Biosynthesis and catabolism of caffeine in low-caffeine-containing species of Coffea.

Leaves of Coffea salvatrix, Coffea eugenioides, and C. bengalensis contain approximately 3-7-fold lower levels of caffeine than those of Coffea arabica. There was more extensive biosynthesis of caffeine from [8-(14)C]adenine in young leaves of C. arabica than in C. salvatrix, C. eugenioides, and C. bengalensis. Degradation of [8-(14)C]caffeine, which is negligible in leaves of C. arabica, was also very slow in C.salvatrix and C. bengalensis. In contrast, [8-(14)C]caffeine was catabolized rapidly by young and mature leaves of C. eugenioides primarily by a caffeine --> theophylline --> 3-methylxanthine --> xanthine --> uric acid --> allantoin --> allantoic acid --> urea --> CO(2) + NH(3) pathway. These results indicate that the low caffeine accumulation in C. salvatrix, C. eugenioides, and C. bengalensis is a consequence of a slow rate of caffeine biosynthesis, whereas rapid degradation of caffeine also contributes to the low endogenous caffeine pool in C. eugenioides. The genes that regulate caffeine accumulation appear to be those encoding N-methyltransferase and caffeine (7-N) demethylase activities. The diversity of caffeine catabolism observed in C. arabica, C. salvatrix, C. eugenioides, and C. bengalensis, other species of Coffea, and Camellia sinensis is discussed.     

热处理对冷藏枇杷木质化及相关酶活性的影响

为阐明热处理对冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的影响及其机理,该研究先将枇杷果实用38℃热空气处理5 h,然后在(1±1)℃下贮藏35 d,并每隔7 d测定果实硬度、出汁率、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）等木质化相关酶活性及果胶和木质素含量的变化。结果表明,热处理可以有效控制果实硬度的上升和出汁率的下降,抑制PAL、POD和PPO活性的上升及PG活性的下降,减少原果胶和木质素的积累,保持较高的水溶性果胶含量,从而减轻冷藏枇杷果实的木质化症状,保持较好的食用品质。这些结果表明,热处理减轻冷藏枇杷果实木质化败坏的机理与其抑制木质素的合成和促进果胶物质的降解有关。     

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities in tomato fruits

The effects of soil and foliar phosphorus supplementation on the activities and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in tomato fruits were evaluated by determining enzyme activities and isoenzyme analysis. Both protein levels and enzyme activities varied depending on the variety and season. In general, phosphorus supplementation did not alter SOD, POX, and APX activities significantly;however, some treatments showed season- and stage-specific enhancement in activities as noticed with hydrophos and seniphos supplementation. Three different SOD isozymes were observed, and these isozymes showed very similar staining intensities in response to P application and during the three developmental stages studied. Two major isozymes of POX and two different APX isozymes were observed at all the developmental stages. The results suggest that antioxidant enzyme activities may be influenced by the availability of phosphorus, but are subject to considerable variation depending on the developmental stage and the season.     

氮及相关的酶活性对小麦根际施肥的反应

In the present experiment,wheat seedlings(Trticucum aestivum L.)were grown on a purple soil with various fertilizer treatments in order to investigate the responses of nitrogen and related enzyme activities in the rhizosphere,The results revealed the increments of both organic matter and total N in the soil with the proximity to the growing roots,especially in treatment of supplying pig manure in combination with chemical fertilizer,suggesting that they could ome from root and microorganism exudation which could be intensified by inorganic-organic fertiliztion,being of benefit to improving the physical and bilogical envi-ronment in the rhizosphere of wheat.Much more inorganic N was observed in the fertilized soils surrounding wheat roots than in the CK treatment ,indicating ,the improvement of crop N supply in the rhizosphere of wheat by fertilization. The activities of invertase,urease and protease in the root zone were greatly enhanced as compared to those in the other parts of soil except that the urease activities were similar in the rhizospher and nonrhi-zosphere of the CK and pig manure treatments,indicating that invertase and protese could be produced by growing roots and rhizosphere microorganisms,in contrast to urease which could be stimulated by urea,Also,significant increment of chemical fertilizer combined with pig manure,suggested that fertilization not only accelerated the renewal of organic matter bu also enhanced bioavailability of organic N in that soil zone .This could be the reason why the total amount of inorganic N available for plants was increased more obviously in the rhizosphere of wheat of the fertilizaton treatments than in taht of the CK treatment.     

低磷胁迫对番茄叶片膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

许多土壤全磷量很高,但植物可吸收的有效磷却很低,因此作物表现缺磷.番茄是对缺磷敏感的作物,缺磷时,植株矮小,产量品质下降.目前,植物在逆境条件下的膜脂过氧化反应和保护酶系统超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化己广泛用于植物对逆境机理的研究[1].     

Distribution of carbohydrates and related enzyme activities in yacon (polymnia sonchifolia)

Abstract

Yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia) plants originating from Andean highlands are known to accumulate a large amount of oligofructans in their tubers and tuberous roots (Ohyama et al. 1990; Asami et al. 1992). Asami et al. (1992) have reported that tubers and tuberous roots which were harvested in late fall contained about 57 and 66% respectively (on a dry matter basis) of oligofructans. However, the tubers, tuberous roots and shoots of the yacon contained only a small amount of starch and inulin. The tuberous roots of yacon which resemble those of sweet potato in appearance are usually eaten raw and are expected to become commercially valuable as a source of oligofructans.     

铅对两个红壤中酶活性的影响

Enzyme activities have the potential to indicate biological functioning of soils. In this study, soil urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and invertase activities and fluorescein diacetate（FDA） hydrolysis were measured in two red soils spiked with Pb^2＋ ranging from 0 to 2 400 mg kg^-1 to relate the enzyme activity values to both plant growth and the levels of available and total Pb^2＋ concentrations in soils, and to examine the potential use of soil enzymes to assess the degrees of Pb contamination. Soil samples were taken for enzyme activities assaying during 3 month’s incubation and then after planting of celery（Apium graveolens L.） and Chinese cabbage（Brassica chinensis L.）. Enzyme activities in the red soil derived from arenaceous rock（RAR） were generally lower than those in the red soil developed on Quaternary red earths（REQ）. At high Pb^2＋ loadings, in both incubation and greenhouse studies, urease activity and FDA hydrolysis were significantly inhibited. But there were no significant relationships between soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase or invertase activity and soil Pb^2＋ loadings in both RAR and REQ soils. The growth of celery and Chinese cabbage increased soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis, but had minimal effect on dehydrogenase and invertase activities. There were positive correlations between celery biomass and soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that urease activity and FDA hydrolysis are more sensitive to Pb^2＋ than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase activities in the RAR and REQ soils.     

含枯草芽孢杆菌肥料对大豆叶片光合作用及土壤酶活性的影响

为了减少大豆生产过程中化肥的施用量及对黑土地的保护,开展大豆田间试验,分别施用大豆专用复合肥(CK)、枯草芽孢杆菌+氨基酸型有机肥(T1)、枯草芽孢杆菌+黄腐酸钾肥(T2)、枯草芽孢杆菌+海藻精粉颗粒肥(T3)、枯草芽孢杆菌秸秆腐熟有机肥(T4)、枯草芽孢杆菌鸡粪腐熟有机肥(T5),综合评价各种肥料对大豆光合作用和土壤...     

氟磺胺草醚对大豆根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响及其在根际的降解

【目的】 本研究旨在探讨不同浓度氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的微生态效应,及其在根际土壤中的降解动态,为进一步研究除草剂的残留污染提供科学依据。 【方法】 以中黄13号大豆为材料,采用根箱进行了模拟栽培试验。设施用氟磺胺草醚3.75 mg/kg (低)、7.5 mg/kg (中)、18.75 mg/kg (高) 3个水平,以不添加氟磺胺草醚处理为对照,调查了大豆根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,分析了根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶4种酶活性,以及氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的降解规律。 【结果】 低浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤细菌数量显著低于对照根际土壤 (P < 0.05),高浓度氟磺胺草醚处理在28 d时显著高于对照 ( P < 0.05);中浓度氟磺胺草醚处理与对照没有显著性差异。不同浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤真菌和放线菌数量与对照差异不显著。氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性与对照没有显著差异;磷酸酶活性在取样初期略有降低;低浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的土壤脲酶活性显著降低,中浓度和高浓度处理对脲酶活性表现为先刺激后抑制;高浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的蔗糖酶活性在42 d和56 d时显著低于对照。高浓度氟磺胺草醚降解速率明显高于低浓度和中浓度,并且在试验初期降解迅速;3种浓度氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期由低浓度到高浓度逐渐变短。 【结论】 3种浓度氟磺胺草醚总体上降低大豆根际土壤中细菌的数量,而对大豆根际土壤真菌和放线菌的数量均没有显著影响。氟磺胺草醚对大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有显著影响,在短期内对磷酸酶活性有一定程度的抑制作用,低浓度氟磺胺草醚可以显著降低大豆根际土壤脲酶活性,而高浓度氟磺胺草醚在试验后期可以显著抑制大豆根际土壤蔗糖酶活性。大豆根际土壤中氟磺胺草醚初始浓度越高,降解速率越快,半衰期越短。      

钾素对食用型甘薯糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨钾素提高甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础。选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置不同施钾处理,于2009～2010年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。采用甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样的方法,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性。结果表明,与对照比较,施用钾肥能显著提高块根产量、可溶性糖及各糖组分含量,其中K2O用量为24 g/m2处理增幅最大,为最适用量。进一步研究发现,适宜供钾处理显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为10.31%和34.13%,同时提高了块根中蔗糖合成酶、不溶性酸性转化酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅为16.47%和3.66%,在提高源端光合产物供应的同时促进蔗糖在库端的卸载,促进块根中淀粉和可溶性糖的积累;适宜供钾处理还提高了块根中-和-淀粉酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅分别为26.06%和14.64%,促进淀粉向可溶性糖转化。此外,适宜供钾处理还显著提高了生长前期和后期块根中可溶性酸性转化酶活性、以及生长后期块根中蔗糖-蔗糖果糖基转移酶活性,促进了葡萄糖、果糖和果聚糖在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量分别提高了13.52%和3.02%。即钾肥能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、促进块根对蔗糖的吸收、促进淀粉水解,是其提高块根可溶性糖含量的生理原因。     

几种杀虫剂胁迫对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和相关生理指标的影响

明确杀虫剂多次施用后对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性和相关生理指标的影响,对指导黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)合理用药具有重要作用。本研究以室内盆栽的黄瓜幼苗为试材,研究了几种常用化学杀虫剂吡虫啉、啶虫脒、溴氰菊酯及生物杀虫剂玫烟色棒束孢对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)及丙二醛MDA、脯氨酸和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:不同杀虫剂对黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性及相关生理指标的影响不同。当供试3种化学杀虫剂胁迫黄瓜幼苗2 d时,其体内SOD、POD、CAT活性与对照无显著差异;当胁迫时间延长到4 d时,溴氰菊酯和啶虫脒处理的黄瓜幼苗体内3种抗氧化酶活均明显升高且与对照差异显著;当胁迫时间延长到6 d时,3种化学杀虫剂均造成黄瓜幼苗体内SOD、POD活性升高且与对照差异显著,其中溴氰菊酯影响较吡虫啉和啶虫咪严重;胁迫8~10 d后,各处理黄瓜幼苗体内3种抗氧化酶活性均开始下降或恢复正常。同时,3种化学杀虫剂胁迫黄瓜幼苗4~8 d时,MDA和脯氨酸含量升高并与对照差异显著;胁迫10 d时,啶虫咪和溴氰菊酯胁迫的黄瓜幼苗MDA含量仍显著高于对照,而脯氨酸含量开始下降并趋于正常。此外,3种化学杀虫剂胁迫黄瓜幼苗2~8 d时均造成其蛋白质含量的降低,而生物杀虫剂玫烟色棒束孢胁迫对黄瓜幼苗SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA、脯氨酸和蛋白质含量均没有显著影响。可见生物杀虫剂玫烟色棒束孢较3种化学杀虫剂对黄瓜幼苗安全,黄瓜幼苗受化学杀虫剂胁迫后需要一个过程才能修复杀虫剂对其自身造成的伤害。     

硅对短期低温胁迫小麦叶片光合作用及其主要相关酶的影响

采用溶液培养试验,以抗寒性不同的两个小麦品种:临麦2号（高抗）和扬麦158号（低抗）为材料,研究短期低温胁迫下,加硅处理（Si 1.0 mmol/L）对小麦叶片光合作用生理参数（净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度和水分利用效率）及其主要酶 RuBPCase和PEPCase的影响。结果表明,在短期低温胁迫下,加硅处理显著提高了小麦叶片的净光合速率,气孔导度和水分利用效率。短期低温胁迫下,两小麦品种叶片RuBPCase活性显著降低,低抗品种降低幅度更大;但加硅处理后,低抗品种RuBPCase活性显著比不加硅处理高,且与无低温处理的对照没有显著差异。硅对低抗品种扬麦158缓解低温胁迫的效果要明显高于高抗品种临麦2号。硅能显著提高低温胁迫下小麦净光合速率与硅提高小麦叶片RuBPCase活性密切相关。短期低温胁迫使小麦PEPCase活力升高,加硅处理可以抑制低抗品种中PEP羧化酶的升高;但PEPCase活力在低温胁迫条件下上升的机理有待于进一步研究。     

Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves

An isocratic HPLC procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and six catechins in tea samples. When 31 commercial teas extracted by boiling water or 75% ethanol were analyzed by HPLC, the levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), and total catechins in teas were in the order green tea (old leaves) > green tea (young leaves) and oolong tea > black tea and pu-erh tea. Tea samples extracted by 75% ethanol could yield higher levels of EGCG and total catechins. The contents of caffeine and catechins also have been measured in fresh tea leaves from the Tea Experiment Station in Wen-Shan or Taitung; the old tea leaves contain less caffeine but more EGCG and total catechins than young ones. To compare caffeine and catechins in the same tea but manufactured by different fermentation processes, the level of caffeine in different manufactured teas was in the order black tea > oolong tea > green tea > fresh tea leaf, but the levels of EGCG and total catechins were in the order green tea > oolong tea > fresh tea leaf > black tea. In addition, six commercial tea extracts were used to test the biological functions including hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide suppressing, and apoptotic effects. The pu-erh tea extracts protected the plasmid DNA from damage by the Fenton reaction as well as the control at a concentration of 100 microg/mL. The nitric oxide suppressing effect of tea extracts was in the order pu-erh tea >/= black tea > green tea > oolong tea. The induction of apoptosis by tea extract has been demonstrated by DNA fragmentation ladder and flow cytometry. It appeared that the ability of tea extracts to induce HL-60 cells apoptosis was in the order green tea > oolong > black tea > pu-erh tea. All tea extracts extracted by 75% ethanol have stronger biological functions than those extracted by boiling water.     

Micronutrients in the fruits and leaves of irrigated and non-irrigated coffee plants

The growing requirement for micronutrients by increasingly more productive Robusta coffee genotypes and for the expansion of coffee plantations into low fertility soils has led to the need for better understanding of the micronutrient dynamics in Robusta coffee plants. The aim of the present study was to investigate micronutrient concentrations and their accumulation from flowering to fruit ripening, as well as micronutrient leaf concentrations throughout the year, in irrigated and non-irrigated Coffea canephora plants. Three-year-old Robusta coffee plants of genotype 02 were used. The fruit micronutrient accumulation curves for irrigated and non-irrigated Robusta coffee plants were best fitted by sigmoid functions. Irrigation resulted in higher micronutrient accumulation in fruits. Iron and boron were the micronutrients found in the highest amounts in fruits and leaves.     

Effects of tree species and N additions on forest floor microbial communities and extracellular enzyme activities

Forest nitrogen (N) retention and soil carbon (C) storage are influenced by tree species and their associated soil microbial communities. As global change factors alter forest composition, predicting long-term C and N dynamics will require understanding microbial community structure and function at the tree species level. Because atmospheric N deposition is increasing N inputs to forested ecosystems across the globe, including the northeastern US, it is also important to understand how microbial communities respond to added N. While prior studies have examined these topics in mixed-species stands, we focused on the responses of different tree species and their associated microbial communities within a single forest type - a northern hardwood forest in the Catskills Mountains, NY. Based on prior studies, we hypothesized that N additions would stimulate extracellular enzyme activities in relatively labile litters, but suppress oxidative enzyme activities in recalcitrant litters, and tested for independent tree species effects within this context. During the 2007 growing season (May-June), we measured enzyme activities and microbial community composition (using phospholipid fatty acid analysis - PLFA) of the forest floor in single-species plots dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), red oak (Quercus rubra), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), species whose litters range from relatively labile to recalcitrant. Half the plots were fertilized with N by adding NH₄NO₃ (50 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) from 1997 to 2009. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) were used to examine microbial community structure and relationship to enzyme activities.We found that in response to N additions, both microbial community composition and enzyme activities changed; however the strength of the changes were tree species-specific and the direction of these changes was and not readily predictable from prior studies conducted in mixed-species stands. For example, in contrast to other studies, we found that N additions caused a significant overall increase in fungal biomass that was strongest for yellow birch (24% increase) and weakest for sugar maple (1% increase). Contrary to our initial hypotheses and current conceptual models, N additions reduced hydrolytic enzyme activities in hemlock plots and reduced oxidative enzyme activity in birch plots, a species with relatively labile litter. These responses suggest that our understanding of the interactions between microbial community composition, enzyme activity, substrate chemistry, and nutrient availability as influenced by tree species composition is incomplete. NMS ordination showed that patterns in microbial community structure (PLFA) and function (enzyme activity) were more strongly influenced by tree species than by fertilization, and only partially agreed with the structure-function relationships found in other studies. This finding suggests that tree species-specific responses are likely to be important in determining the structure and function of northeastern hardwood forests in the future. Enhanced understanding of microbial responses to added N in single and mixed-species substrates with varying amounts of lignin and phenols may be needed for accurate predictions of future soil C and N dynamics.     

Partial characterization of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in blackberry fruits

A partial characterization of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in blackberry fruits is described. Two cultivars of blackberry (Wild and Thornless) were analyzed for POD and PPO activities. Stable and highly active POD and PPO extracts were obtained using insoluble poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and Triton X-100 in 0.05 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.5, buffer. Blackberry POD and PPO activities have a pH optimum of 6.5, in a reaction mixture of 0.2 M sodium phosphate. Optimal POD activity was found with 3% o-dianisidine. Maximum PPO activity was found with catechol (catecholase activity) followed by 4-methylcatechol. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of blackberry extracts under non-denaturing conditions resolved in various bands. In the POD extracts of Wild fruits, there was only one band with a mobility of 0.12. In the Thornless POD extracts there were three well-resolved bands, with R(f) values of 0.63, 0.36, and 0.09. Both the Wild and Thornless blackberry cultivars produced a single band of PPO, with R(f) values of 0.1 for Wild and 0.06 for Thornless.     

Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from reddened cv. Annurca apple fruits

Forty-three secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized from cv. Annurca apple fruit, an apple variety cultivated in the south of Italy. This apple cultivar undergoes a typical reddening treatment after collection. All of the compounds were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The compounds were tested for their radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities by measuring their capacity to scavenge DPPH* (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), H2O2, and NO (nitric oxide) and to inhibit the formation of methyl linoleate conjugated diene hydroperoxides or TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive species).     

两个品种玉米根际土壤微生物和酶活性对水分胁迫的响应

利用双因素随机试验研究在玉米3个生育期(大喇叭口期、灌浆期和成熟期)水分胁迫对2个品种玉米根际土中微生物的丰度、多样性、群落结构及酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶)的影响。试验设4个处理,即在水分胁迫和正常供水下分别种植2个玉米品种(“郑单958”和“农华101”)。结果表明:水分胁迫显著抑制了3个生育期根际土中革兰氏阴性细菌和丛枝菌根真菌的丰度以及成熟期的普通细菌和革兰氏阳性细菌丰度,并提高了微生物的均匀度,使群落结构发生明显改变。水分胁迫显著降低了灌浆期根际土中脱氢酶活性、成熟期的碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性;显著提高了成熟期的蔗糖酶活性。灌浆期,“农华101”比“郑单958”根际土中丛枝菌根真菌丰度和脱氢酶活性高,但其微生物多样性和均匀度却较低。水分与品种的交互作用仅对灌浆期根际土中放线菌丰度、灌浆期和成熟期的丛枝菌根真菌丰度和3个生育期的微生物群落结构有显著影响。     

紫外线降解水果中农药残留设备的设计与试验

为探讨高效降解水果中农药残留的方法,设计了紫外线降解农药残留的设备,利用紫外线照射水果表面,使水果中的农药残留发生降解。同时以乔纳金苹果和砀山酥梨为试验材料,研究了该设备的使用效果情况。研究结果表明：用波长为253.7 nm,有效强度为2243 μW/cm2的紫外光分别照射农药残留超标的苹果和梨3、2、1、0.5 min, 与未经照射的对照组相比,经处理的水果农药残留均大幅度下降;综合来看处理1 min的效果较好。苹果和梨处理1 min后残留乐果的降解率分别是57.40%、60.12%;残留氰戊菊酯的降解率分别是42.23%、41.25%;处理后的苹果和梨中的农药残留均远低于国家标准。     

施磷对小麦旗叶氮代谢关键酶活性和子粒蛋白质含量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以强筋品种济麦20和弱筋品种山农1391为材料,研究了不同施磷水平对2类型品种小麦旗叶氮代谢关键酶活性和子粒蛋白质积累的效应。结果表明,在P2O5 0～135 kg /hm2范围内,施磷明显提高济麦20灌浆前期旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性;但却降低山农1391旗叶NR、GS活性。强筋品种济麦20在灌浆中、后期旗叶内肽酶（EP）、羧肽酶（CP）活性和蛋白质含量因施磷而提高;而弱筋品种山农1391的EP、CP活性和子粒蛋白质含量则降低。施磷使济麦20子粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量提高,球蛋白含量有所降低;但弱筋品种山农1391子粒球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量因施磷而降低,清蛋白含量未见显著变化。说明小麦施磷应考虑不同品质类型品种氮代谢及子粒蛋白质含量对施磷的反应。