Effect of aggregate size and soil water content on emergence of soybean (Glycine max, L. Merr.) and maize (Zea mays, L.)

Rapid wetting of irrigated soils often leads to slaking and slumping, and on drying a surface crust and hard-set conditions may occur. This results in reduced crop emergence unless the surface is kept moist. The effect of aggregate size and water content on the emergence of soybean and maize from an Entic chromustert (heavy cracking clay) was determined using pots of sieved aggregates with size ranges less than 1, 1–2, 2–5 and 5–15 mm at soil water contents of 15, 20 and 25 g (100 g)⁻¹. Unsieved soil was used as a control. Greatest emergence tended to occur from fine (1–2 mm) seedbeds compared with coarse (5–15 mm) seedbeds for both crops. A covered treatment, simulating a stubble mulch, resulted in greater emergence than an uncovered treatment for all water contents and aggregate sizes. Earlier emergence occurred from finer (less than 1 mm and 1–2 mm) seedbeds than from coarse (5–15 mm) seedbeds, and at the greatest water content used. Soil strength, measured with a shear vane, decreased with increasing water content and tended to be less on fine (1–2 mm) seedbeds compared with very fine (less than 1 mm) or coarse (5–15 mm) seedbeds. It is recommended that, for good emergence from this Entic chromustert, seedbeds be brought to a water content of 25 g (100 g)⁻¹ by capillary wetting to prevent hardsetting and consist of 1–2 or 2–5 mm aggregates for soybean and maize, respectively, and have a stubble mulch on the surface. This corresponds to an equivalent depth of water of 15 mm and 9 mm for soybean and maize, respectively, in the top 50 mm of the profile.     

施氮对大豆根系形态和氮素吸收积累的影响

采用框栽试验方法研究了不同施氮水平对大豆根系形态和氮素吸收积累的影响,结果表明:不同施氮水平对大豆植株生物量、氮素吸收积累量及根系形态有显著影响,随施氮量增加,植株干重、氮素积累量、单株产量等均呈先增加后降低趋势,其中以N100[100 kg(N)·hm-2]处理效果最佳,总体表现为N100>N200>N50>N25>N0.无N(NO)和适量偏低的氮(N25、N50)增加了大豆的根冠比,但过多的氮(N200)反而降低了大豆的根冠比,说明低氮胁迫促进了大豆根系的生长.大豆根长、根表面积和根体积随施氮量的增加表现为先降后增而后又降低的规律,不施氮(N0)情况下,根长、根表面积和根体积均高于低氮处理(N25、N50),之后随施氮量增加而增加,当超过一定施氮量(N200)时又呈降低趋势.不同生育时期植株生物量、氮素积累、根长、根表面积和根体积等表现为花期>苗期>鼓粒期.因此施用一定量氮肥对大豆植株生物量、氮素积累以及根系形态等产生显著影响,进而影响大豆氮素转运量和转运效率,最终影响大豆籽粒产量和品质.     

Effect of tillage management on energy-use efficiency and economics of soybean (Glycine max) based cropping systems under the rainfed conditions in North-West Himalayan Region

The study on energy-use efficiency and economics of soybean based cropping system, viz., soybean–wheat (Glycine max 9 L., Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.), soybean–lentil (Lens culinaris Medicus) and soybean–field pea (Pisum sativum L., sensu lato), was carried out at the Hawalbagh experimental farm of Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand, India during 2001–2003 (29°36′ N, 79°40′ E). These cropping systems, under rainfed conditions, were evaluated with different tillage management practices, viz., zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). Each tillage management practice, under each cropping system was evaluated for total energy output, energy input–output ratio, gross income, net income and marginal income, to variable cost of cultivation. Results revealed that the maximum energy was consumed in terms of chemical fertilizers, followed by seed and plant protection chemicals, in all cropping systems. Equivalent energy was used from literature for conversion purpose. The maximum output energy was observed in CT (44,253 MJ/ha), followed by MT for soybean–lentil cropping system (43,450 MJ/ha). The output–input energy ratio was maximum in ZT for soybean–lentil (4.9) followed by MT for soybean–pea cropping system (4.6). The economic analysis also revealed that the maximum benefits could be obtained from these sequences. Conventional tillage for all cropping sequences was found to be a better option as compared to minimum tillage and zero tillage. Benefit–cost ratios were higher in conventional tillage in all the three cropping systems. However, from the point of energy saving or cost reduction, zero tillage and minimum tillage may be considered depending on resources.     

不同土壤水分对赤松光合作用与水分利用效率的影响研究

在不同土壤水分条件下研究了赤松光合特征及其水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,不同土壤水分处理对赤松幼苗净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率等生理指标及其日变化均产生明显影响;中度水分胁迫时赤松幼苗的光合午休比对照提前1h且午休时间长,其净光合速率和气孔导度的下降平行进行,而且,日平均水分利用效率的下降幅度比日平均净光合速率的下降幅度小。     

Interactive effect of tillage depth and mulch on soil temperature, productivity and water use pattern of rainfed barley (Hordium vulgare L.)

Soil porosity and organic matter content influence the hydrology, thermal status and productivity of agricultural soils. Shape, size and continuity of soil pores are determined by tillage practices. Thus appropriate tillage and mulch management can conserve residual soil moisture during the post rainy season. This can play a key role in enhancing productivity under the rainfed ecosystem of subhumid region in eastern India. A field study was carried out on a fine loamy soil from 1993–1994 to 1995–1996. Two tillage treatments were conventional ploughing (150 mm depth) and shallow ploughing (90 mm) depth. Each tillage practice was tested with three mulch management viz., no mulch, soil dust mulch and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw mulch. Soil organic carbon, bulk density, moisture retentivity, soil temperature with productivity and water use pattern of barley (Hordium vulgare L.) were measured.Reduction in ploughing depth resulted in nominal increase in profile (0.0–1.2 m) moisture status, yield, and soil thermal status at 14:00 and water use efficiency (WUE). However, it decreased the magnitude of soil temperature in the morning (07:00). Straw mulch conserved 19–21 mm of moisture in the profile (1.2 m) over the unmulched condition. Both soil dust and rice straw mulching elevated soil thermal status at 07:00 as compared to unmulched condition, but this trend was reversed at 14:00. Straw mulching significantly increased grain yield and WUE over soil dust mulch and unmulched condition. Impact of straw mulch was more pronounced under shallow ploughing depth. Shallow tillage with rice straw mulching is recommended to the farmers to obtain higher level of yield and water use efficiency.     

Effect of puddling intensity on temporal variation in soil physical conditions and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in a Vertisol of central India

Puddling as well as no-puddling for growing transplanted and direct seeded rice, respectively, have their disadvantages as well as advantages on the physical condition of the soil and yield of rice. The soil that is more susceptible to changes in structure is easy to puddle. However, what should be the extent of puddling is not well established. Generally, farmers have a tendency to create a very fine puddle that actually may not be required. Keeping in view the current global emphasis on conservation of resources as well as reduction of the production cost to improve the economic gain of farmers, this study attempted to find out the influence of varying intensities of puddling on the soil physical condition and rice yield (cv. IR 36) in a Vertisol of central India. The study was conducted over two cropping seasons during year 2000 and 2001. Three puddling intensities i.e. no-puddling (P₀), and puddling by four (P₁) and eight (P₂) passes of a 5 hp power tiller were evaluated.

The aggregate mean weight diameter (AMWD) of soil (0–15 cm depth) for P₀ remained almost unchanged till harvest. At 15 days after puddling, AMWD in P₁ and P₂ compared to P₀ was less by 45 and 59% in the first year and by 60 and 69% in the second year, respectively. These values at harvest changed to 22 and 46% in the year 2000 and 28 and 43% in the year 2001, respectively. Soil bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance (PR) increased significantly from transplanting to harvest in puddled soil, but in unpuddled soil significant increase in PR only at the surface 0–7 cm layer was observed. Higher intensity of puddling favoured more soil wetness at harvest, as the puddled soil maintained 25% more water than P₀. Compared to P₁, P₂ showed an increase of 4.3, 10.3 and 7.7% in length, width and depth of cracks, respectively, while the increase in P₁ over P₀ in the same order was 35, 23.5 and 13.3%, respectively. Thus, crack dimensions (length, width and depth) were larger under high intensity of puddling. Water loss through seepage plus percolation was significantly higher in P₀ as compared to P₁ and P₂ and the higher intensity of puddling reduced the losses more. The grain yield of P₂ was slightly higher than P₁ but both were significantly above P₀. Higher grain yield resulted in 46 and 49% more water use efficiency under P₁ and P₂ than P₀, respectively. This 2-year study has shown that puddling beyond P₁ i.e., four passes of a 5 hp power tiller may not be required to obtain higher yield or other benefits in Vertisols having similar hydrology to that reported here. Puddling only to the required level will also deteriorate less the soil physical condition as compared to more intense puddling. The unpuddled direct seeded rice maintained the soil in a better physical condition but the yield was significantly lower in relation to the puddled ones.     

Traffic alternatives for harvesting soybean (Glycine max L.): Effect on yields and soil under a direct sowing system

This initially high level of soil compaction in some direct sowing systems might suggest that the impact of subsequent traffic would be minimal, but data have not been consistent. Soil compaction is caused by the high traffic intensity and weight of tractor and combines in harvest operations, especially when these operations are carried out on wet soil or with high-pressure tyres. Traffic effects on the yield of soybean and on some physical soil properties were studied over a period of 3 years. After this period, the reduction of traffic intensity from 38 to 15 Mg km⁻¹ ha⁻¹ produced an increase on the yields of 29.2% from the base year improving the incomes by US$134 ha⁻¹ besides the reduction of fuel consumption of 35.5%. With the results obtained in this work it can be assumed that traffic reduction at harvest has a good potential to increase yields and reduce soil compaction under direct sowing system on the Rolling Pampa Region, Argentina.     

灌溉和施氮对河西走廊紫花苜蓿生物量分配与 水分利用效率的影响

确定河西地区紫花苜蓿栽培草地的合理施氮量和灌溉量,对优化当地紫花苜蓿栽培草地生物量分配和提高水分利用效率具有重要意义。本研究利用田间试验研究了不同灌溉量(W1:当地灌溉量的60%;W2:当地灌溉量的80%;W3:当地灌溉量1 920 m3·hm-2)和施氮量[N1:0 kg(N)·hm-2;N2:40 kg(N)·hm-2;N3:80 kg(N)·hm-2;N4:120 kg(N)·hm-2]对2年生紫花苜蓿生物量分配特征及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:灌溉量为W2和W3时均显著增加了紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、地上生物量,及20~40 cm、40~60 cm和0~60 cm土层的根系体积、根系生物量和水分利用效率,且W2和W3的紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数和地上生物量差异不明显,说明采用当地灌溉量的80%水量时,紫花苜蓿水分利用效率最高。随着施氮量增加,紫花苜蓿单株分枝数、叶茎比、根系体积、根系生物量、地上和地下生物量比和水分利用效率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且在施氮量为80 kg(N)·hm-2时最大,说明紫花苜蓿根系发育和水分利用效率对氮的响应均存在剂量效应。在水氮互作条件下,处理W2N2或W2N3中紫花苜蓿株高、单株分枝数、根系体积和0~20 cm、20~40 cm、0~60 cm根系生物量及地上生物量与地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达到最优。结合上述分析得出在灌溉量W2和施氮N3时,紫花苜蓿地上地下生物量比值和水分利用效率达最大值,表明河西走廊紫花苜蓿栽培草地的适宜灌溉量为当地灌溉的80%,施氮量为80 kg·hm-2,此时紫花苜蓿水分利用效率和地上地下生物量比值配置最优。     

农膜残留对大豆光生理特征及生物量累积的影响

农膜覆盖技术的应用及推广极大地提高了干旱半干旱地区的农业产量,促进了当地农业发展及社会经济效益。然而,由于农膜碎片化程度高、回收难度大、降解周期长,使得残留在土壤中的农膜日益增多,严重威胁着作物生长、土壤健康以及农业可持续发展。尽管农膜残留对土壤质量影响的研究较多,但对于其种类(可降解或不可降解)及残留累积量对作物光生理特征的研究还相对较少。本试验以大豆为研究对象,对比普通聚乙烯(PE)和生物降解(BP)两种农膜(残片大小为0.5～2 cm),研究不同农膜残留累积量(土壤重量的0、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%)下大豆花期及初荚期叶片光合作用光、CO_2响应曲线特征及花期、收获期的植株生物量,探讨塑料类型及残留量对大豆光生理特征及生物量累积的影响。结果表明:PE残留导致大豆叶片光补偿点在花期降低23.96%,而初荚期升高51.38%,说明PE残留导致大豆叶片弱光利用能力在花期提升,但在初荚期被抑制。在初荚期,BP残留使光补偿点降低54.82%,且光饱合点升高58.12%,从而提高了叶片强光适应能力,增大了叶片光能利用范围。同时, PE和BP添加使暗呼吸速率分别增长30.56%和22.28%,从而导致干物质消耗增加。土壤中PE、BP残留量的增加,最大光合力分别降低36.49%和23.56%,表明大豆叶片CO_2利用能力减弱; CO_2补偿点分别降低67.96%和38.91%,从而提高了叶片低浓度CO_2的利用能力,并降低光呼吸速率,从而减少了干物质的消耗。此外,不同农膜及残留量处理下,仅在花期0.1%与0.5%残留量的BP处理中,地下生物量随农膜残留量的增加显著降低,其他各处理间地上及地下生物量无明显变化。光响应及CO_2响应曲线各拟合参数与生物量的Pearson相关性分析结果表明,收获期PE处理下,地上生物量与光补偿点呈显著负相关,而光呼吸速率、CO_2补偿点、初始羧化效率与生物量(地上+地下)的积累有较强相关性。因此,PE农膜残留量增加提高了大豆花期叶片对于弱光的利用能力而减弱初荚期对弱光的利用能力,BP农膜残留量增加则会增强初荚期叶片对弱光的利用,也对大豆叶片适应强光的能力有所提升。     

不同灌水对冬小麦农艺性状与水分利用效率的影响研究

试验研究不同灌水对 10个冬小麦品种农艺性状、产量和水分利用效率的影响结果表明 ,不同冬小麦品种对水分亏缺的响应规律基本相同 ,但品种间有一定差异 ,充分灌水处理冬小麦生物量较大且水分利用效率较低 ,而灌 2水 (拔节～抽穗水 )处理效果较佳 ,其中“6 36 5”抗旱性能和产量潜力最佳 ,水分利用效率也较高。     

再生水灌溉对玉米与大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响

相同灌溉条件下,作物生长及水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)会因灌溉水质的不同而存在差异。本研究采用盆栽实验方法,以清水灌溉为对照,比较了北京市高碑店污水处理厂的2级再生水、3级再生水对玉米(Zea maysL.)和大豆(Glycine maxesL.)生长及WUE的影响。结果表明:2级再生水对玉米苗期生长有一定影响,3级再生水对玉米苗期生长有一定促进作用;2级和3级再生水对玉米拔节期和收获期生长影响不显著或有所促进;再生水灌溉对玉米苗期WUE有一定影响,自拔节期开始影响降低并表现出一定的促进作用。2级和3级再生水可促进大豆苗期和花荚期的生长,对收获期的生长影响不显著;再生水灌溉对大豆苗期WUE有一定促进作用,花荚期开始促进作用减弱。总体而言,玉米苗期灌溉2级再生水对其生长和WUE有一定影响,拔节期后灌溉则促进玉米生长和提高WUE;3级再生水灌溉有利于玉米生长,提高WUE;大豆各个生育期灌溉2级或3级再生水都可促进生长,对WUE影响不大。     

深松条件下不同地表覆盖对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

水分不足是限制旱区作物生长的主要因素,覆盖耕作能够改善土壤的微环境,从而显著提高作物的产量和水分利用效率。为探讨深松结合地表覆盖对土壤物理性状、马铃薯生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,2013-2015年在宁南旱区采用深松覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖地膜、深松不覆盖3种覆盖耕作模式,以传统耕作不覆盖为对照,对土壤体积质量、团聚体、水分、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松结合地表覆盖可有效降低耕层土壤体积质量,改善土壤孔隙状况,以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,深松覆盖秸秆处理0~40 cm平均土壤体积质量较传统耕作降低17.1%。与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖地膜和深松覆盖秸秆处理可使0~40 cm土层0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量显著增加30.7%和17.4%。深松结合不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,深松覆盖地膜对作物生育前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,深松覆盖秸秆对生育中后期土壤水分状况的改善效果最佳。深松结合不同覆盖方式下马铃薯植株株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于传统耕作。作物生育前期以深松覆盖地膜处理效果最佳,中后期以深松覆盖秸秆处理促进作用明显。深松结合地表覆盖能明显提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,深松覆秸秆处理的马铃薯产量、商品薯率和水分利用效率分别较传统耕作处理平均提高37.3%、93.3%和41.2%。通过两年试验研究,在宁南旱区采用深松结合地表覆盖措施具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,对马铃薯生长有利,以深松覆盖秸秆处理的增产和提高水分利用效率效果最为显著。     

伤根对春小麦光合特性及水分利用效率的影响研究

盆栽春小麦伤根处理试验结果表明 ,苗期春小麦伤根适度处理可提高叶片光合速率及水分利用效率 ,促进光合产物积累 ,增加春小麦产量。拔节期春小麦伤根处理则抑制春小麦生长 ,降低其产量。     

单作和间作对玉米和大豆群体辐射利用率 及产量的影响

通过两个生长季(2006～2007年)的大田试验,研究了1:3和2:3两种问作模式及单作种植对玉米和大豆群体辐射截获与利用以及产量的影响.结果表明,单作玉米、单作大豆、1:3间作和2:3间作的消光系数分别为0.45、0.60、0.53和0.52.播后第79 d前,间作和单作玉米的干物质量间差异不显著;此后,1:3同作玉米的干物质量极显著高于单作玉米,1:3和2:3间作模式之间玉米干物质量的差异显著;观测期内,大豆干物质量单作和问作间差异显著.玉米/大豆1:3间作群体的辐射利用率(3.51 g·MS-1)和2:3间作群体的辐射利用率(3.49g·MJ-1)约为单作大豆辐射利用率(1.24g·MJ-1)的2.8倍.但略低于单作玉米(3.56g·MJ-).虽然单作玉米和大豆的籽粒产量均高于间作群体内玉米和大豆的籽粒产量,但间作群体的总产量分别比单作玉米和大豆的产量高约6.0%和320%;间作种植收入比单作玉米高56%～60%.比单作大豆高70%～74%.本研究表明,间作种植能够通过更有效地利用光能来增加作物产量,进而提高农民收入.     

干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根对大豆抗氧化代谢及根围微生物的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)可促进作物营养吸收和提高抗逆性,成为寄主抵御干旱胁迫的有效途径。为探明AMF提高大豆抗旱性的机制,以‘桂春豆103’为材料接种幼套近明囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum,简写为C.e),研究干旱条件下C.e对田间大豆叶抗氧化酶及根围土中C/N/P循环相关酶活性等的影响,并用变性梯度凝胶电泳等方法探索土壤微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:干旱处理前,接种C.e(+AM)处理大豆SOD、POD活性及游离脯氨酸(FP)含量,磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及物种多样性、丰富度和群落均匀度指数,大豆生物量和株高均显著高于(-AM)处理(P0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P0.05)。干旱(D)处理后,+AM+D处理的上述各项指标,除MDA含量比-AM+D或+AM处理分别显著降低或升高(P0.05),FP含量比两处理显著提高(P0.05)外,其余指标值及细菌和真菌r DNA条带数均比-AM+D处理显著升高,比+AM处理显著下降(P0.05)。-AM+D与-AM处理的细菌和真菌群落均分别聚类于两不同分支,+AM与+AM+D处理聚于同一分支。可见,+AM+D处理能显著促进大豆抗氧化酶系统活性,维持较强的活性氧清除和渗透调节能力,缓解干旱对土壤酶活性的抑制,保持较高的细胞膜稳定性、土壤微生物数量和群落多样性,有利于C/N/P循环转化,提高抗旱性,最终促进大豆生长。本研究可为促进农业生态系统可持续发展奠定基础。     

不同水分和施氮量对催吐萝芙木光合特性和生长的影响

在西双版纳干季, 田间试验探讨了水分胁迫下施氮量[不施氮、低量施氮(1.25 g·株^-1)、高量施氮(3.75 g·株^-1)]对两年生催吐萝芙木(Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel.)生长和光合的影响。结果表明: 水分胁迫显著降低了催吐萝芙木叶片相对含水量(LRWC), 但LRWC仍在85%以上, 属于低度水分胁迫, 其最大净光合速率、气孔导度、比叶面积、茎重比以及株高、基径和生物量的相对生长速率均较无水分胁迫时低。水分胁迫下, 低量施氮可使最大净光合速率、蒸腾速率、根重比升高, 使株高、基径和生物量的相对生长速率增加, 从而明显增加最终根产量; 而高量施氮则会增加幼树对干旱的敏感性, 加重干旱对催吐萝芙木光合和生长的抑制作用。水分与施氮量交互作用对催吐萝芙木叶片相对含水量、最大净光合速率、水分利用效率、比叶面积和根重比的影响显著, 表明施氮量对其影响视水分胁迫状况而不同。因此, 为获得催吐萝芙木最大根产量, 应在干季收获期前少量施用氮肥。     

不同施氮水平对返青期水分胁迫下冬油菜 补偿效应的影响

为确定甘蓝型冬油菜在返青期水分胁迫条件下的适宜施氮量及其对水分胁迫的补偿效应,本文采用桶栽试验方法,在返青期设置每桶施纯氮0 g(N0)、0.2 g(N1)、0.4 g(N2)、0.6 g(N3)和0.8 g(N4)5个施氮水平(折合为0 kg·hm~(-2)、30 kg·hm~(-2)、60 kg·hm~(-2)、90 kg·hm~(-2)、120 kg·hm~(-2))及水分亏缺(D,土壤含水率为50%~55%田间持水率)和充分供水(W,土壤含水率为70%~80%田间持水率),研究施氮量对返青期水分胁迫后复水冬油菜生长指标、叶绿素含量、光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的补偿效应,并对不同处理下各指标利用主成分分析进行评价。结果表明,在相同水分条件下,地上部干物质量、叶绿素含量、光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率均随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,并在N3达到最大。返青期干旱胁迫后复水,各施氮处理冬油菜的地上部干物质量、叶绿素含量、光合速率、产量及产量构成均表现出一定程度的补偿效应,补偿效果随施氮量的增加先增加后降低,在N3施氮量下补偿效果最好。在N3施氮水平下,D处理冬油菜的各生长指标、叶绿素含量和籽粒产量均与W处理无显著差异,表现为等效补偿效果;而D处理冬油菜初花期的光合速率显著大于W处理,表现为超补偿效果。N3D处理的产量比N3W处理降低2.2%,水分利用效率提高3.8%。氮肥偏生产力和油菜籽粒的含油率均随施氮量的增加而降低;油菜籽粒的蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加而增加。与N0相比,2种水分处理下N3的平均氮肥偏生产力降低6.2%,籽粒含油率降低13.0%,但产量提高87.6%,水分利用效率提高32.9%,籽粒的蛋白质含量提高24.6%。对各指标进行主成分分析发现,N3D处理的主成分分析综合得分最高。由此可见,N3D处理对促进冬油菜生长,提高产量和水分利用效率,保证品质的综合效果最好。     

Remobilization efficiency and photosynthetic characteristics of five barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress

Drought is an important limiting factor which can cause major loss in barley productivity. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation regimes on assimilate remobilization and photosynthetic characteristics of five barley cultivars in 2012 and 2013. There were four levels of irrigation including well-watered [soil moisture content in root depth kept at 100% field capacity (FC)], mild drought (75% FC), severe drought (50% FC), and very severe drought (25% FC). Results showed that Karoon and Valfajr cultivars had the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_n) ranged from 16.3 to 19.3 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 under very severe drought. Stomatal conductance (gs) was affected by drought so that Karoon and Valfajr had the lowest gs under severe and very severe drought. By improving the drought, remobilization efficiency in Karoon and Valfajr increased from 18.3% in well-watered to 54.1% under severe drought. In both years under severe and very severe drought, maximum 1000-grain weight and grain yield was obtained in Valfajr and Karoon. Overall, in arid areas, applying suitable irrigation regimes such as mild or severe drought can control soil drying, so that suitable cultivars such as Karoon and Valfajr can rehydrate overnight, and yield might not be inhibited severely.     

水分调控对冬小麦同化物分配与水分利用效率的影响研究

试验研究 12个灌溉组合方式对冬小麦干物质积累与分配、产量和水分利用效率的影响结果表明 ,地面灌水条件下不同处理的地上部干物质积累量由高至低依次为田间持水量 65%的处理 >50 %的处理 >80 %的处理 ;地下 3 0cm、50cm和 10 0cm灌水条件下田间持水量 80 %的处理 >65%的处理 >50 %的处理。产量以地下 3 0cm灌水× 80 %田间持水量处理最高 ,为 6512 .4kg/hm2 ,地下 50cm灌水× 50 %田间持水量处理产量最低 ,为3 568.1kg/hm2 。保持相同田间持水量的灌水处理 ,随灌溉深度的增加其作物水分利用效率呈增大趋势。地下3 0cm灌水× 80 %田间持水量处理和地下 3 0cm灌水× 65%田间持水量处理是较合理的节水灌溉组合方式     

我国北方多沙粗沙区常见树种水分利用效率的研究

采用Li-6400光合作用系统测定北方多沙粗沙区不同光强条件下常见树种水分利用效率和蒸腾效率结果表明,6个树种水分利用效率依次为刺槐>山楂>杨树>柳树>榆树>核桃,2种灌木沙柳水分利用效率高于柠条,但其蒸腾速率却小于柠条,在半旱区水分竞争力强于柠条。