Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) in pig faeces from slaughterhouses in Spain

A study to estimate the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in faecal samples from pigs at slaughterhouses in Spain was carried out between November 1998 and January 1999 with 900 samples taken from four abattoirs representing 9.7% of all pig slaughtered in 1998. Using a selective enrichment broth with vancomycin (8 μg/ml), 64 samples (7.1%; 95% CI: 5.5, 9.0%) had E. faecium vancomycin-resistant strains that showed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 256 μg/ml (62 strains) and 512 μg/ml (two strains). Results by farm showed that 43 of the 240 pig farms represented in the sampling had at least one faecal sample with vancomycin-resistant E. faecium.     

屎肠球菌的特性及其在畜牧生产中的应用研究进展

随着对畜产品需求的增加,人们越来越重视畜产品的安全性.屎肠球菌为常见乳酸菌,是近年来研究较多的益生菌,其代谢产物对病原菌的抑制、肠道菌群稳定和家畜生长具有重要意义,已广泛应用于畜牧生产中,但耐药性和致病性屎肠球菌的相继发现,引发了公众的担忧.因此,如何合理、规范应用屎肠球菌是其在畜牧生产中应用的关键.本文综述了屎肠球菌...     

一株致病性粪肠球菌的分离与鉴定

从1羽发病雏鸡中分离到1株溶血性革兰氏阳性球菌。初步分离鉴定后经攻毒试验能够造成小白鼠和雏鸡死亡,具有致病性。药敏试验表明,该菌对多种药物均表现耐药性,仅对庆大霉素、青霉素、氧氟沙星敏感。通过BLAST软件分析该菌株的16S rRNA序列,确定该致病性细菌为粪肠球菌。     

1株羊源致病性屎肠球菌的分离与鉴定

鄂尔多斯市某羊场发生羊不明原因死亡的疫情,为了寻找病因并制定治疗方案和防治措施,本研究通过临床检查和实验室病理及分子生物学诊断方法确诊并提供治疗方案。试验以病死羊为试验材料,首先对其进行临床检查,包括尸体剖检和病理组织学采样。随后,采用常规无菌操作方法取回其脑组织至实验室,进行触片、染色镜检和分离细菌。病死羊剖检发现,肺脏淤血实变、心外膜点状出血、肾脏质地变软如泥、脑严重水肿等。选取脑组织制备病理切片,在镜下可观察到大脑皮质中性粒细胞浸润及中性粒细胞性血管管套现象;深层脑组织进行触片染色后,在镜下可见单个或成对排列的革兰氏阳性球菌,并分离出1株可疑细菌,命名为NEF1;采用Mega 6.0生物软件依据该分离株的16S rRNA基因而绘制的遗传进化树分析结果显示,分离株NEF1与屎肠球菌的国内分离株（MT197247.1）和伊朗分离株（KM495939.1）聚类在同一分支上,而与GenBank中其他屎肠球菌参考菌株遗传距离较远;药物敏感性试验结果表明,分离株NEF1只对环丙沙星呈现中度敏感,而对青霉素等其他选定的抗生素类药物均呈现明显的耐药性。本试验从病死羊脑组织中成功分离并鉴定了1株屎肠球菌NEF1,同时通过药物敏感性试验方法筛选出来的敏感药物有效控制了该病在发病羊场的进一步蔓延,为该地区羊细菌性疾病的有效防治提供了行之有效的试验数据。     

林麝源屎肠球菌LS170308株多重耐药基因岛PRI1分析

屎肠球菌作为条件致病菌在临床上报道的越来越多,主要引起宿主心内膜炎、败血症等,目前关于屎肠球菌的耐药性研究已日益突出,其原因主要在于该菌对β-内酰胺类药物天然耐药及对万古霉素等糖肽类抗生素耐药性不断增强,但该菌耐药性传播机制仍在进一步研究中。本研究拟描述1株林麝源屎肠球菌多重耐药基因岛的特征,显示出该基因岛在不同属细菌中的传播。采用单分子测序技术对这株林麝心源屎肠球菌进行从头测序,同时采用分子生物学工具对该基因岛进行分析。结果显示:这株屎肠球菌染色体上携带多个耐药基因,其中携带ANT(9)、ErmA的Tn554转座酶和携带AAC(6′)-le-APH(2″)-la的一对插入元件IS256共同构成的一个多重耐药基因岛来自金黄色葡萄球菌,该基因岛对大环内酯类、林可酰胺类及氨基糖苷类抗生素具有抗性。结果表明从死亡林麝内脏组织中分离得到1株屎肠球菌,该菌株携带有一个多重耐药基因组岛PRI1,该类型基因岛目前在屎肠球菌中并未有相关报道,同时这株菌来自野生动物,可为野生动物源细菌耐药性传播提供数据支持。     

中草药提取物对蜜蜂屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)的抑制作用研究

为了观察中草药对蜜蜂屎肠球菌（Entorococcus faecium）的体外抑菌效果，选用14种中草药按常规法制备水提物，用纸片法和试管二倍稀释法检测中草药水提物对蜜蜂屎肠球菌的抑菌作用。试验结果表明，所选14种中草药中9种对蜜蜂屎肠球菌有中度以上抑菌作用，其中大青叶的抑菌作用最强，其次是黄连、金银花、黄芪、黄芩、大黄、板篮根、淫羊藿和青蒿。     

屎肠球菌荚膜多糖的提取纯化及其多糖含量的测定

为提取纯化屎肠球菌（E.faecium）荚膜多糖（CPS）并测定其多糖含量,试验采用高压法破碎菌体,加入核糖核酸酶（25 μg/mL）、脱氧核糖核酸酶（0.5 mg/mL）、溶菌酶（0.25 mg/mL）及蛋白酶K （1.25 mg/mL）等去除核酸和蛋白质,得到荚膜多糖粗提物,经过30 ku和100 ku超滤离心管超滤浓缩和DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow层析柱层析后,得到纯化的屎肠球菌荚膜多糖,再利用苯酚-硫酸法测定其含量。结果表明,成功从屎肠球菌中提取纯化出荚膜多糖,其含量为75.21%,初步确定了屎肠球菌荚膜多糖的提取纯化方法,为今后相关疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Extraction,Purification and Determination of Capsular Polysaccharide in Enterococcus faecium

In order to extract and purify the capsular polysaccharide of Enterococcus faecium and measure contents of polysaccharide, high pressure crushing methods and enzyme decomposition methods (RNase A (25 μg/mL), DNase (0.5 mg/mL), lysozyme (0.25 mg/mL) and protease K (1.25 mg/mL)) were used to remove the nucleic acids and proteins to obtain crude capsular polysaccharide, and centrifugal ultrafiltration with 30 and 100 ku ultrafiltration centrifuge tubes and DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography were also adopted to obtain the purified capsular polysaccharides of Enterococcus faecium. Then the content of polysaccharide was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. The results showed the capsular polysaccharide content was 75.21%. The results revealed that capsular polysaccharide ofEnterococcus faecium was extracted successfully. The method of extracting capsular polysaccharide in Enterococcus faecium was established initially.     

屎肠球菌对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫肉鸡生长性能和肠道屏障的影响

旨在探究屎肠球菌(Enterococcus foecium)对人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeriatenella)肉鸡生长性能、存活率、盲肠损伤、粪便卵囊排出和肠道屏障功能的影响.选取体重相近的1日龄肉鸡(罗斯308)180羽,随机分为5组,包括空白对照组(NC)、感染对照组(PC)、70 mg·kg-1盐霉素添加组...     

屎肠球菌对AA肉鸡血清和肝脏抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加屎肠球菌对爱拔益加（Arbor Acres,AA）肉鸡血清和肝脏抗氧化功能的影响。选取1日龄AA肉鸡600只（公鸡）,随机分为5组,每组6个重复。对照组（CON组）饲喂基础日粮;抗生素组（Ant组）在基础日粮中添加0.1%金霉素;低（LEF组）、中（MEF组）、高（HEF组）剂量屎肠球菌组分别在基础日粮中添加50、100、200 mg/kg屎肠球菌。结果表明：①21日龄时,HEF组肉鸡血清中总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性均显著高于CON组（P<0.05）,Ant组T-AOC显著高于CON组（P<0.05）;42日龄时,MEF组和HEF组血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于CON组（P<0.05）,LEF组血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著高于CON组和Ant组（P<0.05）。②21日龄时,MEF组和HEF组肉鸡肝脏中T-AOC、GSH-Px活性均显著高于CON组（P<0.05）,且HEF组肉鸡肝脏中T-AOC显著高于Ant组（P<0.05）;42日龄时,HEF组肉鸡肝脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于CON组（P<0.05）。结果提示,屎肠球菌能显著提高21与42日龄血清和肝脏中T-AOC和GSH-Px活性,降低血清中MDA含量,增加抗氧化酶活性,改善肉鸡抗氧化应激能力,且200 mg/kg屎肠球菌添加量在提高血清和肝脏抗氧化能力上与抗生素效果相当。     

屎肠球菌新序列型ST989菌株的分离鉴定及多重耐药性分析

试验从青海民和县某羊场致病性感染半月龄羔羊中分离出革兰氏阳性菌,感染羔羊临床症状有精神萎靡,采食减少,发病1~2 h后死亡。两只濒死羔羊剖检结果发现,其中一只出现肝脏肿大及肝包膜脱落,其余脏器无明显病理变化;另一只各脏器均未发现病理变化。分离病料,革兰氏染色发现,从病料中分离到的细菌均为革兰氏阳性球菌。对分离菌株进行Tuf基因PCR扩增,BLASTn比对结果显示与屎肠球菌AUS0085核苷酸序列相似性为99.8%,据此初步确定这些菌株为屎肠球菌。药敏试验结果表明,这些菌株可分为两类,第1类对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类、喹诺酮类、利福霉素类抗生素及林可霉素和克林霉素耐药,对氯霉素和万古霉素敏感;第2类对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类、喹诺酮类、利福霉素类抗生素耐药,对红霉素和罗红霉素中度耐药,但对克拉霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素、林可霉素、氯霉素和万古霉素敏感。对第1类耐药性代表菌株lby1和第2类耐药性代表菌株lbg3进行多位点序列分析(MLST),结果发现这些菌株为一个屎肠球菌的新序列型,为ST989。系统进化树结果显示屎肠球菌lbg3与屎肠球菌ST468亲缘关系最近,致病力试验结果表明屎肠球菌lby1和lbg3均具有致病性。     

Isolation,Identification and Multidrug-resistant Analysis of the New Sequence Type ST989 Strain of Enterococcus faecium

Gram-positive cocci were isolated from half a month diseased lambs with a fatal infection in a sheep farm in Minhe county, Qinghai province.The clinical symptoms observed were drooping, reduced feed intake, emaciated and fever.The infected lambs died several hours after the disease been observed.Necropsy of two dying lambs revealed that for one lamb, the liver was enlarged and capsule of the liver dropped, and other organs had no obvious changes;For the other one, the organs had no obvious changes.After gram staining, gram-positive cocci were observed from all the samples.Partial Tuf gene sequences of these isolates were amplified and sequenced for species identification, BLASTn conparison result revealed that they had the highest sequence similarity with that of Enterococcus faecium (E.faecium) AUS0085 (99.8%), we thus primarily confirmed that these strains belonged to E.faecium.Antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that these strains could be divided into two classes.Class 1 was resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, rifamycins, lincomycin and clindamycin;Susceptible to chloromycetin and vancomycin.Class 2 was resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, rifamycins;Intermediate resistance to erythromycin and roxithromycin;But susceptible to clarithromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, chloromycetin and vancomycin.Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on seven housekeeping genes for E.faecium revealed that E.faecium lby1 strain in class 1 and E.faecium lbg3 strain in class 2 were defined as a new sequence type ST989.Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed the representative strain of these isolates, E.faecium lbg3, was clustered together with E.faecium ST468.The pathogenicity test revealed that E.faecium lby1 and lbg3 strains both had pathogenicity.     

屎肠球菌微胶囊制剂的稳定性及对断乳仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验以自主筛选的一株屎肠球菌为对象,在抗逆性评估的基础上,通过微囊化提高耐热性和稳定性,并进行动物田间小试,评价其对断乳仔猪生长性能的影响。结果显示,通过优化保护剂与壁材的配方,改善喷雾干燥工艺参数,可使喷雾后获得的干物质中活菌数达到1010cfu/g;微囊化的屎肠球菌对高温的耐受性增强,贮存时间更久,对胃液和肠液依然具备较好的耐受性。在仔猪生长性能方面,与空白组相比,饲喂屎肠球菌组仔猪的平均日增重和日采食量分别提高37%和15%,料肉比和腹泻率分别下降16%和65%,说明该屎肠球菌微胶囊制剂可以改善仔猪生长性能。     

Use of avilamycin for growth promotion and avilamycin-resistance among Enterococcus faecium from broilers in a matched case-control study in France

We assessed the putative link between avilamycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium carriage and avilamycin consumption in broilers. As part of the French programme of monitoring for antimicrobial resistance, broilers sampled at slaughterhouse in 1999 and 2000 and carrying avilamycin-resistant E. faecium were matched by slaughterhouse, slaughter month and production type (free-range, standard, light) with control broilers carrying avilamycin-susceptible strains. History of antibiotics consumption (either for growth promotion or therapeutic purpose) in the broiler flocks sampled was collected from the monitoring programme and consumption of each antibiotic class was screened as a potential risk factor. Avilamycin was a risk factor for avilamycin-resistant E. faecium carriage: OR = 2.3.     

Detection of CC17 Enterococcus faecium in dogs and a comparison with human isolates

Enterococcus faecium strains of clonal complex (CC) 17 were isolated from domestic dogs. The strains were more prevalent in infectious isolates than in colonized isolates, suggesting that strains of the CC17 lineage may have an advantage in causing infections in dogs. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns of some dog and human isolates were over 90% similar. However, antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence factors were not identical, which might reflect different use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine or in host specificity.     

一株牦牛源屎肠球菌对小鼠肠道微生物、形态和免疫功能的影响

为研究牦牛肠黏膜源屎肠球菌G2对健康小鼠肠道微生物、形态和免疫功能的影响,试验设置对照组(CON)、热灭活菌组(EHK)、活菌组(ENT)3个处理组,每组8只C57BL/6小鼠,共计24只。CON组、EHK组、ENT组于正式试验期第1、2、4、6天按0.1 mL/只分别灌胃M17培养基、热灭活菌液和活菌菌液,灌胃前无菌收集小鼠粪便进行乳酸菌总菌计数,第8天处死小鼠取样。结果表明:ENT组乳酸菌总菌数量在第3、5天显著大于CON组与EHK组(P <0.05);各组小鼠结肠病理学评分无显著差异,但ENT组隐窝深度显著高于CON组与EHK组(P <0.05);各组间肠黏膜免疫因子Reg3β、Reg3γ和MUC2基因mRNA表达量差异不显著,TNF-α表达量ENT组显著低于CON组(P <0.05)。综上可知,牦牛源屎肠球菌G2可能为一种肠道过路菌,能在短时间内提高肠道乳酸菌的总数,一定程度上具有改善肠道形态和促进肠道健康的作用。     

屎肠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌对乳鸽生长性能、屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响

旨在研究单独添加屎肠球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌及二者混合添加对乳鸽生长性能、屠宰性能、免疫功能的影响,从而探究益生菌对乳鸽生长的调控机制。试验选取240只12日龄、体重接近的健康白羽王鸽,随机分成4组,分别为对照组、屎肠球菌组、枯草芽孢杆菌组、混合组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只乳鸽,试验期16 d。试验期结束时,每个重复随机选取2只乳鸽(共48只乳鸽)称重,测定其血清免疫指标、肌肉品质、肝组织抗氧化指标和生长相关基因表达量等。试验结果表明：1)与对照组相比,屎肠球菌组显著提高了乳鸽的平均日增重(P<0.05),且显著高于其余各组(P<0.05),而枯草芽孢杆菌组显著降低了乳鸽的平均日增重(P<0.05);2)与对照组相比,3个处理组对乳鸽的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率、腹脂率均无显著影响(P>0.05),屎肠球菌组和混合组显著提高了乳鸽胸肌亮度(P<0.05),混合组还显著提高了乳鸽胸肌红度(P<0.05);3)与对照组相比,屎肠球菌组和混合组能显著提高乳鸽血清中IgG含量(P<0.05),混合组能显著提高乳鸽胸腺指数和法氏囊指数(P&...     

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin‐Resistant Enterococcus faecium from Swine in Michigan,USA

In 2008, we identified vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) in Michigan swine, which was the first report of VRE in livestock from North America. Continued sampling in 2009 and 2010 was conducted to determine whether VRE persisted in Michigan. In 2009, swine faecal and feed samples (n = 56), county fair pig barn manure samples (n = 9) and pooled Michigan State Fair pig barn manure samples (n = 18) were screened for VRE. In 2010, swine faecal samples were collected from 26 county fairs (n = 73) and nine commercial swine farms in six states (n = 28). Recovered VRE isolates were molecularly evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), S1 nuclease digestion and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Six VRE isolates were identified in 2009 from the State Fair, and another six (8.2%) were recovered from the five county fairs in 2010. All 12 isolates were highly related to the first‐reported VRE from Michigan swine: all were confirmed to be vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREf) carrying vanA gene on Tn1546 (Type D), were negative for IS1251, hyl and esp gene, carried a 150–160 kb megaplasmid, and have closely similar PFGE patterns with >80% similarity. Classified as ST5, ST6 or ST185 by MLST, all belong to the clonal complex 5, a strain recognized to be circulating among European pigs. This study reveals that VREf are widespread in Michigan swine and persist in the historical absence of the use of agricultural glycopeptides.     

Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 supplementation improves the meat quality and antioxidant capacity of muscle of broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) on the meat quality and antioxidant capacity of muscle in broilers. A total of 600 Arbor Acre broiler chickens (1‐day‐old, male) were randomly divided into five treatments with six replicates (20 chickens per replicate) for each treatment. The five treatments were the control treatment (CON, basal diet), antibiotic treatment (ANT, basal diet supplemented with 0.1% chlortetracycline) and E. faecium‐supplemented treatments (LEF, MEF and HEF, basal diet supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of E. faecium respectively). The experiment lasted 42 days in two periods of 21 days. Results showed that there were no differences in breast meat quality among different treatments (p > 0.05). Compared with the CON and ANT treatments, the yellowness of thigh meat in E. faecium‐supplemented treatments was significantly increased (p < 0.05); the shear force of thigh meat in the LEF and MEF treatments was lower than that of the CON treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of the inosine monophosphate (IMP) in the breast and thigh meat of the MEF treatment was significantly higher than that of the other treatments (p < 0.05). At 21 days, the total antioxidant capability (T‐AOC) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity of breast meat and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the thigh meat of the MEF treatment were greatly increased (p < 0.05). At 42 days of age, the catalase (CAT), GSH‐Px and T‐AOC activities in the breast meat of the MEF treatment were increased (p < 0.05) and the CAT activity of thigh meat in the LEF and MEF treatments was increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, E. faecium supplementation increased the meat quality of the thigh muscle, increased the IMP content and the activities of CAT, SOD, T‐AOC, and GSH‐Px of muscle in broilers. Supplementation with 100 mg/kg E. faecium had the greatest effects.     

新生仔猪口服屎肠球菌对其肠道菌群组成及化学屏障的影响

随机选择24头出生时间相近的健康杜×长×大外三元仔猪,分为2个组,每组3个重复;每个重复4头。分别在仔猪刚出生、3日龄及5日龄灌服10％灭菌脱脂奶（对照组）或含有屎肠球菌活菌（5×10。～6×10。CFU／mL）的10％脱脂奶重悬液（处理组）,每次2mL／头,仔猪25日龄断奶。记录哺乳期仔猪腹泻发生率。断奶当天屠宰仔猪,采集肠道内容物及黏膜样品,检测盲肠内容物主要菌群的数量、各肠段pH值和结肠内容物乳酸含量,用实时定量PCR检测空肠黏膜化学屏障相关基因的表达量。结果显示,屎肠球菌使仔猪盲肠的乳酸菌比率升高8．98％,致病性肠杆菌的数量和比例分别下降28．68％（P〈0．05）和13．01％,仔猪腹泻率也下降了43．21％,但不影响细菌总数和乳酸菌数量,也不影响肠道pH值、结肠乳酸含量以及空肠黏膜MUC2、pBD-1和PMAP-37mRNA的表达量,却显著下调LYSmRNA的表达。结果表明,口服屎肠球菌改善哺乳期仔猪肠道菌群组成,促进肠道健康,同时它对溶菌酶基因表达的抑制作用可能是维持乳猪肠道微生态稳定的重要因素之一。