预混合方式及肉馅冻藏对乳化肠贮藏品质的影响

[目的]研究僵直前预混合加水比例和肉馅冻藏对乳化肠贮藏期间保水及质构性质的影响。[方法]僵直前猪肉用总用水的25％或50％以及不加水进行预混合。预混合肉馅在～18℃冻藏35d,对照组肉馅不冻藏。利用冻藏及非冻藏肉馅制作乳化肠,使用质构仪、压力仪和天平测定乳化肠刚产出时的产率、硬度、总压出汁液和贮藏至10、20及30d的硬度和贮藏损失。[结果]冻藏降低肉馅的盐溶性蛋白质溶解度;肉馅预混合加水比例及冻藏对肉馅茵落总数无显著影响。肉馅的冻藏及不加水预混合使得贮藏0d的乳化肠硬度偏低,并在贮藏期内硬度快速增加,、25％预混合加水比例的非冻藏肉馅有最高的产率,最低的贮藏损失和总压出汁液,最少的贮藏期硬度增加。[结论]僵直前预混合加水比例及肉馅冻藏影响肉馅理化、微生物性质和乳化肠保水质构性质。     

温度对冷冻干燥草莓果粉贮藏品质的影响

采用真空冷冻干燥技术制备草莓果粉,利用扫描电镜观察果粉的微观结构,并将草莓成品包装后分别贮藏在5,20,35℃条件下,研究其品质和微生物指标变化。结果表明,冷冻干燥草莓粉微观结构呈无定形态,表面疏松多孔;随贮藏时间的延长草莓果粉逐渐结块、褐变;不同温度下贮藏样品的水分含量、褐变指数在贮藏期间呈上升趋势,而可滴定酸、还原糖和Vc含量呈下降趋势;在整个贮藏期内,微生物指标均符合国家标准。对比各温度条件,以5℃贮藏效果最好,表明低温贮藏有利于维持草莓果粉品质。     

Effects of different drying methods on quality,bacterial viability and storage stability of probiotic enriched apple snacks

Effects of four different drying methods on the colour,texture,sensory quality,microstructure,bacterial viability and storage stability of probiotic-enriched apple snacks were assessed.The drying methods were air drying(AD),freeze drying(FD),freeze drying followed by microwave vacuum drying(FD+MVD)and air drying followed by explosion puffing drying(AD+EPD).Overall,FD+MVD can be used as a suitable drying method for the development of probiotic enriched apple snacks in consideration of colour,texture,sensory quality,bacterial viability and storage stability.Probiotic bacteria in FD+MVD-dried samples remained above 1×10~6 CFU g~(–1) for 120 days at 25°C.Interestingly,bacterial viability in FD+MVD-dried samples turned out to be significantly higher than FD-dried samples during storage for 120 days.     

鲜切马铃薯保藏性研究

通过对鲜切马铃薯块茎进行不同保鲜液浸泡处理、不同形式包装后,以冰箱条件(控制温度为4～6℃)贮藏,贮藏期间对产品色泽、风味和质地3方面进行感官鉴定,实验结果表明:采用0.3%异Vc浸泡后真空包装处理的保藏效果最佳。     

Effects of Meat and Phosphate Level on Water-Holding Capacity and Texture of Emulsion-Type Sausage During Storage

This paper was designed to verify the influence of phosphate on water-holding capacity （WHC） and texture of emulsiontype sausage prepared with pre-rigor meat, ageing meat or frozen meat. Pre-rigor pork, ageing pork and frozen pork were pre-blended with five levels of phosphate and made into emulsion-type sausage. The yield, hardness and total expressible fluid （TEF） were measured with texture profile analysis machine and pressiometer when emulsion-type sausage was produced. Meanwhile, hardness and purge loss （PL） were measured during 30 d storage. As emusion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, higher yield and relatively stable hardness could be found. It indicated that increasing of phosphate level caused an alleviatable effects in increasing of hardness when emulsion-type sausage made by pre-rigor meat, but opposite effects made by ageing meat or frozen meat. The distribution of PL of emulsion-type sausage was found to be affected by phosphate addition. Significant decrease of PL could not be obtained by increasing of phosphate level during storage. Pre-rigor meat improved WHC and texture of emulsion-type sausage. Problem of WHC and texture of emulsiontype sausage during storage could not be resolved by single use of phosphate at relatively higher level （3%） of NaCl.     

Effect of dry and wet storage at cool temperatures on the post-harvest performance of Ranunculus asiaticus L. flowers

A study was undertaken to assess the effect of different storage temperatures on senescence and postharvest performance of isolated flowers of Ranunculus asiaticus L.. The main aim of the work was to develop a cost-effective storage protocol to reduce the postharvest losses and to bring out the transportation of cut flowers of R. Asiaticus. The flowers were subjected to two different storage treatments, dry storage and wet storage, and their postharvest performance was compared under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, the buds were harvested at 8:00 AM at loose bud stage (Stage II of flower development). The harvested buds were cut to a uniform size of 15 cm and processed for dry or wet storage. For dry storage, the buds were packed after wrapping them in moistened filter papers and kept at 5°C and 10°C. For wet storage, the buds were held in distilled water in separate glass beakers kept at 5°C and 10°C, respectively. A separate set of buds each for dry and wet storage was kept at room temperature (15±2)°C. After 72 h storage, the buds were kept at room temperature in distilled water. The average life of an individual flower that opened fully was about 4–5 days. The buds kept under wet storage at 5°C and 10°C for 72 h maintained their premature status, while the buds held at room temperature for 72 h generally bloomed. All the buds stored dry maintained their premature status irrespective of storage temperature. Storage of buds for 72 h at 5°C, followed by transferring to distilled water improved the longevity by about 5 to 6 days. Cold storage treatment before transferring to holding solution improved floral diameter, membrane integrity besides maintaining higher fresh and dry mass of flowers, sugar content, soluble proteins, and phenols. Our results suggested that wet and dry storage of premature buds of R. asiaticus for 72 h at 5°C, followed by placing them in distilled water, improved the cut flower longevity and can be used as effective postharvest storage treatments for this beautiful cut flower.     

包装处理方式对冰温贮藏黄鳝片品质的影响

以生鲜黄鳝为试材,分别测定普通包装、真空包装、100%CO2充气包装和新鲜、添加2.0%蔗糖、添加2.5%食盐的黄鳝片在冰温贮藏过程中的细菌总数、总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH值、总酸度和肉汁渗出率,观察包装处理方式对冰温贮藏黄鳝片品质的影响。结果表明,不同的处理方法和包装方式对冰温贮藏过程中黄鳝片品质变化有明显影响。加盐腌制调味、真空包装或CO2充气包装有利于抑制黄鳝片中细菌的生长和TVB-N的产生,延长黄鳝片的冰温保鲜时间。采用真空包装或CO2充气包装的黄鳝片冰温贮藏23 d后TVB-N含量分别为95.80 mg/kg和89.10 mg/kg,仍可达到1级鲜度指标。但真空包装会导致冰温贮藏后期黄鳝片肉汁渗出率增大。     

低压静电场辅助短期冻藏对猪肉品质的影响

【目的】研究低压静电场（low voltage electrostatic field,LVEF）辅助短期冻藏（28 d）对猪肉品质的影响,为肉品新型贮藏保鲜技术开发提供理论依据。【方法】以猪背最长肌（Longissimus thoracis et lumborum）为试验材料,对比分析在-18、-12和-6℃的静电场（设备输出电压2 500 V,电流0.2 mA）和非静电场环境（对照）下冻藏0、7、14、21和28 d的菌落总数、TVB-N含量、色泽、贮藏损失、蒸煮损失、剪切力、TBARS、巯基含量、冰晶形态及水分分布等指标的变化。【结果】贮藏期间,静电场组肉样的菌落总数、TVB-N含量和TBARS值比对照显著下降（P<.05）,且肉样持水力较高,色泽更鲜亮,肌肉中形成冰晶小且均匀,对肌肉微观结构破坏程度低。贮藏28 d时,静电场下-12℃冻藏肉样的菌落总数、TVB-N含量及TBARS值分别为4.50 lg（CFU/g）、8.73 mg/100 g和0.1691 mg MDA?kg^-1,与-18℃对照组的4.48 lg（CFU/g）、8.91 mg/100g及0.1754 mg MDA?kg^-1结果相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）,两组肉样间的贮藏损失、剪切力及色泽差异也不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】低压静电场辅助冻藏可有效延缓猪肉在贮藏期间的品质劣变,且静电场辅助-12℃冻藏28 d内的肉品品质可达到-18℃常规冻藏的效果,低压静电场下-6℃冻藏肉样品质与-12℃非静电场冻藏效果也趋于一致。     

不同冻藏温度对新疆高白鲑鱼肉的品质变化

【目的】 研究新疆高白鲑鱼肉在冷藏(4℃)、冰温(0℃)和冷冻(-18℃)3个冻藏条件下理化品质、感官评价及微生物的变化。【方法】 通过对理化(pH值、TVB-N值、TBA值、色泽和质构特性)、感官评价及微生物指标的测定,研究新疆高白鲑鱼肉在冷藏(4℃)、冰温(0℃)和冷冻(-18℃)过程中的品质变化,分析高白鲑在不同冻藏温度条件下的品质变化规律。【结果】 不同冻藏温度条件下的高白鲑鱼肉,伴随着贮藏时间的延长,其品质指标的变化规律均不同。pH值呈明显的先快速降低再缓慢升高的趋势;TVB-N值和TBA值均随贮藏时间的增加而逐渐升高;色泽饱和度与各项质构特性指标同贮藏时间呈现显著的负相关;感官评价得分逐渐降低;而菌落总数则呈持续上升趋势。其中,冷藏(4℃)的各项指标变化速率最快,冷冻(-18℃)的品质变化速率最慢且差异最小;冷藏(4℃)6 d和冰温(0℃)10 d的高白鲑鱼肉明显腐败且伴有异味,菌落总数值为5.68和7.86 lgcfu/g,已超过加工食用的最高安全限量标准值;冷冻(-18℃)20 d仍为可接受收范围,至贮藏结束菌落总数的测定结果为4.52 lgcfu/g。【结论】 与冷藏(4℃)和冰温(0℃)相比,冷冻(-18 ℃)贮藏条件可有效抑制高白鲑鱼肉酸败和腐败现象的发生,贮藏温度对高白鲑鱼肉整体色泽饱和度的变化影响较大,低温冷冻贮藏对减缓高白鲑鱼肉的固有色泽品质劣化作用明显。     

真空包装草鱼片低温贮藏后微观结构及理化性质的变化

为研究真空包装草鱼片在低温条件下的变化,将真空包装草鱼片分别于-18、0、4、10℃贮藏15 d,以贮藏期间K值(ATP分解指数)的变化来评价其化学变化。结果表明:在0、4、10℃下贮藏15 d后,草鱼肌纤维间的空隙变大,由于鱼肉内水的结晶,在-18℃下肌纤维间的空隙达到最大(约100μm);随着贮藏时间的延长,鱼片的持水能力显著下降,-18℃下贮藏鱼片的持水能力最低,0、4℃贮藏鱼片的持水能力高于10℃贮藏鱼片;于较高温度(0、4、10℃)贮藏后,鱼肉的亮度值(L*)、红绿值(a*)和黄蓝值(b*)均较高,在-18℃低温贮藏后鱼肉的亮度值增加;随贮藏时间的延长,鱼片颜色(色差仪分析结果)趋向于红色值和黄色值增大;在-18℃贮藏15 d后,鱼片仍然新鲜,但质构变差。     

冷冻和冰鲜处理对新疆高白鲑鱼片理化指标和腐败菌的影响

为研究经不同加工处理后的高白鲑鱼Coregonus peled在低温贮藏过程中品质的变化,以冷冻和冰鲜处理的新疆高白鲑鱼片为研究对象,研究了其经物流运输后在4℃贮藏过程中物理指标(汁液损失率和剪切力)和化学指标[p H、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)和挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)值]的变化,并建立了基于Baranyi模型的微生物生长动力学曲线,分析了菌落总数及假单胞菌、产硫菌和肠杆菌在贮藏过程中的动态变化。结果表明:冷冻和冰鲜处理的鱼片经物流运输后汁液损失率、TVBN值均随贮藏时间的延长而增加,TVBN值分别在第11天和第13天时超过20 mg/100 g的标准限值,p H值均呈先降低后升高的趋势,剪切力和TBA值在第5~7天时达到最高值;冷冻和冰鲜处理鱼片菌落总数分别在第6.8天和第7.0天时达到货架期限值[7 log(CFU/g)];贮藏初期鱼片的腐败菌以假单胞菌为主,而在贮藏过程中肠杆菌的生长速率高于假单胞菌和产硫菌,成为优势腐败菌,且冷冻处理的鱼片更有利于优势腐败菌的生长繁殖。研究表明,冰鲜处理更有利于新疆高白鲑鱼片的贮藏。     

家庭冰箱冷藏猪肉的微生物变化

了解居民家庭冰箱冷藏猪肉的微生物变化,为居民安全冷藏食品提供参考,以购自北京市海淀区大型超市和农贸市场的50份鲜猪肉为样品,采用微生物测试片法检测家庭冰箱冷藏18~24h猪肉的菌落总数、大肠菌群及金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和单增李斯特氏菌变化。结果表明:猪肉经家庭冰箱冷藏后的菌落总数和大肠菌群数量均增加。冷藏前和冷藏后的平均菌落总数分别为(19.95±4.08)10~3cfu/g和(68.57±14.23)10~3cfu/g,大肠菌群数量分别为(1.34±0.14)10~2cfu/g和(6.87±1.15)10~2cfu/g,冷藏前和冷藏后菌落总数和大肠菌群数量的差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。猪肉在家庭冰箱冷藏前后的金黄色葡萄球菌阳性样品数分别为2份和9份,单增李斯特氏菌阳性样品数分别为1份和3份,差异达显著水平(P0.05);沙门氏菌阳性样品数分别为0和1份。家庭冰箱冷藏猪肉存在微生物污染隐患。     

稳定性氢同位素在羊肉产地溯源中的应用

 【目的】探讨稳定性氢同位素在羊肉产地来源鉴别中的作用,为羊肉产地同位素溯源指标体系的确定和构建提供依据。【方法】利用稳定性同位素比率质谱仪（IRMS）测定来自内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟、阿拉善盟和呼伦贝尔市3个牧区,重庆市和山东省菏泽市2个农区脱脂羊肉中的δ2H值,通过方差分析和相关分析,探讨稳定性氢同位素组成的地域特征及其变化规律;结合C、N同位素指标,采用聚类分析及判别分析,进一步了解氢同位素在羊肉产地来源判别中的作用。【结果】不同地域来源羊肉中的δ2H值具有显著性差异,其δ2H值主要与当地饮水中的δ2H值高度相关。判别分析结果表明,δ2H值可使δ13C、δ15N指标对羊肉产地的正确判别率由80.8% 提高到88.9%。【结论】稳定性氢同位素能够提供可靠的地域信息,可作为追溯和鉴定羊肉产地来源的一项有效指标。     

小尾寒羊和蒙古羊肉品理化性状及食用品质的研究

小尾寒羊肌肉的各项肉质理化指标测定结果表明:肉品具有较为理想的外观要求和优良的贮存稳定性;脂肪的含量与分布使其肉质细嫩、多汁味美。从肉用角度来看,小尾寒羊和蒙古羊均可作为肥羔羊生产的品种。但小尾寒羊6月龄胴体重平均值为18kg,蒙古羊6月胴体重平均值为16kg,显示小尾寒羊有较高的育肥增重速度。     

腌制和储藏条件对僵直前鸡肉功能特性的影响

对僵直前、后鸡肉功能杼性进行研究。宰后将58只鸡分成僵直前和僵直后两组,僵直前组的鸡肉在宰后添加NaCl溶液,然后分成3组,分别在0℃的条件下冷冻3d（T1）、-20℃冷冻3d（T2）和-20℃冷冻10d（T3）。僵直后组的肌肉（C1）在0℃条件下放3d,然后添加同量的食盐。将所有组分分成含脂肪处理组（C1—2,T1—2,T2—2,T3—2）和无脂肪处理组（C1—1,T1—1,T2—1,T3—1）。结果表明,无论在哪种储存条件下,T1、T2和T3的最终pH值、保水性和蛋白溶解度显著高于C1组,但是C1组的蒸煮损失高于T1、T2和T3。加入脂肪致使蒸煮损失有所增加,同时蛋白溶解性有所降低。另外,T1—1的弹性、粘着性、粘性和咀嚼性显著高于C1—1、T2—1和T3—1;T2—2显著高于C1—2、T1—2和T3—2。     

贮存温度对玻璃瓶装巴氏杀菌乳品质的影响研究

巴氏杀菌乳受冷链的影响,一般货架期较短.通过对玻璃瓶装巴氏杀菌乳在不同贮存温度8、10和12℃下的微生物指标、理化指标和感官品质进行评估,探讨不同温度下影响巴氏杀菌乳货架期品质的主要因素.研究表明,在1-5 d时间内,不同贮存温度下,样品的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖和非脂乳固体几乎不变;酸度在8和10℃下几乎不变,而12℃时有所增加;样品在8和10℃的感官品质不变,而12℃的样品在第4d感官品质开始下降;微生物指标检测结果表明,在5d保质期内,样品菌落总数在8和10℃贮存均符合国家标准,而12℃贮存第5d其结果超过国家标准;样品大肠菌群,在5d保质期内,8℃贮存时未检出,10℃贮存第5d超出国家标准;12℃贮存第2d开始检出大肠菌群,第3d超出国家标准.说明贮存温度的控制对样品品质的影响非常重大,低的贮存温度及相对短的贮存时间有利于巴氏杀菌乳优良品质的保持.结果同时表明大肠菌群数量是影响玻璃瓶巴氏杀菌乳货架期品质的重要因素之一.     

不同储存条件对蔬菜中Vc含量的影响

研究了不同储存条件（室温、冰箱4℃冷藏、保鲜膜冷藏和保鲜盒冷藏）和储存时间下白菜、黄瓜、芸豆和冬瓜Vc含量的变化。结果表明：无论是在室温还是在低温条件下,4种蔬菜中Vc含量均随储存时间的延长而减少;在相同的储存时间,低温条件下储存的蔬菜中Vc含量及其变化速率均明显低于室温条件下;3种低温处理,Vc的含量损失从小到大的顺序是保鲜盒冷藏、保鲜膜冷藏和冷藏：蔬菜中Vc含量及变化速率因蔬菜品种不同而存在显著差异。     

Effects of Environmental Temperature on the Regeneration Frequency of the Immature Embryos of Wheat （Trificum aestivum L.）

The immature embryos （IEs） of wheat are the most widely used tissues for in vitro culture and genetic transformation due to its high regeneration competency. However, this explant can only be maintained in 4℃ daily cooler for a short period time for its use in plant tissue culture or transformation experiments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of environmental temperature, cryopreservation storage temperature, and heat shock culture （HSC） temperature on the regeneration frequency of wheat IEs. Results indicated that environmental temperature significantly affected the induction of embryonic calli. The optimum total accumulated temperature （TAT） during the time of anthesis and sampling for regeneration of these tissues was around 280℃ for spring wheat type cv. CB037 and approximately 300℃ for winter wheat type cv. Kenong 199. Regeneration ability obviously declined when the highest environmental temperature was over 35℃ for 1 d or a high temperature between 30 and 33℃ lasted for 5 d during anthesis and sampling. This finding was verified by culturing the freshly isolated IEs under different temperatures from 29 to 37℃ in different controlled growth incubators for 5 d; the IEs almost completely lost regeneration ability when the temperature rose to 37℃. Cryopreservation of-20℃ caused the wheat samples lost ability of producing callus or embryonic callus in a few days, and cryopreservation of-10℃ more than 10 d made the regeneration potential of the tissues dramatically declined. Comparatively, the temperature that best maintained high regeneration ability was -5℃, at which the materials can be maintained for around 1 mon. In addition, the preservation of the immature samples at -5 or -10℃ inhibited the direct germination of the IEs, avoiding the embryo axis removing process. Our results are useful for ensuring that field collection and cryopreservation of the wheat IEs are done correctly to enable tissue culture and genetic transformation.     

贮存温度对玻璃瓶装巴氏杀菌乳品质的影响研究

[目的]寻找影响玻璃瓶装巴氏杀菌乳货架期的重要因素.[方法]巴氏杀菌乳受冷链的影响,一般货架期较短.通过对玻璃瓶装巴氏杀菌乳在不同贮存温度8、10和12℃下的微生物指标、理化指标和感官品质进行评估,探讨不同温度下影响巴氏杀菌乳货架期品质的主要因素.[结果]研究表明,在1～5d时间内,不同贮存温度下,样品的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖和非脂乳固体几乎不变;酸度在8和10℃下几乎不变,而12 ℃时有所增加;样品在8和10℃的感官品质不变,而l2℃的样品在第4天感官品质开始下降;微生物指标检测结果表明,在5d保质期内,样品菌落总数在8和10℃贮存均符合国家标准,而12℃贮存第5天其结果超过国家标准;样品大肠菌群,在5d保质期内,8℃贮存时未检出,10℃贮存第5天超出国家标准,l2℃贮存第2天开始检出大肠菌群,第3天超出国家标准.说明贮存温度的控制对样品品质的影响非常大,低的贮存温度及相对短的贮存时间有利于巴氏杀菌乳优良品质的保持;同时表明大肠菌群数量是影响玻璃瓶巴氏杀菌乳货架期品质的重要因素之一.[结论]研究可为玻璃瓶装巴氏杀菌乳流通过程包括贮存、配送、售卖期的冷链监控和安全售卖,以及消费者冷藏贮存提供参考.     

天然保鲜剂对方便榨菜肉沫货架期的影响

主要以榨菜和猪肉为原料,按照一定的加工工艺炒制榨菜肉沫,并以乳酸链球菌素、纳他霉素、大蒜提取液为保鲜剂,通过单因素试验及正交试验,以菌落总数和感官评分为指标,以配制出产品的最适复合保鲜剂。通过正交试验得出保鲜剂配方为乳酸链球菌素添加量0.7 g/kg,纳他霉素添加量0.7 g/kg,大蒜提取液添加量0.5 g/kg,在此条件下,能最大程度地延长榨菜肉沫的货架期,并保持产品特有的风味。