犬触觉行为的语言

犬很善于用身体触觉行为跟人类交流。当人们能了解到犬喜爱的几种身体接触的方式及含义时,就能比较熟练地掌握这种触觉行为语言了。     

浅谈刺激在犬训练中的正确运用

环境对动物发生的作用叫做刺激。刺激是引起行为的外因,能影响行为的方向,改变活动的准备或影响反应阈值等等。环境刺激大体有化学性、物理性和辐射性3类。犬对化学性刺激尤为敏感,。主要是通过嗅觉来感知这种刺激。物理刺激中,声音和触觉是重要的。辐射性刺激以对光的视觉刺激为主。每头犬面临的环境刺激是多种多样的。     

仔犬感觉统合训练效果观察研究

犬的感觉非常丰富,明显区别于其它动物,犬感知外界主要过嗅觉、视觉、听觉、触觉和运动感觉来完成,本研究通过对仔犬期采用感觉统合训练方法进行培训,探讨感觉统合训练方法对提高仔犬行为表现可行性。结果表明:采用感觉统合训练方法进行培训的仔犬,二月龄考核验收时,仔犬行为发育表现较对照组明显提高。     

警用幼犬感觉统合训练仪的研制和应用

感觉统合训练是根据犬早期的主要感觉行为发育特征,对犬的嗅觉、听觉、视觉、触觉、运动感觉、前庭感觉等感觉机能进行科学的调教训练,以培养犬良好的警用性能,适用于犬早期警用性能的开发培养。为了更为有效地提高训练效果,根据犬的感觉行为发育特征及生物反馈原理研制了犬感觉统合训练仪。训练仪综合了感觉发育特征和生物反馈的特点,在感觉统合训练过程中,既能促进犬的全方位感觉机能发育,又能提升犬的胆量和体能,还可以解决大量存栏犬运动不足的难题。根据犬感觉机能特征,分别研制了外部感觉统合训练仪和内部感觉统合训练仪。本文介绍了该套训练仪的设计原理、硬件组成、使用及实际应用,它的研制和应用为促进幼犬感觉机能发育,提高幼犬警用品质提供了一种安全、经济、有效的途径。     

犬以人的另一种形态而存在

人与犬在时间和空间上,以及触觉和味觉上是处在两个完全不同的坐标系中,如果说有一天人与犬具有相同的时间和空间并相处在同一个坐标系中,犬的行为是按照人的时间和空间编排的,就完全可以达到人与犬之间的直接对话,可是现在人与犬之间的主要矛盾就在于:在各不相同的坐标系中,犬     

犬在训练使用中的行为含义

警犬的训练和使用是一项要求人与犬密切结合的复杂而系统的工作过程.在这一过程中,作为训练主体的人能否准确判断犬的行为所代表的含义,并迅速作出相应的反应,采取正确的措施,共同完成训练使用任务,是一名训导员所必须具备的专业素质.否则,即便犬通过自己的行为表达出了某种含义,如果训导员无动于衷或不能正确引导犬,犬的作业能力将无法很好地培养起来,使用任务也无法完成.所以,正确理解并判断犬在训练使用中的行为含义,显得至关重要.为了能正确地理解犬在训练使用中的行为含义,我们必须了解和熟悉犬身体主要部位行为变化所表达的丰富信息.     

浅析警犬行为的责任归属

阅读提示:对训犬员的培养就是对警犬的间接培养,因为训犬员与警犬的关系是合一的,犬的各种行为不仅是犬的能力表现,也是训犬员的意志体现。训犬员不仅要了解犬的身体特征、行为习性并能适时掌控它们,而且应明白犬行为带来的后果与责任。本文就警犬行为的责任问题从法律方面做了分析。     

宠物犬反复假孕的手木治疗

犬假孕是指已达性成熟的未孕犬无论交配与否，发生了与妊娠相似的身体变化和行为改变的现象。各年龄段性成熟母犬均能发生此病，但多发于3～5岁的母犬，患犬在发情40d以后陆续出现腹围增大、泌乳、做窝等症状，一般因内分泌紊乱所致的假孕，在出现围产期征兆1～2周之后，其症状即可消失。     

犬和人一样也具有各种感官能力

犬究竟有哪些感官能力?解答这个问题时,我们可以从人类自身感官的角度来理解。人有五官:眼、耳、口、鼻、眉毛;有情绪:喜、怒、哀、乐;有各种行为,而犬也具备这些与人相同或者类似的感官能力。本文将从视觉,听觉,味觉,嗅觉,触觉这五个方面来简述犬的感官能力。     

用训练思维指导仔犬早期管理

2月龄以下的犬称仔犬，仔犬与2月龄以上幼犬培训阶段就饲养管理而言是有所区别的，其主要在于仔犬在听觉、视觉、嗅觉以及皮肤的触觉反应上均较为迟钝，行为也较为迟缓?长期以来，从事繁育：工作的同志，往往也只是停留在简单的饲养管理上，而忽略了这一阶段是仔犬在一生中认识外部世界的非常重要的阶段。研究表明，仔犬花4～12周龄是一生中最关键和可塑性最大的时期。5周龄时仔犬很     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。