不同抗生素在肉鸡饲料中应用效果的比较研究

试验选用600只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂不含抗生素的基础日粮,Ⅱ~Ⅴ组在基础日粮中分别添加10 mg/kg恩拉霉素、2.5 mg/kg那西肽、20 mg/kg杆菌肽锌和硫酸黏杆菌素预混剂、50 mg/kg金霉素。结果显示,添加不同抗生素肉鸡平均日增重均有所提高,且Ⅳ、Ⅴ组料重比有所降低;42日龄时,Ⅳ组脾脏和胸腺器官指数和Ⅴ组胸腺指数降低(P0.05);Ⅴ组血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量高于第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P0.05);Ⅳ、Ⅴ组21日龄血清IgG含量高于对照组(P0.05)。上述结果表明,在本试验条件下杆菌肽锌和硫酸黏杆菌素预混剂及金霉素在肉鸡饲料中的应用效果较好。     

饲用抗生素对肉用仔鸡促生长作用的研究

选用爱维因肉鸡９６０只，分为８组，第１组为对照组，不添加任何抗生素，第２组至第８组为试验组，添加抗生素的种类分别为杆菌肽锌、速大肥、金霉素、喹乙醇、泰乐菌素、洛克沙生、北里霉素。试验期４２天，分二阶段（１～２１日龄、２２～４２日龄），通过研究抗生素对肉鸡生长性能的影响来筛选肉鸡用最佳抗生素种类。结果表明：在１～２１日龄使用抗生素对肉鸡的促生长作用优于２２～４２日龄，且速大肥和喹乙醇的促生长作用优于其它组，分别提高肉鸡的日增量５．５３％、４．９８％，降低料肉比均为１．７６％。     

抗生素轮换对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

试验初步研究了两种抗生素添加剂轮换使用对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。试验设计,选用0日龄肉仔鸡810只,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复90只,试验期48d。测试用抗生素为金霉素和杆菌肽锌。试验结果表明,在48日龄时,轮换组比金霉素组和杆菌肽锌组料肉比分别提高0.17和0.13,差异极显著(P<0.01);只均重分别比金霉素组和杆菌肽锌组降低110g和67g,差异不显著(P>0.05);只均耗料量分别比金霉素组和杆菌肽锌组高277g和203g,差异不显著(P>0.05);只均日增重分别比金霉素组和杆菌肽锌组降低2.30g和1.38g,差异不显著(P>0.05);总重分别比金霉素组和杆菌肽锌组降低35kg和5kg,总耗料量分别比金霉素组和杆菌肽锌组高34kg和43kg。毛利比金霉素组低254.64元,比杆菌肽锌组低195.88元,对死亡率无明显影响。     

益生素对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选用240只AA肉仔鸡,随机分成4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加杆菌肽锌(20mg/kg)、2%和3%的益生素,比较试验鸡的生产性能。结果表明:日粮中添加2%和3%的益生素可显著提高肉鸡的日增重、饲料效率、成活率、屠宰率(<0.05);益生素可替代抗生素杆菌肽锌提高肉鸡生产性能。     

复方中草药饲料添加剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本试验选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡225只,随机分成5组,分别为基础日粮组、中草药0.09%、0.12%、0.15%添加水平组、杆菌肽锌组,每组设3个重复,每个重复15只鸡,饲养时间为42d,本试验以基础日粮组和杆菌肽锌组为对照,研究该复方中草药添加剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响及其替代抗生素的可行性。结果表明,中草药组与基础日粮组相比,终末平均体重、日增重、采食量、料肉比和死淘率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）,除料肉比稍高于基础日粮组外,其他指标均优于基础日粮组,以0.12%添加水平效果最好;中草药组与杆菌肽锌组相比,各项生产性能指标差异也不显著（P〉0.05）,这说明中草药添加剂在肉鸡日粮中可以替代杆菌肽锌。     

日粮中添加大蒜粉对肉仔鸡生产性能和肉质的影响

选用240只长沙黄肉鸡,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加杆菌肽锌(20mg/kg)、1.5%和2%的大蒜粉,比较试验鸡的生产性能和肉质.研究结果表明:①日粮中添加1.5%和2.0%的大蒜粉可显著提高肉鸡的日增重、饲料效率和成活率(P＜0.05)及改善肉鸡的屠宰率和肉品质.②大蒜粉可替代抗生素杆菌肽锌对肉鸡起促生长和提高饲料效率的作用.     

复合微生态制剂、饲用抗生素对肉鸡生长性能、肠道菌群数量和免疫性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合微生态制剂及饲用抗生素对肉鸡生长性能、肠道菌群数量和免疫性能的影响。选择体重接近、健康的600只1日龄白羽肉雏鸡随机分成5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组为肽菌素T3组,在基础日粮中添加1.0‰的复合微生态制剂肽菌素T3;Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组为抗生素组,分别在基础日粮中添加20 g/t硫酸黏杆菌素、50 g/t杆菌肽锌及50 g/t杆菌肽锌和10 g/t硫酸黏杆菌素混合物。预试期3 d,正试期35 d。结果表明,与Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组相比,肽菌素T3组肉鸡各阶段平均日增重（ADG）、盲肠和直肠乳酸杆菌数量显著增高（P<0.05）,料重比（F/G）、盲肠和直肠大肠杆菌数量显著降低（P<0.05）;脾脏指数分别提高27.44%、40.27%、29.01%和29.81%（P<0.05）,法氏囊指数分别提高12.82%、37.50%、33.33%和38.95%（P<0.05）。肽菌素T3组肉鸡血清内毒素含量低于Ⅰ组（P>0.05）和Ⅲ组（降低24.77%,P<0.05）。与Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组相比,肽菌素T3组盲肠内容物分泌型免疫球蛋白A（sIgA）含量分别提高32.37%和25.79%（P<0.05）。综合上述结果,本试验条件下,日粮中添加1.0‰肽菌素T3可提高肉鸡生长性能,改善肉鸡肠道菌群结构,促进肉鸡脾脏和法氏囊的发育,其提高盲肠内容物sIgA含量、降低血清内毒素含量的效果优于20 g/t硫酸黏杆菌素。     

肉仔鸡应用香型中草药添加剂的饲养试验

270羽艾维菌肉仔鸡随机分为6组,每组3个重复,试验期42d,第Ⅰ组为基础对照组;第Ⅱ组在基础日粮中添加50mg/kg杆菌肽锌,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组在基础日粮基础上分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%香型中草药添加剂。结果表明,香型中草药添加剂能提高肉仔鸡日增重,效果与抗生素组相近,其中以1.5%添加量效果最佳。     

复合微生态制剂、饲用抗生素对肉鸡生长性能、肠道菌群数量和免疫性能的影响

本试验旨在研究复合微生态制剂及饲用抗生素对肉鸡生长性能、肠道菌群数量和免疫性能的影响。选择体重接近、健康的600只1日龄白羽肉雏鸡随机分成5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ组为肽菌素T3组,在基础日粮中添加1.0‰的复合微生态制剂肽菌素T3;Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组为抗生素组,分别在基础日粮中添加20g/t硫酸黏杆菌素、50g/t杆菌肽锌及50g/t杆菌肽锌和10g/t硫酸黏杆菌素混合物。预试期3d,正试期35d。结果表明,与Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组相比,肽菌素T3组肉鸡各阶段平均日增重(ADG)、盲肠和直肠乳酸杆菌数量显著增高(P0.05),料重比(F/G)、盲肠和直肠大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05);脾脏指数分别提高27.44%、40.27%、29.01%和29.81%(P0.05),法氏囊指数分别提高12.82%、37.50%、33.33%和38.95%(P0.05)。肽菌素T3组肉鸡血清内毒素含量低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)和Ⅲ组(降低24.77%,P0.05)。与Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组相比,肽菌素T3组盲肠内容物分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量分别提高32.37%和25.79%(P0.05)。综合上述结果,本试验条件下,日粮中添加1.0‰肽菌素T3可提高肉鸡生长性能,改善肉鸡肠道菌群结构,促进肉鸡脾脏和法氏囊的发育,其提高盲肠内容物sIgA含量、降低血清内毒素含量的效果优于20g/t硫酸黏杆菌素。     

喹乙醇和杆菌肽锌对长毛兔生产性能的影响

选择110日龄左右的生长长毛兔90只,随机分成5组:基础日粮、基础日粮添加喹乙醇30mg/kg,60mg/kg、杆菌肽锌30mg/kg、60mg/kg。试验结果表明,添加30mg/kg,60mg/kg喹乙醇的试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组日增重分别提高了1.7%和15.4%,料重比分别降低1.7%和12.5%,料毛比分别降低9.3%和10.9%,每只试验兔分别增收5.13元和7.87元;添加30mg/kg,60mg/kg的杆菌肽锌试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组日增重分别提高了9.4%和17.9%,料重比分别降低7.6%和13.7%,料毛比分别降低7.8%和10.5%,每只试验兔分别增收5.36元和8.06元。从总的经济效益看,喹乙醇所产生的经济效益与杆菌肽锌所产生的经济效益相近,但鉴于耐药性、毒性和目前原料、成品价格的考虑,建议使用杆菌肽锌较为理想。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …