白灵菇代谢液对番茄早疫病菌抑制效果研究

通过番茄早疫病菌(链格孢菌)在含不同浓度白灵菇代谢液的PDA培养中的生长及黑色素分泌情况,鉴定白灵菇代谢液对植物病原性真菌的生防抑制效果。以不同浓度白灵菇液体培养液添加至PDA培养基为实验组,以PDA培养基为对照组,分别接种活化的链格孢菌恒温培养,每隔7 d测量培养皿内病菌菌落直径,同时观察病菌黑色素生成量,共测量3次。结果表明：与PDA培养基对照比较,白灵菇代谢液对链格孢菌的生长抑菌效果极显著,同时对链格孢菌黑色素有极显著降解效果,说明白灵菇菌液对链格孢菌的生长有显著抑制效果,且对链格孢菌黑色素有持续降解作用。证实白灵菇对番茄早疫病的生物防治效果具有生产应用价值。     

日本矮生沿阶草上的真菌分离与鉴定

通过对日本矮生沿阶草的枯黄和健康叶片进行分离培养,获得了71个真菌菌落。形态学比较和鉴定证明,属于半知菌亚门,丝孢纲,丝孢目,丝孢科和暗色孢科的3属4种,分别是稻球黑孢(Nigrospora oryzae),链格孢Alternaria alternata,杏链格孢(Alternaria armeniacae)和绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride),日本矮生沿阶草是它们在我国的新寄主。     

5种杀菌剂对井冈山毛竹菱斑病的室内毒力试验

采用生长速率法,对毛竹菱斑病的5种病原真菌进行了室内毒力试验,结果显示,福美双和农抗120对该病的病原菌无明显抑制效果,多菌灵和甲基立枯灵对尖孢镰刀菌、甘蔗节菱孢菌、赤霉病菌和炭角菌属菌均有较好的抑制效果,而噁霉灵对链格孢菌具有中等强度的抑制效果。     

链格孢菌对银海枣的趋向性与其对寄主识别和侵染的联系

以银海枣褐斑病的病原菌链格孢刺葵专化型为材料,研究其对寄主和非寄主叶片伤口的趋向性及其特异性.结果显示病菌对寄主叶片伤口具有强烈的趋向性,对非寄主伤口则基本缺乏定向性生长.趋向性的存在和强度与病菌对供试植物的识别和成功侵染有密切联系.病菌的趋向性受到伤口与孢子之间距离的影响,在500μm范围内,趋向性反应最强,但当距离超过1 000μm后,趋向性下降甚至消失.伤口新鲜度是影响趋向性强度的另外一个因素,新鲜伤口对真菌芽管具有较强的吸引力,但24 h的伤口对芽管吸引力大幅下降,48 h或以上时间的伤口基本失去了吸引力.沾染了非寄主叶片汁液的寄主伤口的吸引力下降;而沾染寄主叶片汁液的非寄主伤口的吸引力却上升.病菌在寄主叶片汁液中生长旺盛,但在非寄主叶片汁液中生长贫弱.链格孢刺葵专化型对寄主伤I:1的趋向性生长具有明显的特异性,趋向性是该病理系统病菌与寄主识别的首发事件,对于启动病菌对寄主植物的成功侵染起着关键作用.     

新疆野苹果根围木霉分离鉴定及生防特性研究

为了给防治新疆野苹果病害提供生防性能优良的木霉菌株,利用孟加拉红平板分离法进行新疆巩留县野苹果根围木霉菌株分离,通过形态特征和ITS rDNA序列比对进行菌种鉴定,利用平板对峙试验检测分离木霉抑菌能力,用NBT染色和根部观察检验木霉诱导后新疆野苹果幼苗叶片活性氧含量、抗病和促生能力。结果表明:分离鉴定出俄罗斯木霉22株,渐绿木霉13株,哈茨木霉4株。从长势和产孢量等特性上看,俄罗斯木霉T7和哈茨木霉T2为新疆野苹果根围优势生防木霉菌种。哈茨木霉T2对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌率为75.47%,对链格孢菌的抑菌率为78.17%。俄罗斯木霉T7对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌率为79.66%,对链格孢菌的抑菌率为91.53%;NBT染色发现木霉处理后野苹果苗叶片活性氧含量降低,叶片染色颜色更浅。总之,木霉能有效抑制病原菌生长,能有效减少新疆野苹果幼苗中活性氧含量,促进和保护根系生长。本研究为防治新疆野苹果病害防治提供生防性能优良的木霉菌株,为苹果病害的生物防治提供可以借鉴的方法。     

链格孢属真菌分类研究进展

本文综述了链格孢属分类地位及特征,链格孢菌种间培养性状,介绍了链格孢菌属真菌在形态学、数值分类学和分子生物学方面的分类研究进展,对链格孢属真菌系统发育的认知和相应的应用开发提供科学的理论基础.     

拌种双防治银杏叶枯病初探

在室内以拌种双药剂对银叶枯病的主要病原菌链格孢进行了一系列测定。结果表明，拌种双浓度在６ｐｐｍ以上时，可明显抑制孢子萌发，使发芽率降低到１０％以下，同时，该药剂能使孢子产生的芽管不再延伸成为菌丝；当浓度达１８ｐｐｍ以上时，则菌落停止扩民，并且变无孢子产生。以４０％拌种双可湿性粉剂５００倍液于田间喷洒防治银杏叶枯病，效果较明显，可达６０％。     

血红铆钉菇对土传病原菌抑菌性研究

在24种培养基上对血红铆钉菇子实体进行分离培养，对分离的菌种与病原菌立枯丝核菌、茄孢镰刀菌、链格孢、终极府霉、根癌菌在PDA平板上进行对峙测试，结果对病原菌立枯丝核菌能够重寄生，对茄孢镰刀菌产生抑菌带，对链格孢也有一定的抑制作用。能够控制病原菌的繁殖器官形成。同时进行了液体培养基的筛选，其培养滤液对病原细菌A．t产生抑菌圈，血红铆钉菇液体菌剂及其代谢物对病原细菌抑制作用比病原真菌强。室内盆栽试验表明，在灭菌土上血红铆钉菇对茄孢镰刀菌引起的猝倒病有一定防效，田间处理试验效果不明显。     

加拿利海枣叶斑病抑菌试验

对加拿利海枣叶斑病的病原进行分离鉴定和农药抑菌试验.结果表明:加拿利海枣叶斑病病原为半知菌亚门黑盘孢目的掌状拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiosis palmarum);6种杀菌剂的抑菌效果为10％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂＞450 g/L咪鲜铵水乳剂＞80％代森锰锌可湿性粉剂＞40％百菌清悬浮剂＞70％甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂＞80％乙蒜素乳油,且6种杀菌剂在生产上对加拿利海枣叶斑病菌都有较好的抑制作用.     

枣缩果病初侵染链格孢菌的抗硫酸铜标记及稳定性

【目的】建立枣缩果病菌链格孢菌的抗硫酸铜标记,为揭示链格孢菌在枣树上的侵染规律与深入掌握枣缩果病菌的致病机制和有效控制该病奠定基础。【方法】采用平板抑菌圈法,从硫酸铜、氯化钴、硝酸银和放线菌酮4种药剂中筛选出硫酸铜可以作为标记链格孢菌CN193菌株的药剂。应用孢子萌发抑制法,在凹玻片中按1∶1的比例放入1.0,1.5,2.0 mg·m L~(-1)硫酸铜与链格孢菌孢子悬浮液的混合液,培养12 h后通过孢子萌发抑制率确定硫酸铜的起始浓度。将培养基中硫酸铜的浓度由1.5 mg·m L~(-1)逐渐提高至4.5 mg·m L~(-1),以培养菌株对硫酸铜的抗性;选取单孢培养,得到稳定的抗硫酸铜突变体CN193Cur。通过喷雾和刺伤接种2种方法进行CN193Cur的田间致病性测定,并结合BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析技术,检测抗硫酸铜突变体CN193Cur菌株的稳定性及链格孢菌在枣树上的初侵染时期。【结果】硫酸铜对链格孢菌具有较好的抑制作用,氯化钴、硝酸银的抑制效果较弱,放线菌酮没有明显的抑制效果。硫酸铜初始浓度为1.5 mg·m L~(-1)时链格孢菌的突变率为12%,试验达到最高浓度为4.5 mg·mL~(-1);突变体CN193Cur与野生型菌株CN193具有相同的致病力;经致病性测定后的CN193Curp能够在含高浓度硫酸铜(4.5 mg·m L~(-1))的培养基上生长,野生型菌株则无法生长;突变体菌株CN193Cur在不含硫酸铜的PDA培养基上表现出比野生型菌株较快的生长速度;CN193Curp与室内筛选得到的突变体CN193Cur一样,都是链格孢菌CN193且其突变特征稳定。枣树花期接种链格孢菌能够发病,并再次在病果中分离到突变体菌株CN193Curp,说明链格孢菌在花期即能侵入枣树,致使枣果发病。【结论】硫酸铜抗性可以作为链格孢菌的稳定标记,为真菌和细菌抗药性标记的建立提供了理论依据;采用抗生素或化学药剂浓度递增的方法,可以有效地获得真菌和细菌的突变体,这为其他植物病原真菌或细菌侵染机制的研究提供技术支持;BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析技术可快速检测出真菌的多样性,能够较为有效地提供菌株的种内差异信息;CN193Cur具有稳定的突变特征及致病性,可以应用于对枣缩果病菌的侵染机制及致病机制的研究。     

山地桑园综合丰产技术

为提高山地桑叶产量,对山地桑园的选址、建园、品种选择、栽培管理及病虫害防治技术进行了研究.     

Effects of herbicides on consumption,growth and food utilization by cotton leafwormSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae

The deterrent effects of nine herbicides on feeding and growth of cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), larvae were investigated. Fourth-instar larvae were fed on castor-bean leaves treated with recommended field rates of selected herbicides. Nutritional indices were measured regularly throughout the feeding tests until pupation. The food consumed by larvae in most herbicide-treatments was below that of control. Fluazifop [500 active ingredient (AI)], bentazon (250 AI), ametryne (800, 1600 AI), flamprop (130 AI), and isoxynil (187.5 AI) treatments seemed to be the best feeding deterrents. Relative growth rates of larvae fed on leaves treated with bentazon (250 AI), ametryne (1600 AI), gluphosate (1440 AI), glufosinate (800 AI), and bromoxynil (120 AI) were significantly reduced compared to that in control. Likewise, both the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance (ECD) were reduced with herbicide treatments below that in control. Approximate digestibility (AD), however, was significantly increased with most herbicide treatments. Moreover, feeding on herbicide-treated leaves resulted in a significant reduction in both pupation and adult emergence compared to that in control.     

冬枣溃疡病药剂防治研究

冬枣溃疡病是为害冬枣枣吊的一种细菌性病害,用不同药剂对其开展了室内毒力测定和大田药效试验。结果表明,室内抑菌效果比较好的是72％农用链霉素和88％水合霉素,大田防治效果最好的是72％农用链霉素,防治效果为66．34％。     

Influence of canopy light environment and nitrogen availability on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency of field-grown nectarine trees

Relationships between CO(2) assimilation at light saturation (A(max)), nitrogen (N) content and weight per unit area (W(A)) were studied in leaves grown with contrasting irradiances (outer canopy versus inner canopy) and N supply rates in field-grown nectarine trees Prunus persica L. Batsch. cv. Fantasia. Both A(max) and N content per unit leaf area (N(A)) were linearly correlated to W(A), but leaves in the high-N treatment had higher N(A) and A(max) for the same value of W(A) than leaves in the low-N treatment. The curvilinear relationship between photosynthesis and total leaf N was independent of treatments, both when expressed per unit leaf area A(maxA) and N(A)) and per unit leaf weight (A(maxW) and N(W)), but the relationship was stronger when data were expressed on a leaf area basis. Both A(maxA) and N(A) were higher for outer canopy leaves than for inner canopy leaves and A(maxW) and N(W) were higher for leaves in the high-N treatment than for leaves in the low-N treatment. The relationship between A(max) and N resulted in a similar photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency at light saturation (A(max)NUE) for both N and light treatments. Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency was similar among treatments throughout the whole light response curve of photosynthesis. Leaves developed in shade conditions did not show higher N-use efficiency at low irradiance. At any intercellular CO(2) partial pressure (C(i)), photosynthetic CO(2) response curves were higher for outer canopy leaves and, within each light treatment, were higher for the high-N treatments than for the low-N treatments. Consequently, most of the differences among treatments disappeared when photosynthesis was expressed per unit N. However, slightly higher assimilation rates per unit N were found for outer canopy leaves compared with inner canopy leaves, in both N treatments. Because higher daily irradiance within the canopies of the low-N trees more than compensated for the lower photosynthetic performances of these leaves compared to the leaves of high-N trees, daily carbon gain (and N-use efficiency on a daily assimilation basis) per leaf was higher for the low-N treatment than for the high-N treatment in both outer and inner canopy leaves.     

肉桂藻斑病的初步研究

肉桂藻斑病是一种在福建省华安县肉桂林中发生十分严重的病害，是由寄生性红锈藻Cephaleuros virescens引起。从3月上旬至10月上旬病原以游动孢子随气流和雨水传播侵染，以孢子囊在病叶上越冬。该病属于单循环病害。在病原侵染初期分别用1％波尔多液、50％托布津和50％多菌灵做防治试验，防治效果分别为66．2％、45，9％和33．8％。     

水杨酸诱导山茶抗灰斑病的作用及生理生化响应

采用载玻片萌发法测定水杨酸(SA)对山茶灰斑病菌的影响。浓度为0～5mmol.L-1的SA对山茶灰斑病菌的孢子萌发没有抑制作用,其诱发抗病性可持续10～15天,诱导最佳间隔期为3天。用SA喷雾涂布叶片诱导山茶抗性,植株内丙二醛、木质素、可溶性蛋白含量等生化指标对山茶灰斑病菌诱导信号有不同响应。MDA含量在一定时间范围内减少,膜脂的过氧化程度降低,但随着处理时间的延长,这种诱导抗性的作用逐渐减弱,且在不同浓度处理间存在差异,在诱导并挑战接种的处理中,各处理表现为初期低于对照、后期缓慢上升;诱导并挑战接种的处理中,木质素含量的变化趋势与只诱导处理基本相似,高浓度诱导的木质素积累量大于低浓度;诱导并挑战接种处理的可溶性蛋白含量与只诱导处理也表现出相同的变化规律,诱导并挑战接种处理的可溶性蛋白含量比只诱导的处理和对照高。生化反应与病情指数的相关性分析表明:MDA、木质素含量与病情指数达到显著水平(P<0.05)。     

Effect of Betula pendula clone and leaf age on Melampsoridium betulinum rust infection in a field trial

Ten 5‐year‐old Betula pendula clones were studied for their rust resistance in the field. The trees were treated by inoculating 10 leaves on a shoot with Melampsoridium betulinum urediniospore suspension or spraying the control leaves with water. The birch clones differed significantly in their resistance to M. betulinum leaf rust fungus and the clones also varied in their responses to the local rust strain and the inoculated rust strains. However, natural rust infections and inoculation treatment were positively correlated. The older leaves had fewer infections than the younger ones on the tip of the shoot in the control trees, but in the inoculation treatment no significant correlation was found between the leaf ages and rust infection. The factors behind the different leaf susceptibilities are discussed.     

麻疯树枯斑病病原鉴定及杀菌剂毒力测定

从贵州省罗甸县漠阳镇麻疯树基地的麻疯树叶片病斑上分离到1种病原菌,根据病害症状特征以及病原菌的形态特征、培养性状,初步确定引发麻疯树枯斑病的病原菌为拟盘多毛孢属（Pestalotiopsis Stey）真菌（无性世代）,暂未发现其有性世代。药剂毒力试验结果表明,对菌丝生长有较强抑制作用的药剂有250 g/L丙环唑EC30μg/mL,16%咪鲜.异菌脲EC和10%斯高WP50μg/mL,抑菌效果均达90%以上。     

Effects of lime and ash treatments on ectomycorrhizal infection of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings planted in a pine forest

A pine forest in the south of Sweden was treated with lime and wood ash. In early June, 12 months after the ash treatment and 18 months after the lime treatment, one year old Pinus syhestris L. seedlings were planted. Four months later six différent ectomycorrhizal types had infected the seedlings in all the treatments. A mycorrhizal type designated “pink”; was more than twice as common in the lime treatments as in the control and ash treatments. Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjorts. was significantly more abundant in limed soil than in ash treated soil. The results were compared to those from a bioassy performed in the laboratory, where P. syhestris seedlings had been grown in soil from the same forest. Similar soil pH values in the two studies resulted in different relative infection rates of the mycorrhizal types found. One additional mycorrhizal type, designated “white”; was found in the field experiment. This suggests that mycelial connections to the mature host plants may significantly alter the ability of different fungi to colonize host plant roots in competition with each other compared to when the fungi infect from propagules in the soil.     

Efficacy of local eradication treatments against the sudden oak death epidemic in Oregon tanoak forests

Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death, has been distributed widely across the United States in horticultural situations, but is not established in forests outside of California and Oregon. Here, it has triggered widespread concern and, especially in Oregon, an intensive disease management programme. Now, we provide the first systematic evaluation of the efficacy of that effort. This paper evaluates four measures of the efficacy of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) local eradication treatments: inoculum availability; inoculum from tree species other than tanoak; disease spread from treated areas; and cumulative infested area with and without treatment. We conclude that local treatments demonstrably reduce local inoculum levels. Eradication of SOD from infested sites is difficult but not impossible. The disease usually does not persist after cutting infected trees but spread on the landscape continues because the pathogen may be present on undetected new infections for a year or two before whole tree symptoms are visible. This limits early detection and coupled with delays in completing eradication treatments, prolongs the chances for long‐distance aerial dispersal.