不同氮肥用量对冬种马铃薯产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间试验研究不同氮用量对珠三角地区冬种马铃薯生长、产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响。结果表明,180~300 kg N/hm2时马铃薯叶绿素含量、叶面积、株高和茎粗优于其它处理;在240 kg N/hm2时产量和经济效益最高。氮素收获指数和氮素吸收利用率分别介于0.57~0.66和12.65%~28.13%之间,随氮用量的增加而降低;而氮素农学利用率和氮素生理利用率则呈先升高后下降的趋势,在240 kg N/hm2时达最大值,分别为55.56、48.07 kg/kg。马铃薯块茎粗蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量分别在180 kg N/hm2和120 kg N/hm2时达到最大值,而氮用量对维生素C和淀粉含量无明显影响。建议珠三角地区冬种马铃薯氮用量以240 kg N/hm2为宜。     

Yield and Quality Response of Two Potato Cultivars to Nitrogen Fertilization

Potatoes require high nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates because of their poor N efficiency. Better understanding of N dynamic in potato crops could improve N efficiency and thus enhance crop profitability and reduce N losses. A similar field experiment was conducted in Switzerland in 3 years, from 2009 to 2011, to investigate the yield and quality response to N fertilization of two commercial potato cultivars with different tuber qualities, Bintje and Laura. Five doses of ammonium nitrate were tested: 0, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg N ha^?1. Aboveground and belowground biomass evolution, total yield, starch concentration and tuber sizes were measured annually. In 2011, the total N uptake and the soil mineral N content were also measured during the growing season and at harvest.The study showed that N fertilization had a positive effect on yield and the percentage of large tubers (>?70 mm) and a negative effect on starch concentration. Both cultivars presented the same potential yield, although cv. Laura’s yield was more affected by N fertilization deficiency and more responsive to the late N fertilizer application. At harvest, both cultivars had a similar N uptake efficiency and N utilization efficiency. However, they differed with respect to N uptake dynamics. Nitrogen uptake was slower for cv. Laura than for cv. Bintje due to a longer period required for the development of the belowground biomass. The results provide useful recommendations for improvement of N fertilization practices (e.g. rate and time of application) of these two cultivars in Swiss conditions.     

Influence of Source and Time of Potassium Application on Potato Growth,Yield, Economics and Crisp Quality

Field studies were conducted at the Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram (India), during two seasons (2003–2004 and 2004–2005), with two processing cultivars (cvs Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2) and nine combinations of potassium source (K-chloride, K-sulphate and K-nitrate) and time of K application (basal dressing, split application and split application + foliar spray) to investigate their effect on tuber yield and processing attributes for crisp production under subtropical conditions. Yearly variations were observed for most of the variables studied. Between cultivars, the tuber and biomass yield was higher in cv. Kufri Chipsona-1, whereas specific gravity, tuber dry-matter percentage and crisp recovery were higher in cv. Kufri Chipsona-2. Stem number, plant height and compound leaf number were not influenced by sources of K fertilizer or application time. Processing-grade tuber yield, total tuber yield and biomass yield were statistically similar for K-chloride and K-sulphate and lower for K-nitrate. K sources affected both specific gravity and tuber dry-matter percentage significantly; K-sulphate and K-nitrate gave significantly higher values than K-chloride. The application time had no significant effect on processing grade and total tuber yield or on tuber specific gravity and dry-matter percentage. Values for crisp colour and reducing sugars were within the acceptable range for all treatments. Crisp yields were calculated to be highest and oil percentage of the crisps to be lowest when K-sulphate was applied as K fertilizer. Net income and benefit:cost ratio were highest for K-chloride followed by K-sulphate and lowest for K-nitrate. The study suggests that for crisping potatoes, K-sulphate is more suited than K-chloride, as it not only increased tuber dry-matter percentage and crisp yield, but also decreased crisp oil percentage.     

施氮量对不同叶绿素含量小麦生长、产量和品质的影响

为探究陕西关中地区施氮量对不同叶绿素含量小麦生长、产量和品质的影响,并筛选出适宜高光效小麦的较佳施氮量,以西农979、冀麦5265及其黄绿叶突变体为供试材料,设置4个施氮水平:0kg·hm~(-2)(CK)、120 kg·hm~(-2)(N_1)、240 kg·hm~(-2)(N_2)和360 kg·hm~(-2)(N_3),分析施氮量对不同叶绿素含量小麦光合能力、氮利用、产量及其构成因素和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量对小麦生长特性和产量有显著影响,随着施氮量的增加,西农979和冀麦5265黄绿叶突变体的旗叶面积、SPAD值、光合速率以及穗数、穗粒数、产量和品质等指标均呈先增后减的趋势,并在N_2处理下达到最大值;而冀麦5265的各项指标则呈现增加趋势,在N_3处理下达到最大值。西农979和冀麦5265及其黄绿叶突变体的氮肥偏生产力均随着施氮量增加而减小,氮素利用效率则均随着施氮量增加而呈现先减后增趋势。综上所述,在关中平原地区,西农979和冀麦5265黄绿叶突变体兼顾产量、品质与施肥效益的最佳施氮量为240 kg·hm~(-2),冀麦5265为360kg·hm~(-2)。     

Hill Shape Effect on Yield,Quality, Stolon Length and Tuber Orientation of Two Potato Cultivars

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars are mostly planted using similar seed piece planting depths and hill shapes even though cultivars have unique tuber and stolon characteristics. A hill-shape study was conducted at Aberdeen, Idaho to determine the effects of hill shape on yield and field-green tuber yields and quality along with stolon length and tuber spatial orientation for two potato cultivars, 'Defender' and 'Summit Russet.' Plots were planted in late April to early May. Prior to emergence four hill shapes were formed: 1) plant-and-drag, 2) broad, 3) normal, and 4) peaked. Defender had higher total yield with the broad hill, but there were no differences among the remaining three hill shapes. For Defender, U.S. No. 1 yield was lower with the plant-and-drag hill shape, and the normal and peaked hills produced lower field-green tuber yield. Hill shape had no effect on total, U.S. No. 1, or field-green tuber yields of Summit Russet. The peaked hill resulted in a deeper uppermost tuber for Defender, while the uppermost tuber was deeper in the normal and peaked hills for Summit Russet. The broad hill resulted in a larger average tuber size for Defender, but hill shape had no effect on tuber size for Summit Russet. Total number of tubers per plant, stolon length and tuber spatial orientation were not affected by hill shape for either cultivar. Hill shape and height are important considerations in maximizing yield of saleable tubers, so needs to be customized according to cultivar-dependent stolon length and tuber orientation characteristics.     

施氮量对超级早稻产量形成与氮利用效率的影响

以株两优819和陆两优996为材料,研究了施氮量对超级早稻产量形成、稻米品质与氮利用效率的影响.结果表明：（1）施氮使超级早稻显著增产,株两优819增产的原因是提高了每穗粒数,而陆两优996增产的原因是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重;（2）两组合N 225 kg/hm2处理较N 150 kg/hm2处理显著减产;（3）两组合稻米蛋白质含量随施氮量增加而升高,直链淀粉含量随施氮量增加而降低;（4）超级早稻产量与叶面积、干物质积累量呈正相关,与粒叶比呈负相关;（5）随施氮量增加,两组合的氮素累积量显著提高,氮肥利用率、氮肥效率、氮素吸收效率、氮生理效率、氮素利用效率显著降低.本试验条件下,施N150 kg/hm2能使超级早稻获得较高产量,同时获得较高氮肥利用率、氮素吸收与利用效率.     

施氮量对不同花生品种生长及干物质积累的影响

研究了施氮量对不同花生品种生长和干物质积累的影响.结果表明,施用氮肥可促进花生的生长和干物质积累,不同品种对氮肥的响应存在明显差异,当施氮量为N112.5 kg/hm2时,白沙1016和鲁花12号的总分枝数和结果枝数达到最大值,而远杂9102达到最大值时需要的施氮量仅为N 75 kg/hm2.花生干物质总量的积累动态符...     

The Effect of Nitrogen Rate on Vine Kill,Tuber Skinning Injury,Tuber Yield and Size Distribution,and Tuber Nutrients and Phytonutrients in Two Potato Cultivars Grown for Early Potato Production

Early potatoes are typically produced using less nitrogen than a full season potato crop as high rates of nitrogen may delay tuber set and lead to excessive vine growth that is difficult to terminate prior to harvest. Bintje and Ciklamen potato cultivars were grown with preplant soil nitrogen levels of 34 to 38, 67, and 101 kg N ha^-1 in 2013 and 2014 near Paterson, Washington. Nitrogen rate had little impact on the number of tubers and stems per plant of both cultivars, but increasing nitrogen rate tended to increase leaf area of both cultivars. Vine desiccation of Bintje with diquat was less complete as nitrogen rate increased, while Ciklamen vine kill was reduced by higher nitrogen in 1 of 2 years. Tuber skinning injury, tuber weight loss, and tuber size distribution were not affected by nitrogen rate. Tuber skinning injury and tuber weight loss were reduced in both cultivars by harvesting at 4 weeks after initial vine kill compared to harvesting at 2 weeks after vine kill. Total tuber yield was lower for both Bintje and Ciklamen in 1 of 2 years at the 34 to 38 kg N ha^-1 rate. Tuber nitrogen and zinc levels tended to increase with increasing nitrogen rates, while most other nutrients, vitamin C, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity showed little response. It appears that 67 kg N ha^-1 provides adequate nitrogen to produce a good tuber set and yield of small tubers while not producing excessive vine growth that may be more difficult to kill.     

Hill Shape Influences on Potato Yield, Quality, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

As hill shape significantly influences water infiltration into potato hills, modification of hill shape may be an opportunity for improving fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency on sandy soils. The interactive effect of different hill shapes and rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on N use efficiency was assessed in a 3-year potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv, Russet Burbank) field experiment on Plainfield loamy sand soil at Hancock, Wisconsin, USA. A split-plot design was used with hill shape (shaped-plateau, pointed, or standard) as the main plots and in-season N rates (0, 135, 202, 269 kg?N ha^?1) as the split plots with four replications in randomized complete blocks. In 1 of 3 years, potato yield and quality were increased and less N was needed to optimize yield and quality where the hills were shaped. In the other 2 years, the more blocky hills (shaped-plateau and standard) showed consistent tendencies (p?=?0.02 to 0.19) toward better crop performance; however, time of hill formation was influencing these results with root pruning likely the influencing factor. Results of this study show more blocky hills with only one hilling operation at emergence can significantly improve potato yield and quality and N use efficiency on these sandy soils.     

施磷量对小麦品质和产量及氮素利用的影响

在0～20cm土层土壤速效磷含量16．5mg／kg的大田条件下选取0、75、105kg／hm^2三个不同磷素水平进行了施磷量试验,以研究施磷对小麦品质和产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,75kgP2O5／hm^2施磷处理显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,延长了面团形成时间和稳定时间,提高了评价值,改善了加工品质;但在施磷量增加到105kg／hm^2时,小麦籽粒加工品质下降。施磷促进了各生育时期植株对氮素的积累,减少了0～1m土层土壤中硝态氮的积累,且硝态氮的积累量随施磷量的增加而降低。在本试验地力条件下,施磷亦显著提高了籽粒产量,但75和105kgP2O5／hm^2两施磷处理间籽粒产量无显著差异;随着施磷水平的提高,小麦氮素利用效率显著降低。     

Economic Optimum Nitrogen Fertilization Rates and Nitrogen Fertilization Rate Effects on Tuber Characteristics of Potato Cultivars

The objective of the research was to determine the economic optimum nitrogen (N) fertilization rates and to determine the effects of N fertilization rates on tuber characteristics and fresh mass loss after storage under cold and ambient conditions of four potato cultivars, Ágata, Asterix, Atlantic, and Monalisa. The experiments were, simultaneously, conducted in the same area and similar experimental conditions during the fall/winter period in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In each experiment, five N fertilization rates (0, 50, 100, 200, 300 kg ha^?1) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. For all cultivars, increasing N fertilization rate increased total and marketable yields and tuber dry matter yield up to a maximum following a quadratic model. Increasing N fertilization rate linearly increased the tuber protein concentration of Atlantic and Monalisa and had no effect on tuber pH. N fertilization rate effects on tuber mass, tuber titratable acidity, and fresh mass loss during storage were cultivar-dependent. N use efficiency (tuber yield divided by N fertilization rate) decreased with increase in N fertilization rate. The economic optimum N fertilization rates ranged from 147 to 201 kg ha^?1 depending upon cultivar and relative prices of N and potato tubers. Depending on the cultivar, under favorable price conditions (low N price and high tuber price), the economic optimum N fertilization rates to be applied by potato growers were 92–95% of the estimated N fertilization rate for obtaining the maximum potato yield, whereas under unfavorable conditions (high N price and low potato tuber price) the economic optimum N fertilization rates to be applied should be decreased to 86–92% of the rates for maximum yield.     

不同施氮量对弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响

为明确不同施氮量对弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响,为四川浅丘区弱筋小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据和技术参考,2020—2021年以南麦660和南麦941两个弱筋小麦品种为试验材料,设置4个施氮水平:0 kg/hm²(N₀)、105 kg/hm²(N₁₀₅)、150 kg/hm²(N₁₅₀)、195 kg/hm²(N₁₉₅),磷肥(P₂O₅)和钾肥(K₂O)按97.5 kg/hm²计。成熟期调查小麦产量及产量构成因素,测定小麦籽粒品质。在不同施氮量条件下,南麦660、南麦941产量随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮量主要通过影响有效穗数和穗粒数作用于产量,且达极显著水平;增施氮肥可显著影响小麦品质。试验结果表明,粗蛋白和湿面筋含量、籽粒硬度、沉降值均随施氮量的增加而升高,但当施氮量达到195 kg/hm²时,品质不符合弱筋...     

生物炭与氮肥施用量对大豆生长发育及产量的影响

通过大田圆柱管栽培试验,研究生物炭与氮肥的交互作用对大豆生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:适量施入生物炭对单株干物质积累与LAI的调控起到了促进作用,其调控作用在生育后期大于生育前期。在R6期C1(施炭750 kg·hm-2)处理单株干物重与LAI最高,但随着施炭量的进一步增加单株干物重与LAI却逐渐下降,施炭量为C3(施炭2 250 kg·hm-2)时单株干物重与LAI低于不施炭处理。施入生物炭使大豆株高降低,施炭量越多株高降低幅度越大。在相同施炭量条件下,不同施氮处理各生育时期单株干物重及叶面积指数的均值以N2(施氮60 kg·hm-2)最高,叶绿素的均值以N3(施氮90 kg·hm-2)最高。施炭750 kg·hm-2和施氮42 kg·hm-2为大豆高产的最优施用组合,理论产量为3 546.9 kg·hm-2。生物炭与氮肥配合施用,主要是通过调节单株粒数来影响产量。     

不同施氮量对烤烟品种K326生长发育和产质量及抗病性的影响

采用田间试验,于2010年在湖南龙山研究了不同氮肥施用量对K326烤烟品种的生长发育、产质量及抗病性的影响.结果表明:随着氮肥用量的增加,K326的长势越好,烟叶产量也越高,但其产值随施氮量的增加呈现先升后降的趋势,总的来看,施氮量以98.25kg/hm2时产值最高,而氮肥用量对烤烟的抗病性没有明显影响.     

施氮量对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的影响

为探明协同提高强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率和品质的施氮量,以强筋小麦品种济麦20（中穗型）和洲元9369（大穗型）为材料, 研究了180、240和300 kg·hm^-2三个氮肥水平（分别用N180、N240和N300表示）对强筋小麦产量、氮素利用率、品质及其相关指标的影响。结果表明,相同施氮量下,洲元9369的产量、氮素利用率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均高于济麦20。当施氮量由N180增至N240时,2个品种的产量无显著变化,但沉降值、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均显著提高;施氮量增至N300后,2个品种的产量和品质又都显著下降,籽粒总蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量、SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量和谷蛋白聚合指数均明显降低,而SDS-可溶性谷蛋白含量和谷醇比却表现为上升趋势。经相关分析,SDS-不可溶性谷蛋白含量、谷蛋白聚合指数与面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、面包体积和面包评分均呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,谷蛋白聚合程度降低是过量施氮条件下强筋小麦品质下降的主要原因。综合考虑小麦产量、氮素利用率和籽粒品质,240 kg·hm^-2为本研究条件下的最佳施氮量。     

Effect of Nitrogen Application on Yield,Rice Quality and Processing Characteristics in Rice Noodle-specific Varieties

【Objective】We aimed to investigate the influence of nitrogen application on yield, rice quality and processing characteristics in noodle-specific rice.【Method】The experiments were conducted with three rice varieties suitable for making rice noodles(R0734, R2149, Jiazao 66), one variety commonly used for making rice noodles(Zhenguiai) and one variety unable to be processed into rice noodles(R0711) at three nitrogen levels with 90, 140, 190 kg/hm2 in 2018 and 2019.【Result】1) With the increasing nitrogen application levels, the yield of each varieties increased, but for R0734 and R2149 the grain yield maximized under the medium nitrogen level of 140 kg/hm2 in 2019; noodle-specific rice varieties, R2149 and Jiazao 66, had extremely high yield advantages, achieving the highest yield at the nitrogen levels of 140 kg/hm2 and 190 kg/hm2. Nitrogen application increased the effective panicle number, while the 1000-grain weight decreased. 2) As more nitrogen was gradually applied, gel consistency and protein content increased while amylose content decreased, fluctuating between 21.4% and 26.5%, which also brought about a downward trend in peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity. Breakdown reduced significantly and setback increased significantly. 3) With the increase of nitrogen application, the broken rate and cooked loss rate of rice noodle increased significantly, but both were below 10%. R2149 and Jiazao 66 were more sensitive to nitrogen levels than R0734, but had better processing properties.【Conclusion】The amylose contents ranging from 21% to 27%(about 24% is the best) are favorable, so that the amylose content will not seriously exceeded the suitable range for processing at different nitrogen application levels in field cultivation. Moreover, due to the increase in the amount of nitrogen application, the processing characteristics of noodle-specific rice are deteriorated. Thus it is necessary to apply relatively low nitrogen in condition of its high yield level. In the breeding, the major parents with moderate amylose contents and better processing characteristics should be selected for high-yielding noodle-specific rice variety.     

施氮量对强筋小麦光合、产量、蛋白质含量和加工品质的影响

为探究冀东地区强筋小麦适宜施氮量,以强筋小麦石优20号和中麦998为材料,通过大田试验设置0 kg·hm^-2(N₀)、180 kg·hm^-2(N₁₈₀)、210 kg·hm^-2(N₂₁₀)和240 kg·hm^-2(N₂₄₀) 4个施氮水平,分析了施氮量对强筋小麦光合、产量、蛋白质含量和加工品质的影响。结果表明,与N₀处理相比,施氮后石优20号和中麦998的产量均在N₂₄₀处理下增加显著,增幅分别为3.20%和13.95%。随施氮量的增加,小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和光合参数均呈先升后降趋势,且在花后15 d达到最大值。施氮对F_v/F_m影响较小,对Φ_PSⅡ影响较明显。旗叶、籽粒内硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶均随施氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势。增施氮肥后籽粒蛋白组分中清蛋白、球蛋白比例下降,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白比例上升,各组分...     

Fumigation and Fertilizer Nitrogen Source Effects on Potato Yield,Quality, and Early Dying

Research has shown that while fumigation and use of ammonium N can both reduce the severity of verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), the use of the two practices together raises concerns over feeding the crop only ammonium N under reduced nitrification conditions. To assess the validity of this concern, we conducted two 3-year field split-plot experiments with both using metam sodium fumigant (none, fall or spring applied) as the main plot. For the first experiment, N source (134 kg N ha^?1 as ammonium sulfate, urea, or ammonium nitrate) was the split, whereas for the second trial in-season N rate (0, 67, 134, or 202 kg N ha^?1 all as ammonium sulfate) was the split. For both trials, in 2 of the 3 years, fumigation significantly increased tuber yield by an average of 9.9 Mg ha^?1 and decreased late-season verticillium severity ratings from 77 to 45%. In some years, fumigation also increased the proportion of U.S. No. 1 tubers and tubers >170 g. No differences in crop yield or quality were observed between the various N sources applied. This was true even on spring-fumigated areas with the highest rate of ammonium N applied. These experiments confirm that the choice between in-season potato N fertilizer should be based on factors such as potential for benefits or N losses, cost, and convenience of use rather than concern over an interaction between fumigation and ammonical N. While both fumigation and N rate reduced verticillium severity ratings in some years, the lack of interaction suggests these factors are functioning independently.     

不同施氮量及氮磷钾配比对烤烟产量与质量的影响

为了确定湖南茶陵烟区种植烤烟的适宜施氮量及氮钾比例,2010年在茶陵腰陂镇芙冲村进行了不同施氮量及氮钾比的小区对比试验。结果表明,不同的氮肥用量对烤烟的生长发育有明显的影响,随着氮肥用量的增加及氮钾比例的升高,烟株的茎围、株高、有效叶数、腰叶的长宽、产量均随之增加,但当施氮量超过180 kg/hm^2,氮钾比例（N∶K）超过3后,烤烟的产值、上中等烟比例及内在化学成分的协调性均有所下降。综合结果表明,施纯氮180 kg/hm^2、N∶P∶K=1∶0.8∶3的处理烤烟产量和质量处于最佳效果。     

施氮量对渭北旱地冬小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响

为明确施氮量对渭北旱塬冬小麦产量与籽粒品质的影响,以小麦品种长6359和晋麦47为供试材料,设置0、60、120、180、240 kg·hm^-2共5个施氮水平(分别用N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄表示),探究施氮量对旱地冬小麦产量和籽粒品质相关指标及氮素农学效率的影响。结果表明：（1）在0~180 kg·hm^-2施氮范围内,施氮对旱地冬小麦的穗数和产量影响均达到显著水平,但穗粒数和千粒重在不同施氮处理之间差异均不显著。施氮量达到240 kg·hm^-2 时,穗数依旧增长,穗粒数和籽粒产量则出现一定程度的降低。（2）在 0~180 kg·hm^-2 施氮范围内,籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率、淀粉含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间和形成时间均随施氮量的增加而提高,但出粉率并未与施氮量呈现相关性,容重则与施氮量呈负相关。施氮量超过180 kg·hm^-2 后,除面团形成时间外,其余品质参数均下降。（3）从冬小麦各生育时期植株氮素含量与品质相关性看,拔节期二者关系最为密切。综合考虑冬小麦产量与籽粒品质,推荐渭北旱地麦田最适宜的施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2,较渭北旱塬平均施氮量降低约6.4%,推荐品种为晋麦47。