大庆市畜禽粪便处理与利用状况的分析研究

根据大庆市畜牧业现状,分析了畜牧生产所产生的粪、尿数量及畜禽粪便对大庆市环境产生的压力,并对各区县进行了区划分析。分析了大庆市畜禽粪便处理的主要模式,以及利用程度,提出减少畜禽粪便污染的控制措施。     

大庆市畜禽粪便处理与利用状况的分析研究

根据大庆市畜牧业现状,分析了畜牧生产所产生的粪、尿数量及畜禽粪便对大庆市环境产生的压力,并对各区县进行了区划分析.分析了大庆市畜禽粪便处理的主要模式,以及利用程度,提出减少畜禽粪便污染的控制措施.     

Transmission of Coxiella burnetii to cage mates using murine animal model

Aerosols from the products of abortions of infected animals with Coxiella burnetii were known to be the main source of infection in humans with this bacterium. However, little is known about the excretion of C. burnetii in the feces and urine of infected mice, or the dynamic of transmission between infected and healthy mice. To investigate whether C. burnetii can be excreted in the feces and urine of infected mice and whether transmission to uninfected cage mates occurs, male mice were inoculated with C. burnetii using a “whole body aerosol system” and feces and urine were collected different time points post-infection from these mice. One hour post exposure to aerosols, uninfected mice was placed with infected mice and the transmission was monitored using blood, and organs biopsies collected after sacrifice of contact mice different time points post-contact. Bacterial DNA was not detected in the feces and urine of infected mice at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post-inoculation suggesting that C. burnetii was not excreted in the feces and urine and consequently they cannot be source of contamination. However, based on the positive PCR results for lungs, blood, spleen, tracheal lymph nodes and cervical lymph nodes, some of the contact animals were considered contaminated at 8 days post-contact. These results indicated that transmission of C. burnetii to contact animals occurs, and it is unlikely that feces and urine act as source of this transmission. Further experiments are needed to clarify the exact mode of contamination.     

通过营养调控手段控制动物生产对环境的污染

现代动物生产中，为了追求高生产率，使用高蛋白、高能量饲料较为普遍，并在饲料中大量使用多种添加剂，过量的氮、磷、微量元素等随动物粪尿排出，污染环境。本文对应用营养调控手段提高饲料养分利用率，减少氮、磷、微量元素等代谢产物随动物粪尿的排出量，防止环境污染进行了综述。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在猪粪便及尿液中的排泄研究

给猪连续3d饲喂含无味恩诺沙星的饲料后，对其排泄的粪便和尿液进行了药物含量测定结果表明，粪便和尿液中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的排泄量都比较高，粪便中排泄的药物浓度显著高于尿液中药物排泄的浓度，停止给药后第15天，在猪粪中可检测到恩诺沙星，停止给药后第10天，猪尿液中可检测到环丙沙星。     

有机铁在猪和鸡营养中的研究与应用

铁是猪和鸡必需的微量元素之一,具有维持动物生长和调节新陈代谢的功能。无机铁在畜禽体内吸收率低,化学性质不稳定,粪尿中排泄多且污染环境。与无机铁相比,有机铁具有较高的生物利用度、良好的化学稳定性和环保性,已成为国内外畜禽营养研究和开发的热点。本文简要回顾了有机铁在猪和鸡生产中的应用,为有机铁科学合理地利用提供理论依据。     

回—直肠吻合荷术猪水和盐代谢规律研究

本试验用回—直肠吻合猪进行手术前后的对比试验 ,旨在研究回—直肠吻合术对于猪的水和盐代谢规律所产生的影响。以试验日粮分别于回—直肠吻合手术5天前和手术后15天定时、定量饲喂大莱公猪 ,连续收集3天试验猪的粪、尿样品 ,分别测定粪中的粗蛋白质、粗纤维及尿中的粗蛋白质和钾、钠、氯、钙离子含量。结果表明 :回—直肠吻合手术后 ,试验猪所排粪和尿的总量以及粪中的粗蛋白质、水分 ,尿中的粗蛋白质、钙离子含量与术前相比变化极显著(P<0.01) ;手术前后粪中的粗纤维及尿中的钠离子、氯离子含量差异显著(P<0.05) ;而手术对于尿中钾离子含量的影响不大(P>0.05)。     

Modulation of specific biochemical blood parameters by helminth infection in laboratory Beagle dogs

The objective of this study was to examine the independent effect of helminths infection on biochemical blood parameters in Beagles intended for laboratory use which may contribute to a change of experimental results. As a result of research, the authors confirmed the negative effect of helminth invasion on the metabolism of the liver and kidney in laboratory dogs. Stool samples from thirty Beagle puppies were examined for parasites before the puppies were moved to the animal facility, and all were dewormed with Vetminth paste on the day they were moved. Stool examination was performed three more times and animals were given Drontal Plus flavor (Bayer) and Baycox 5% (Bayer). A fourth parasitological examination revealed no intestinal parasites in the feces. Three blood biochemical tests were performed. Experimental results clearly indicate the significant impact of intestinal parasites in dogs used in experiments.     

畜禽粪尿氮污染情况及降低污染的措施

随着畜牧业的迅速发展,畜禽粪尿造成的环境污染问题变得更加突出,而含氮物质又是粪尿中首要的污染物质。中国畜牧业要走可持续发展道路就必须治理好粪尿氮污染。作者概述了中国目前畜禽粪尿氮污染情况,并针对中国畜牧业生产现状,详细综述了降低污染的各种措施。     

Methodic recommendations for the determination of whole body protein synthesis rates in tracer studies

Methodical recommendations are suggested--predominantly for laboratory and small animals (rats and young chickens)--for the determination of parameters of the protein metabolism of the whole body after single doses of a mixture of 15N labelled amino acids by means of the determination of the temporal course of cumulative 15N excretion in urine and the assessment of the tracer kinetic data in a compartment model. These recommendations are to make it possible to carry out purposefully such experiments under comparable conditions. The advantages of this method are: the non-invasive character of the method; the possibility of repeating the experiment with the same animal; the adaptability to other methods of investigation (e.g. measuring energy metabolism); the relatively low expenditure of labour and requirement of test animals; the relatively good reproducibility of the method. Thus this method is a good supplement to the flooding and permanent infusion methods and should be used wherever the determination of parameters of the protein metabolism of the total body is sufficient.     

Effects of single caging and cage size on behavior and stress level of domestic neutered cats housed in an animal shelter

Cats need a minimum amount of space even in animal shelters. In this study the effects of single caging and cage size on the behavior and stress level of domestic cats were investigated. Six neutered cats (2–15 years old) that had been housed in a group for at least 7 months were moved to three kinds of single cages (small, medium and large) by rotation on a Latin square design. They experienced each cage size for 6 days. Cats could use vertical dimensions when housed in a group room and the large cage. Behavioral observation was conducted for 3 h in the evening, and stress levels were assessed by urine cortisol‐to‐creatinine ratios. The amounts (estimated proportions) of time spent in locomotion and social/solitary play were lower even in large cages than in group housing (both P < 0.05). Conversely, the amount of time spent resting tended to increase when housed singly (P = 0.104). The urine cortisol‐to‐creatinine ratios of singly housed cats tended to be higher than that of group‐housed cats (P = 0.086). The results indicate that cats become less active when they are housed singly in cages regardless of the cage size. Cats seem to feel no undue stress even in small cages if the stay is short.     

Effects of cage contamination with coccidia and salmonella on acute salmonellosis in young chickens

The effects of concurrent cage contamination with Salmonella typhimurium and Eimeria tenella on the establishment of salmonella infection in day-old chickens were investigated. Chickens were divided into five groups: uninfected recipient birds placed in a cage contaminated by donor birds infected with E. tenella and S. typhimurium; E. tenella-infected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by S. typhimurium-infected donors; uninfected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by S. typhimurium-infected donors; E. tenella-infected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by uninfected donors; and uninfected recipients placed in a cage contaminated by uninfected donors. Three identical trials were conducted. Recipient birds were necropsied 4, 7, and 11 days after caging. In the cage where donor birds infected with both organisms had been reared, S. typhimurium counts in feces and number of feces positive for S. typhimurium were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than those in the other cages on days 0, 4, and 7 after caging. Moreover, in this cage, more chicks died, counts of S. typhimurium in cecal contents were greater, and more birds were positive for S. typhimurium than in the other groups. This suggests that S. typhimurium infection in day-old chickens is enhanced in cages contaminated with E. tenella and S. typhimurium compared with infection in cages contaminated with S. typhimurium alone.     

高级别动物生物安全实验室气密性的探讨

高级别动物生物安全实验室气密性是保证实验室空气洁净度、室内实验人员和室外环境安全的重要手段。我国现行规范对高级别动物生物实验室各区域气密性有严格的规定。从实验室装修、围护结构设备安装以及气密性检测方面对实验室气密性进行了讨论,以期为我国高级别动物生物安全实验室的建设提供参考。     

Detection of lysergic acid in ruminal fluid, urine, and in endophyte-infected tall fescue using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Ergot alkaloids present in endophyte-infected tall fescue induce fescue toxicosis in livestock consuming the plant. The lysergic acid (LA) ring structure is a common moiety among the ergot alkaloids. Little is known about the bioavailability of LA because of limitations in available analytical protocols. Thus, a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure was developed to analyze biological matrices for LA. The biological matrices of interest were tall fescue straw and seed, and ruminant feces, urine, and ruminal fluid. Lysergic acid was added to each matrix at a high (150 ng/ml) or low (30 ng/ml) level. Using the high-level addition, the greatest recovery of LA was obtained from ruminal fluid, feces, and urine (P < 0.05), with an average 85.1% recovered. At the low level, a greater recovery of added LA was observed in the ruminal fluid, urine, and feces (82.1%; P < 0.05) than that in the other 2 matrices (62.6%). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) in ruminal fluid and urine was 5.5 and 18.4 ng/ml, respectively. Seed, straw, and feces had higher LOQ (24.2, 14.5, and 36.0 ng/g, respectively). Limit of detection (LOD) was 1.64, 10.80, 4.35, 5.52, and 7.26 ng/g for ruminal fluid, feces, urine, seed, and straw, respectively. To test the assay in vivo, samples of ruminal fluid and urine were collected from steers consuming a diet containing 400 ng of ergovaline/g and 30 ng of LA/g. All matrices sampled resulted in levels above the LOD and LOQ for the assay, indicating that this assay is sufficiently sensitive for use in assessing the bioavailability of LA.     

Estimation of quantitative proteinuria in the dog, using the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio from a random, voided sample

The correlation between 24-hour urine protein excretion and the protein-to-creatinine ratio (U-P/C) from random, voided urine specimens was assessed in 16 healthy Beagles (9 to 11 months old) and in 14 dogs with suspected renal proteinuria. Initially, a voided urine specimen was obtained from each dog, and the U-P/C was determined. An attempt was not made to standardize the time of collection of the voided urine. Subsequently, each dog was placed in a metabolism cage, and 24-hour urine specimens were collected for quantitative protein analysis. The Coomassie blue technique was used to measure urine protein. The correlation between the U-P/C and the 24-hour urine protein excretion (mg/kg/24 hr), evaluated by linear-regression analysis, was found to be significant (r = 0.975, P less than 0.01). These results substantiate previous findings and indicate that random, voided urine specimens may be used to compute the ratio and to accurately reflect 24-hour urinary protein loss in the dog.     

养殖高铜排放与治理现状及其微生物利用研究进展

铜可促进畜禽生长发育和提高饲料转化率,尤其对仔猪效果明显,养殖中添加高铜较为普遍.但90％的铜会随着动物粪尿排出,过量添加铜不仅会造成动物应激和中毒反应、资源浪费,还会导致铜过量排放在土壤和水源中并蓄积,从而危害动植物健康.近年来,减少粪尿污染排放与发展生态养殖业逐渐被人们提倡,新版《饲料添加剂安全使用规范》颁布并限制...     

Reduction of urinary nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry by feeding a low protein diet supplemented with apple pomace to growing pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing a reduced crude protein (CP) diet with apple pomace on the urinary nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry in the growing pigs. Four barrows (35 kg bodyweight) were assigned to one of two diets. Each pig was placed in a metabolism cage and fed a low CP, amino acid-supplemented diet (CP 11.33%; low CP diet) or a low CP, amino acid-supplemented diet containing 23.08% dried apple pomace (CP 9.47%; apple pomace diet) for two 14-day experimental periods. After the completion of the first period, the pigs were switched to the other diet. Urine and feces were quantitatively collected daily for 5 days after a 9-day adaptation period. The daily nitrogen intake for the low CP diet and the apple pomace diet was 17.76 g/pig and 18.64 g/pig, respectively. The pigs fed the apple pomace diet excreted more fecal nitrogen (6.86 g/day) than the pigs fed the low CP diet (3.63 g/day) ( P  < 0.001), but urinary nitrogen excretion with the apple pomace diet was 3.11 g/day, which was much lower than that for the low CP diet (5.95 g/day) ( P  < 0.001). The daily ammonia emission from the mixture of urine and feces determined by an in vitro method was much lower for pigs fed the apple pomace diet (120 mg) than that for pigs fed the low CP diet (603 mg) ( P  < 0.01). The addition of apple pomace to a reduced CP, amino acid-supplemented diet reduces urinary nitrogen excretion and thereby ammonia emission.     

Site of magnesium and other macromineral absorption in steers fed high levels of potassium

Six Angus x Simmental steers, surgically equipped with abomasal and ileal cannulae, were used during three metabolism trials. Steers were blocked according to weight ad were allotted to three dietary K levels (.6, 2.4 and 4.8% dry basis) for each trial with the restriction that no animal would receive the same level during two successive trials. Each trial consisted of a 5-d transition, a 10-d preliminary period, a 7-d collection of feed, feces and urine and a 6-d sampling of feed, feces and abomasal and ileal fluid. Chromic oxide (.5%) was used as an indicator to measure flow through the digestive tract. Magnesium absorption decreased linearly (P less than .05) with increasing level of dietary K. The primary site of Mg absorption was the preintestinal region followed by a net secretion into the small intestine. Preintestinal Mg absorption was decreased 39% when 4.8% K was fed. Serum Mg was lower at high levels of dietary K. Potassium absorption increased linearly when expressed as g/d and curvilinearly when expressed as percentage of intake, with increasing levels of dietary K. When .6% K was fed, the primary site of K absorption was the small intestine, but with the high levels of K, the preintestinal region was also an important site of absorption. The effect of high K level on Mg absorption in steers was similar to that observed previously in sheep.     

Method for Determination of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Pig Excreta by HPLC

A HPLC-FLD method was developed for determination of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) levels in feces and urine of pig.The pig feces was ultrasonic extracted by acetonitrile-ammonia, then added trichloroacetic acid to make the extraction acidification.The pig urine was acidulated by phosphoric acid and the extraction of feces solution were enriched and purified by solid phase extraction small column, took purification liquid for HPLC analysis.Conditions of HPLC mobile phase was acetonitrile (A):citric acid/ammonium acetate buffer (B), the procedure of gradient elution was 0 to 25 min, A:10% to 40%;25 to 30 min, A:40% to 10%.The detector of fluorescence excitation wavelength was 278 nm, emission wavelength was 465 nm, chromatographic data were measured and recorded.The results showed that the LOD of ENR and CIP were lower than 0.01 mg/L in urine and 0.021 mg/kg in feces, the LOQ of ENR and CIP were lower than 0.03 mg/L in urine and 0.056 mg/kg in feces.ENR and CIP in the concentration of 0.01 to 1.0 mg/mL levels range had good linear relationship, R² were 0.9994 and 0.9992 in pig urine, respectively;ENR and CIP in the concentration of 0.02 to 2.0 mg/mL levels range had good linear relationship, R² were 0.9986 and 0.9981 in pig feces, respectively.The recovery ratio of ENR were 79.4% and 88.5%, and the recovery ratio of CIP were 75.8% and 89.9% in pig feces and urine.After get on validation, the method was easy in sample processing and testing, the results were accurate, reliable and high sensitivity, which was a worth promoting detection method.     

猪排泄物中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量的HPLC检测方法

为了对猪排泄物中恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,ENR)和环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin,CIP)进行定量检测,试验建立了测定猪粪尿中ENR和CIP含量的高效液相－荧光检测方法。将猪粪经乙腈－氨水超声提取后,加入三氯乙酸酸化,然后分别将经磷酸酸化后的猪尿和提取后的猪粪溶液经固相萃取小柱富集净化,取净化液进行HPLC分析。HPLC流动相为乙腈(A):柠檬酸/乙酸铵缓冲液(B),梯度洗脱:0~25 min,A 10%~40%;25~30 min,A 40%至10%,荧光检测器的激发波长278 nm,发射波长465 nm。结果表明,ENR和CIP 在尿中的最低检测限(LOD)<0.01 mg/L,在粪中的LOD<0.021 mg/kg,在尿中的最低检测限(LOQ)<0.03 mg/L,在粪中LOQ<0.056 mg/kg,猪尿中的ENR和CIP在0.01~1.0 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好,R²分别为0.9994和0.9992;猪粪中的ENR和CIP在0.02~2.0 mg/mL范围内线性关系良好,R²分别为0.9986和0.9981。ENR在猪粪和猪尿中的回收率分别为79.4%和88.5%,CIP在猪粪和猪尿中的回收率分别为75.8%和89.9%。该方法样品处理简单,检测结果准确可靠,且灵敏度较高,是值得推广的检测方法。