The ivermectin-treated calves were protected from the reinfection which subsequently became patent in the levamisole-treated and control calves.     

Evaluation of the prophylactic potential of an immunomodulator against respiratory disease in calves

The prophylatic effect against respiratory disease in feedlot calves of an immunomodulator, based on an inactivated avipox virus preparation, was evaluated in a double blind, placebo controlled field trial. The effect of the immunomodulator on phagocytosis and on the reactivity of the lymphocytes was also tested.On the day of arrival at the feedlots and 3 days later 257 calves were injected with either the immunomodulator or with placebo. All calves were then observed for respiratory disease and treatments were recorded. The immunomodulator did not reduce the frequency of disease, compared to the placebo. Thirty percent of the calves treated with the immunomodulator and 27 % of the controls were treated with antibiotics for respiratory disease.The cell mediated immune reactivity of 7 calves treated with the immunomodulator and of 7 untreated calves was tested. Monocytes isolated from the animals were examined for their ability to ingest latex beads and lymphocytes from the animals were examined for their response to different mitogens. Sera from each of the two groups were also investigated for the effect on phagocytosis. No difference in these parameters was observed between the two groups.     

奶犊牛肺炎的治疗对比试验

将６９头肺炎奶犊牛分成３组，分别为２４，２５和２０头，分别应用双莴连注射液。氨基苄青霉素和恩诺沙星进行治疗，治愈率分别为６２．５％，，６８．０％和９０％，治愈时间分别为１１．３±１．２０，９．８±１．４和４．４±１．１ｄ。治疗结果表明恩诺沙星组的治疗效果明显优于另外２组，该药可作为治疗犊牛肺炎的首选药物。     

Comparison of the measurement of total carbon dioxide and strong ion difference for the evaluation of metabolic acidosis in diarrhoeic calves

Eighty-four calves with diarrhoea were treated with fluids and 13 apparently healthy calves of similar ages were sampled as controls. Their total blood carbon dioxide (TCO2) was measured with a Harleco apparatus and 31 of the calves were treated with oral fluids and 53 with parenteral fluids. The oral fluid contained 118 mmol/litre Na+, 25 mmol/litre K+, 110 mmol/litre glucose, 108 mmol/litre bicarbonate (HCO3- as citrate), 43 mmol/litre Cl-, 4 mmol/litre Ca++, 4 mmol/litre Mg++ and 20 mmol/litre glycine, and the parenteral fluid contained 144 mmol/litre Na+, 4 mmol/litre K+, 35 mmol/litre HCO3- and 113 mmol/litre Cl-. Both treatments resulted in significant improvements in acid-base status as demonstrated by an increase in TCO2, and the treatment was successful in 27 of the 31 calves receiving oral fluids and in 45 of the 53 calves receiving parenteral fluids. Thirty-seven of the calves treated parenterally were very severely acidotic (TCO2 <8 mmol/litre) initially and they received an additional 400 mmol HCO3- added to the first 5 litres of infusion. Treatment was successful in 33 of these calves. The decision to administer additional bicarbonate was made on the basis of their acid-base status as measured with a Harleco apparatus. The strong ion difference (Na++K+-Cl-) (SID) of the calves was calculated retrospectively. There was a significant correlation between the SID and TCO2 of the calves treated with oral fluids but not among the control calves or the calves treated parenterally. Furthermore, measurements of the change in SID during therapy gave little indication of the change in acid-base status as measured by the Harleco apparatus, with the SID decreasing (suggesting a worsening of acid-base status) in 16 calves in which the TCO2 increased (suggesting an improvement in acid-base status). There was a significant correlation between the change in SID and the change in TCO2 during treatment in the calves receiving oral fluids but not in the calves treated parenterally.     

Methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: immunisation and chemoprophylaxis against haemoparasitic infections

A study of methods to improve the health of native cattle in tropical areas of Colombia showed an advantage using immunisation techniques against haemoparasitic infections in comparison with other control methods. The control of anaplasmosis and babesiosis by immunisation of cattle with fully virulent Anaplasma marginale, Babesia argentina and B. bigemina is feasible in tropical cattle when the postimmunisation reaction is controlled by appropriate drug therapy. Chemoprophylaxis was found less effective in controlling haemoparasitic diseases; however, treated was found less effective in controlling haemoparasitic diseases; however, treated cattle surviving the acute stage of infection showed weight gains not significantly different from those of the immunised calves. Both methods were found to be advantageous with calves born and raised in an endemic area of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Tick and gastrointestinal parasitic control without haemoparasitic control in calves had an advantage over no control system at all. These methods though were inferior to the immunisation and chemoprophylactic techniques.     

Immunization and Parenteral Chemotherapy for the Control of Cattle Grubs Hypoderma Lineatum

Immunization with two types of warble larvae antigens A and B, the latter treated with tannic acid, and injections of dimethoate, an organic phosphate, were tried for the control of prehypodermic larvae of Hypoderma lineatum De Vill., and H. bovis L., in range calves.

In test groups of 20 calves, given intramuscularly, antigen A had no effect, but combined treatment with antigens A and B reduced the number of H. bovis L., larvae by 81 per cent (P<.001), and proved as effective as dimethoate subcutaneously or intramuscularly. H. lineatum De Vill., did not respond to any treatment.

Antigen B and dimethoate were free from harmful effects on the host, but antigen A caused anaphylaxis and irritation at the site of injection.

     

Effects of preshipping vs. arrival medication with tilmicosin phosphate and feeding chlortetracycline on health and performance of newly received beef cattle

Our objective was to determine the effects of preshipping (PRE) vs. arrival (ARR) medication with tilmicosin phosphate (MIC; Exp. 1 and 2) and feeding chlortetracycline (CTC; 22 mg/kg of BW from d 5 to 9; Exp. 2) on health and performance of beef calves received in the feedlot. Ninety-six steers (Exp. 1; pay weight 236 kg) and 240 (Exp. 2; average pay weight 188 kg) steer and bull calves were used. For Exp. 1, treatments included no MIC (CON), PRE, and ARR. For Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 3x2 factorial. Treatments included CON, PRE, and ARR, either with CTC or without CTC. For Exp. 2, serum concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were determined on samples collected on d 0, 5, 10, and 28 and d 0, 5, and 10, respectively. No MIC x CTC interactions were observed. No differences were noted among MIC or CTC treatments in any of the experiments for ADG, daily DMI, or gain:feed ratio for the overall receiving periods. For Exp. 1, percentage of steers treated for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was decreased (P<.05) for MIC-treated animals vs CON (71.9, 45.2, and 46.9 for CON, PRE, and ARR, respectively), and the week that calves were treated for BRD differed (P<.10) among treatments. For Exp. 2, the number of calves treated for BRD was decreased (P<.01) for MIC-treated steers vs CON and decreased (P<.05) for ARR vs. PRE (40.0, 18.7, and 7.5% for CON, PRE, and ARR, respectively). Averaged across days, serum IgG was decreased (P<.05) for MIC-treated steers vs. CON, with no differences noted among treatments for AGP. Results suggest that preshipping medication programs are no more effective than arrival medication programs using tilmicosin phosphate.     

Therapeutic effects of some antihaematozoal drugs against Haemoproteus columbae in domestic pigeons

Three antihaematozoal drugs were tested for the treatment of pigeons naturally infected with Haemoproteus columbae. Butalex (Buparvaquone) was found effective against the parasite either by using the recommended dose (R. D.) or the double (D. D.) dosis. The R. D. of Berenil (Diminazene aceturate) was not effective while the D. D. reduced the number of gametocytes circulating in the infected blood. Triquine was found very toxic to the pigeons both the R. D. and the D. D.     

Transmission of Babesia spp by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) to cattle treated with injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin to prevent transmission of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina by Boophilus microplus to cattle under conditions of relatively intense experimental challenge. DESIGN: Naive Bos taurus calves were treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of either ivermectin or moxidectin and then exposed to larvae of B microplus infected with B bovis or larvae or adults of B microplus infected with B bigemina. One calf was used for each combination of haemoparasite, B microplus life stage, drug and application route. PROCEDURE: Groups of calves were treated with the test drugs in either pour-on or injectable formulation and then infested with B microplus larvae infected with B bovis or B bigemina. B bigemina infected adult male ticks grown on an untreated calf were later transferred to a fourth group of animals. Infections were monitored via peripheral blood smears to determine haemoparasite transmission. RESULTS: Cattle treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin became infected with B bovis after infestation with infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with B bigemina survived to the nymphal stage to transmit the haemoparasite to animals treated with each drug preparation. Cattle treated with pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin then infested with adult male ticks infected with B bigemina did not become infected with B bigemina whereas those treated with the injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin did show a parasitaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin do not prevent transmission of Babesia to cattle by B microplus. Use of these drugs can therefore not be recommended as a primary means of protecting susceptible cattle from the risk of Babesia infection.