转Bt+Sck双价基因棉花的遗传稳定性研究

外源基因在转基因植物中遗传和表达的稳定性,直接关系到转基因材料的应用前景。本研究以转Bt+Sck双价基因棉花纯合株系312-5T2、332-2T2的T0,T1,T2和T3及T4连续世代为材料,Southern杂交进一步证明外源基因已经整合到棉花的基因组,并稳定地遗传给后代;RT-PCR以及抗虫性测定表明,外源抗虫基因在各个转基因世代稳定的表达,为该材料的育种应用打下了基础。     

我国转基因抗虫棉研究与应用

我国转基因抗虫棉研究起步于20世纪90年代,1992年人工合成了GFMcrglAcryBt基因,1995年研制成功了CrylA+CPTI双价抗虫基因,并相继育出了单价、双价和杂交抗虫棉新品种。转Bt基因抗虫棉不同生育阶段,不同部位对棉铃虫的抗性不同。对3龄以上的棉铃虫毒死率明显下降。转Bt+CPTI抗虫棉与转Bt基因抗虫棉有相似的抗虫性,但抗虫具有广谱性,且对大龄棉铃虫的杀伤效果显著高于Bt基因抗虫棉。转基因抗虫棉已推广应用847万hm²,累计创社会经济效益220多亿元。     

转双价基因棉花对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以3种转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321为研究对象,比较分析转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321根际土壤酶活性及养分的变化。结果表明,转双价Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉sGK321与石远321根际土壤速效磷和铵态氮含量无显著差异,而硝态氮含量则显著高于石远321;转双价Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉(双Bt抗虫棉)速效磷和铵态氮含量均显著低于石远321,而硝态氮含量与石远321无显著差异;转双价Cry1Ac+Epsps基因棉(抗虫抗除草剂棉)速效磷和硝态氮含量均显著高于石远321,而铵态氮含量显著低于石远321。sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均无显著差异;双Bt抗虫棉土壤脲酶活性显著低于石远321,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与石远321均无显著差异;抗虫抗除草剂棉与石远321土壤脲酶活性无显著差异,碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于石远321,而过氧化氢酶活性显著低于石远321。表明sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤养分(硝态氮除外)含量和酶活性无显著差异,而双Bt抗虫棉和抗虫抗除草剂棉所呈现的差异是因不同品种所致。     

转Bt+CpTI双价基因抗虫棉棉铃虫抗性的遗传分析

研究了转 Bt+ Cp TI双价基因抗虫棉 (简称双 - 1 )对棉铃虫的抗性及双价基因的遗传规律。结果表明 :双 - 1与非抗虫棉的正、反交 F1都表现高抗棉铃虫 ;F2 和 BC1群体的抗、感植株分离比分别符合 3∶ 1和 1∶ 1 ,说明双 - 1的棉铃虫抗性符合孟德尔一对显性基因的遗传方式。连锁测验表明双价基因独立于陆地棉多标记基因系 T5 86和T5 82的 1 1个形态标记基因。等位性测验证明双 -1与山西 Bt和 R1 9的整合位点不同 ,而可能与中心 Bt的整合在同一条染色体上     

转Bt+CpTI双价抗虫棉的遗传稳定性及生育后期对棉铃虫抗性表现

本文研究了转Bt+CpTI双价抗虫棉双抗-1 4个世代的棉铃虫抗性及其生育后期棉花对棉铃虫的杀虫活力.研究结果表明4个不同世代的双抗-1在苗期、蕾期、开花期和铃期的抗虫性水平相近,说明双抗-1的棉铃虫抗性能稳定遗传;双抗-1不同部位叶片抗虫性明显,抗性水平与中心Bt相近,也表现出前期抗虫性强后期抗虫性弱的时空表达特性.尽管抗     

双抗虫亲本杂交棉F1的生物学抗虫性及有关经济性状分析

研究分析了父母本皆为抗虫棉的正反交组合"宁SQK-1"与"宁SQK-2"的抗虫性表现及其有关经济性状的表达特征.结果显示,具有来自父母本2个Bt基因的抗虫杂交棉,其正反交F1均表现高抗棉铃虫特性,它们的抗虫性甚至超过了具有1对Bt抗虫基因的双亲;双抗虫亲本的F1抗虫性表达不存在母本效应.产量比较试验与纤维品质测试结果表明,"宁SQK-2"与"宁SQK-1"的子、皮棉产量与纤维品质均优于对照泗棉3号.     

肥料配施方式对棉花根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

 在田间试验条件下,以转双价(Bt+CpTI)基因抗虫棉sGK321及其亲本常规棉石远321为研究对象,设置了6个不同的施肥处理,比较分析转双价(Bt+CpTI)基因抗虫棉和非转基因亲本棉根际土壤酶活性（脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶）及速效养分(硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷)的变化,探讨不同施肥处理对转双价(Bt+CpTI)基因抗虫棉根际土壤酶活性及养分含量的影响。结果表明,在棉花种植120 d时,与亲本常规棉相比,转双价(Bt+CpTI)基因抗虫棉根际土壤酶（脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶）活性在100%有机肥试验条件下均显著高于亲本常规棉。而在土壤硝态氮含量上,转双价(Bt+CpTI)基因抗虫棉与亲本常规棉之间的差异随着有机肥配施量的增加而减小;除了对照和50%的有机肥、50%的尿素试验条件外,其他处理转双价（Bt+CpTI）基因抗虫棉与亲本常规棉相比,根际土壤铵态氮含量无显著差异。     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉与转Cry1Ac+EPSPS基因棉在黄萎病菌压力环境下检测技术和生存竞争能力研究

此研究为“十二五”转基因生物新品种培育项目中创建新的转基因棉花品种环境安全评价技术的建立而设。以转双价抗虫基因（Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab）棉、转双价抗虫抗除草剂基因（Cry1Ac+EPSPS）棉为观察材料,杂交抗虫棉赣棉杂1号和非转基因棉赣棉11号为对照材料,于黄萎病圃采用不同于抗病鉴定的方法,检测两种转双价基因抗虫棉在黄萎病菌压力下的发病情况、生长竞争能力和产量竞争能力。两个转双价基因棉抗黄萎病性不显著的强于两个对照;抗虫抗除草剂棉株高、覆盖度增长竞争能力相对较强,双Bt抗虫棉竞争力相对较弱;抗虫抗除草剂棉的单株成铃和果枝层数较高,增长竞争能力也较强,双Bt抗虫棉较弱;两个转双价基因棉最后的脱落率与两个对照差异不显著;抗虫抗除草剂棉籽棉、皮棉产量介于两个对照之间,而双Bt抗虫棉的产量低于两个对照。显示双Bt抗虫棉推广种植可行性相对较差,抗虫抗除草剂棉推广种植可行性一般。     

抗虫棉在种植中应注意的几个问题

1种植抗虫棉适时酌情防治虫害、科学化控 抗虫棉不是无虫免药棉.抗虫棉的抗虫性是对一、二代棉铃虫具有强抗性,对三、四代棉铃虫具有较强抗性.由于棉株各个器官所含抗虫Bt基因不同,所以不同器官的抗虫性不同,嫩叶嫩尖抗性最强,叶片次之,棉铃最差.     

转Bt基因棉抗棉铃虫鉴定技术及抗性表示方法研究

1997～1998年通过接幼虫和即将孵化的卵,进行转Bt基因棉室内鉴定技术及表示方法研究。结果表明,以接即将孵化的卵粒,4d后观测其取食情况最为简便准确,根据试验结果拟定检测分级标准,提出利用抗虫指数计算各抗虫棉群体抗性,依此可以量化地表示转Bt基因棉的抗虫性。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.