象山港生态系统结构与功能的Ecopath模型评价

为了解象山港生态系统在环境和捕捞等多重因素胁迫下的结构和功能现状,实现象山港基于生态系统的渔业管理和生态承载力评价,本研究根据2011~2014年在象山港开展的渔业资源和生态环境定点调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.4软件构建了象山港生态系统的Ecopath模型,并通过模型系统分析了象山港生态系统食物网结构、能量流动和系统功能的总体特征。模型包含了浮游植物、大型海藻、浮游动物、游泳动物等25个功能组,大体涵盖了象山港生态系统能量流动的整个过程。研究结果表明,象山港生态系统表达能流路径的食物链主要有两条,分别为牧食食物链和碎屑食物链,其中以牧食食物链为主要能流通道。系统中各功能组的营养级在1.00~3.62级。系统总能流为2 210 t·km-2·a-1,主要分布在Ⅰ~Ⅳ营养级上。流量中来自碎屑的比例为38%,初级生产者是系统能量的主要来源。营养级Ⅰ和Ⅱ的利用效率较低,大量初级生产力和次级生产力未能流入更高的营养层次。系统的总能量转换效率为3.8%;总初级生产量/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)为1.52;系统连接指数(CI)为0.342;系统杂食性指数(SOI)为0.182。生态系统总体特征反映了象山港生态系统的营养关系较简单,食物网复杂程度低;系统成熟度和稳定性偏低,抵抗外界干扰的能力较弱。     

基于营养通道模型的海州湾中国明对虾生态容纳量

通过增殖放流,增加优质渔业资源、改善种群结构是渔业资源养护的重要手段,而增殖生态容量的研究是科学实施增殖放流的前提。为确定海州湾中国明对虾的生态容纳量,根据2013年连云港海州湾渔业生态修复水域的调查资料,应用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)软件中的Ecopath模块,构建了该区域的生态系统能量流动简易模型,计算了放流种类中国明对虾的增殖生态容纳量。结果表明:系统各功能组营养级范围在1~4.42。系统总流量9335.191 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1),系统总初级生产力3892.630 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1),系统初级生产力与总呼吸量的比值为1.331,连接指数为0.415,杂食指数为0.174,Finn循环指数为11.4%,平均能流路径为2.8系统尚处于由衰竭状态向恢复状态转变,还未恢复到成熟态。中国明对虾不是本海域的关键种,当前中国明对虾的生物量为0.04 t·km–2·a–1,中国明对虾的生态容纳量为0.846 t·km~(–2)·a~(–1)。     

基于Ecopath模型的大亚湾黑鲷生态容量评估

为评估大亚湾黑鲷(Sparusmacrocephalus)的生态容量,根据2015年渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,利用Ecopathwith Ecosim6.5(EwE)软件构建了由26个功能组组成的大亚湾Ecopath模型,分析了大亚湾生态系统的基本特征,并结合食物网结构和能量流动估算了黑鲷的增殖生态容量。结果显示,黑鲷营养级为3.44,营养转化效率为0.302;大亚湾生态系统各功能组的营养级在1～3.95之间,系统总转化效率为7.636%,总初级生产量/总呼吸量为2.142,系统连接指数为0.364,系统杂食性指数为0.210,表明系统各营养级转化效率较低,能量未被充分利用;系统总转化效率低于10%,营养级I、II流向碎屑量占总流向碎屑量的98.11%,说明能量传递发生阻塞,具有增殖空间。经估算黑鲷生态容量为0.034 t/km2,是现存生物量的1.4倍,此时其他浮游生物食性鱼类的转化效率等于1,系统处于平衡状态;达到生态容量前后大亚湾生态系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸量变化很小(变化值为0.001),系统杂食性指数和系统连接指数均没有变化,因此认为放流黑鲷至生态容量对大亚湾生态系统的稳定性和营养结构未产生影响。     

基于Ecopath模型的珠江口6种增殖放流种类生态容纳量估算

增殖放流是渔业资源养护的重要方式。放流前对放流海域进行生态容纳量评估,有计划地实施增殖放流活动,可避免对原有生态系统造成破坏。文章根据2016年珠江口渔业资源数据,构建了由29个功能组组成的基于珠江口的生态系统通道(Ecopath)模型,利用该模型分析了生态系统的总体特征、食物网结构与混合营养效应,估算了适宜于该水域的6种不同增殖放流种类的生态容纳量。结果表明,功能组营养级范围为1～4.2级,6种适宜放流种类营养级介于2.2～3.7,最高营养级功能组为哺乳动物,系统总流量9 092.447 t·(km~2·a)~(–1),系统总能量转化效率12.23%,连接指数0.370,系统杂食指数0.287。食物链通道主要有2类,以碎屑食物链为主。花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)、黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)、黄鳍鲷(A. latus)、长毛对虾(Penaeus penicillatus)、墨吉对虾(P. monodon)和波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)的最大容纳量分别为0.094 t·km~(–2)、0.500 t·km~(–2)、0.650 t·km~(–2)、1.580 t·km~(–2)、1.610 t·km~(–2)和75.870 t·km~(–2)。     

舟山渔场及长江口渔场临近海域三疣梭子蟹增殖容量估算

为研究近年舟山渔场及长江口渔场附近海域三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)放流的合理性,基于该海域2006-2014年间渔业资源调查资料,通过构建Ecopath模型,对该海域生态系统能量流动特征进行了初步分析,并估算了其三疣梭子蟹的增殖容量。结果显示,该海域生态系统主要以底栖生物为主,虾、带鱼(Trichiurus leptures)、三疣梭子蟹食物利用率较高,竹?鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu)等食物利用率较低;该海域渔业资源生物可划分为4个营养级,三疣梭子蟹属于中营养级生物;该海域总渔获量为1.614 t·km^–2 (三疣梭子蟹渔获量为0.057 8 t·km^–2),总消耗量为280.744 t·km^–2,总输出量为790.396 t·km^–2,总生产量为959.3 t·km^–2。三疣梭子蟹生物量密度为0.125 t·km^–2,生态容量为1.125 t·km^–2,增殖容量为1 t·km^–2。结果表明该海域初级生产力水平较高,海洋生物多分布在第二、第三营养级范围内,生态系统成熟度较低,三疣梭子蟹在该海域内仍有一定的放流空间。     

莱州湾芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动及仿刺参生态容量评估

基于2019年莱州湾芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区渔业资源调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6 (EwE 6.6)软件构建了芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统Ecopath模型,系统分析了芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统的能量流动规律和结构特征,估算了仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的生态容量。Ecopath模型由16个功能组组成,基本涵盖了芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。结果发现,生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1.000~3.978,其中,花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)处于最高营养级;生态系统总转换效率为10.6%,来自初级生产者的转换效率为10.8%,来自碎屑的转换效率为10.1%;生态系统总流量为2 596.108 t/(km2·a),其中44%来自碎屑;系统总初级生产量/总呼吸量为1.454,连接指数为0.402,系统杂食指数为0.211,Finn´s循环指数和平均路径长度分别为8.860%和2.980。结果表明,芙蓉岛人工鱼礁区生态系统成熟度和稳定性较低,食物网结构较简单。根据模型计算得出,仿刺参的生态容量为131 t/km2,是现存量的6.55倍,具有较大的增殖潜力。     

基于Ecopath模型的海州湾三疣梭子蟹增殖生态容量研究

为科学开展生态型增殖放流,对海州湾海域三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)开展生态容量评估。根据2018-2019年海州湾渔业资源调查数据,构建了由20个功能群组成的海州湾生态系统Ecopath模型,并对模型进行了不确定性及参数敏感性分析检验,系统分析了生态系统的总体特征、功能群间的营养关系和关键功能群,并评估了三疣梭子蟹的增殖生态容量。结果表明,Ecopath模型可信度Pedigree指数为0.482。三疣梭子蟹目前不是海州湾生态系统的关键功能群,其他底层鱼类、软体动物(Molluscs)以及底栖甲壳类(Benthic crustaceans)是海州湾生态系统的关键功能群。三疣梭子蟹生物量的增加对棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)以及其他中上层鱼类产生正影响,对底层鱼类以及小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)产生负影响;虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)、口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)生物量的增加对三疣梭子蟹有较大负影响,多毛类(Polychaetes)生物量的增加对三疣梭子蟹有较大正影响。三疣梭子蟹的增殖生态容量为3.0236 t/km2,其现存生物量仅0.0681 t/km2,具有较大的增殖潜力;当三疣梭子蟹生物量增长44.4倍时,仍不会超过其生态容量。研究结果可为海州湾渔业资源增殖养护提供指导性建议。     

渤海中国对虾生态容量变化研究

基于1982年和2014~2015年渤海渔业资源与环境调查数据,采用Ecopath模型,分析了渤海生态系统的营养关系、结构及功能参数,评估了中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)在渤海的生态容量变化。结果显示,渤海生态系统中底栖甲壳类、软体动物等功能群处于重要的营养位置,但中国对虾不是渤海生态系统的关键种,其生物量的增加对口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、多毛类、底栖甲壳类有负影响,花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)、虾虎鱼类等生物量的增加将对中国对虾产生负影响。渤海生态系统2个时期均处于发育的不稳定期,仍有较高的剩余生产量有待利用,2014~2015年渤海生态系统成熟度和稳定性较1982年有所降低,系统出现一定程度的退化。中国对虾1982年和2014~2015年在渤海的生态容量为0.810和0.702 t/km~2;与当年依据调查数据评估的生物量相比较,中国对虾有较大的增殖潜力,当生物量增长至71.68倍和585倍时,仍不会超过生态容量。     

莱州湾三疣梭子蟹生态容量估算

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus,以下简称梭子蟹)是莱州湾内重要渔业资源,为恢复其资源量,湾内每年都进行大规模的增殖放流活动,增殖放流管理工作,亟需对梭子蟹生态容量进行深入研究。通过ECOPATH模型分析了莱州湾生态系统结构,并估算了梭子蟹在湾内的生态容量。在不改变生态系统结构以及维持系统稳定性的前提下,梭子蟹的生态容量可达1.107 t.km-2,生物量可达7 412 t,而梭子蟹在湾内的总资源量为3 759 t,说明梭子蟹仍有很大的放流空间。     

基于营养通道模型的淀山湖生态系统结构与能量流动特征

根据2008-2009年间对淀山湖湖区水生生物资源调查的结果,运用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.1软件构建了淀山湖生态系统的营养通道模型,初步分析了淀山湖水域生态系统的结构和能量流动特征.模型中涉及水鸟、鱼类、虾类、软体动物、底栖动物、浮游动物、浮游植物、碎屑等21个功能组分,基本涵盖了淀山湖生态系统的主要能量流动过程,分析结果表明,淀山湖生态系统总流量为4 098.50 t·km-2·a-1.从混合营养效应分析来看,渔业捕捞会对该生态系统的鱼类功能组产生负效应.生态网络分析显示,淀山湖生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1～ 3.92,水鸟占据了营养层的最高层.系统的能量流动主要有5级,各营养级之间平均能量转换效率为11.7％.淀山湖生态系统的整体再循环率较低,能量利用效率有待改善和提高.生态系统参数:系统初级生产力/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数CI和能量循环指数FCI分别为2.80、0.19和0.0189,表明淀山湖生态系统目前仍然处于幼态化生态系统状态.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.