Genetic diversity of Brassica napus L. Germplasm from China and Europe assessed by some agronomically important characters

Summary The genetic diversity and relationships among 63 rapeseed accessions, including 34 Chinese, 22 Czech, 2 Swedish, 2 German, one French and 2 Canadian accessions, were evaluated by nine agronomically important characters in the field at Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Significant differences between Chinese and European group in plant height, setting position of the first primary branch, number of siliques of the terminal raceme, thousand seed weight and seed yield per plant were detected. There were significant variations in nine agronomic characters among the tested rapeseed accessions. Ward’s minimum variance cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis distances on the raw data of nine agronomic characters clearly separated the European accessions from the Chinese ones. However, the Chinese accessions with erucic acid free and/or low glucosinolates could not be separated from those Chinese accessions with both high erucic acid and glucosinolates. In general, cluster analysis of the 63 accessions based on the selected agronomic characters was consistent with known pedigree information and geographic origin, as well as the previous RAPD results of these accessions. The European rapeseed could be important germplasm resources for enriching the genetic background of Chinese rapeseed, and vice versa.     

Phenotypic Variation in a Germplasm Collection of Pepper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum chinense</Emphasis> Jacq.) from Korea

A total of 47 core collections of pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) conserved in National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) were studied under field condition at Jeonju over two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). All accessions were characterized for their 14 qualitative and 16 quantitative characters. Results revealed that both qualitative and quantitative characters exhibited wide variation among the studied germplasm. Distribution of fruit characters (fruit length, width, and fruit wall thickness) among the accessions was positively skewed. Of the 47 accessions evaluated, 38.3% accessions had conical shaped fruits and mature fruit color was predominantly red (51.1%), orange (21.3%) and yellow (14.9%). Principal component analyses revealed that (i) 56.64% of the qualitative (fruit shape, color and fruit surface) variation and (ii) 89.42% of the quantitative (plant width, height and fruit maturity days) variation were explained by the first two components. Clustering revealed two groups and dendrogram revealed morphological variation among accessions. The phenotypic diversity exists in this core collections provide valuable information to improve agronomic traits in pepper breeding program.     

Combining ability between lines of Cucumis sativus L. and Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef

Summary Three Cucumis sativus L. (CS) lines adapted to USA growing conditions were used as female parents in crosses to one line each of seven Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. (CH) accessions used as male parents to determine the relative combining ability of the CH accessions for six horticultural characters. The 21 F₁ progenies were grown in a randomized complete block design in two locations and evaluated for fruit number, lateral branch number, fruit length, fruit length/diameter ratio, number of female flowering nodes, and days to anthesis. General combining ability (GCA) was significant for all characters in each location. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for all characters except days to anthesis in one location and lateral branch number in both locations. Significant location × combining ability interactions were also evident for several characters. Results suggest that CH may be useful for improving fruit yield in commercial cucumber, but that limitations may lie in the attainment of acceptable fruit.Research supported by the College of Agric. and Life Sci., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison; USDA, ARS, and by funds from Pickle Packers Intl., Inc. Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee of warranty of the product by the USDA and does not imply its improval to the exclusion of the other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

籽用南瓜种质资源植物学性状多样性分析

分析了20份南瓜材料24个植物学性状的多样性,结果表明,中国南瓜、印度南瓜、美洲南瓜、裸仁南瓜和黑籽南瓜在皮壳质量、千粒重、根干质量、茎干质量、主茎长和果实性状上差异较大.主成分分析表明,种子长、种子宽、种子厚、皮壳质量、千粒重、子叶宽、茎干质量、主茎长、种仁质量、出仁率、种皮色、叶干质量和单瓜种子数是植物学多样性的主要指标.通过聚类分析,20份材料分为5个类群,与南瓜的传统分类基本一致,美洲南瓜与裸仁南瓜的亲缘关系最近,与印度南瓜和中国南瓜亲缘关系较远,与黑籽南瓜和华南大板最远.初步探讨了籽用南瓜的植物学多样性,筛选出1份优良的大白板型有壳籽用南瓜材料,并提出皮壳质量、千粒重、茎干质量、主茎长和单瓜种子数5个性状作为籽用南瓜资源植物学描述评价的代表性状,以期为籽用南瓜的育种奠定基础.     

柚类种质资源表型多样性分析及综合评价

为了建立合理的柚类分类系统并为柚类育种提供参考,本研究以82份柚类种质资源为试材,采用变异系数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、方差、相关性、主成分、聚类、回归分析等对其26个表型性状进行多样性分析、差异分析及综合评价。结果表明:这82个品种的26个性状的变异系数为0.26%。其中翼叶面积和果心面积变异较大,其他性状遗传特性较稳定;单果重、果横径、果形指数、果皮厚、囊瓣数、种子数、果心长和宽、叶片长和宽、叶片面积、花瓣宽、花柄长等性状等级分布均匀,翼叶面积、花瓣数、雄蕊长分级较少且分布不均;来源于中国大陆以外品种的果皮厚、叶柄长、翼叶长,明显优于长江流域和珠江流域来源的材料,但雌蕊长则相反;选育品种的叶片长、宽和面积显著大于遗传材料和地方品种;82个品种可聚为大翼叶大果型、大翼叶小果型,小翼叶大果型,小翼叶小果型4个类群;前7个主成分累计贡献率75.57%,包含了柚类表型性状的大部分信息;26个性状F平均值0.45,其中早暹柚得分最高为0.69,红肉琯溪蜜柚最低为0.24;囊瓣数、种子数等12个性状与F值极显著相关;回归方程筛选出单果重、囊瓣数等19个性状。本研究说明柚类种质资源具有较高的表型多样性,筛选出的19个性状可作为柚类综合评价指标,为柚类育种提供科学依据。     

文冠果种子产量影响因素分析

作为木本能源植物,文冠果的种子产量问题是制约其大力开发利用的主要因素。通过观测357个单株树形树势、叶片性状、果实性状、种子性状、产量相关性状、含油率等方面共26个性状,进行相关、多元回归和通径分析,找出影响其产量的主要因素。结果表明：产量与地径、冠幅、叶长、叶面积、果长、果宽、每果种子数、果实鲜重、结果个数呈极显著正相关,与果皮厚、心皮数、种长、种宽、百果重显著正相关,与枝下高呈极显著负相关。果实鲜重、出籽率、结果个数、每果种子数、种宽是影响单株种子产量的主要因素。果实鲜重、结果个数和出籽率对种子产量的贡献较大,是选择高产单株的主要选择性状。     

黄瓜种质资源形态学标记和SRAP标记的遗传多样性分析

旨在探索黄瓜种质资源的遗传多样性,为今后黄瓜选育优良品种提供可靠依据。以48份黄瓜种质资源为材料,用DPS软件对各品种的13个表型性状进行聚类分析,同时利用SRAP分子标记对其进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明:根据果实性状等形态学标记聚类分析得出,在阈值75.0处,可以将48份黄瓜种质资源分成5大类群。利用UPGMA法对SRAP分子标记结果聚类分析发现,黄瓜种质间的遗传相似系数在0.52~0.93之间,在遗传相似系数为0.64处,可以将其分成5大类群,形态学标记和SRAP分子标记的聚类结果存在较大差异。由此可见,SRAP分子标记较形态学标记能更好地分析品种间亲缘关系的远近,对黄瓜遗传多样性研究更具指导意义。     

茄子主要早熟相关性状研究

生产实践中评价茄子早熟性的主要指标是前期产量。为探究茄子早熟相关性状,进而辅助早熟育种,2012—2014年对总计138个紫圆茄杂交组合的主要农艺性状进行相关分析,并于2013、2014年对主要前期产量相关性状进行通径分析。3年相关分析结果显示,单株结果数和单果重与单株前期产量极显著相关,而始花节位与单株前期产量的相关性表现没有规律性,存在极限效应。2014年单株结果数和单果重对单株前期产量的直接通径系数分别为1.2073和0.7935,说明对单株前期产量有显著正向效应。因此选育早熟茄子品种首要的是提高单株结果数,在保证品质的同时选择大果且肉质紧密类型,不要过分依赖始花节位。     

Inheritance of resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and genetic correlations with fruit characters in a diploid Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) population

Bacterial canker of kiwifruit, caused by a virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), has resulted in serious damage to kiwifruit industry worldwide. The variability and inheritance of resistance to Psa and fruit characters in a disconnected factorial mating population of diploid Actinidia chinensis Planch were investigated. Significant variation in all characters was found, and this appeared to be under polygenic control. Results indicated the extent and nature of genetic variation in Psa resistance available in our breeding gene pool. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability were moderate-high to high for Psa resistance, fruit weight, dry matter content (DM) and soluble solids contents (SSC), but low for fruit number per vine. The moderate-high heritability for Psa resistance indicated a genetic control of the observed variation, and selection for Psa resistance could be possible. Psa resistance had a high negative genetic correlation with fruit number per vine, but a moderate positive correlation with fruit weight, DM and SSC. The results implied that yield penalty of Psa resistance might exist in kiwifruit. Thus, selection strategies based on Psa resistance need to take account of its negative correlation with fruit number per vine. Male and female parents useful for improving Psa resistance and fruit characters simultaneously were identified. Two full-sib families were outstanding, as they combined high degrees of resistance to Psa with high yield components and reasonable amounts of DM and SSC.     

当年生桑树(Morus alba L.)果枝叶片特征与 果实性状的相关性

为揭示叶果间的内在作用规律,以桑树（Morus alba L.）当年生果枝为研究对象,分析不同大小果枝上叶片特征和果实性状的差异及其二者间的相互关系。结果表明：随着果枝由小到大,果枝上的叶片数与总叶干重显著增加,而叶形指数却无显著变化;桑葚数与总桑葚干重也有显著增加,桑葚含水量无显著变化。桑葚数与叶片数、总叶干重、总叶面积及其平均桑葚干重显著正相关。研究结果证实了果实的性状与叶片特征之间存在极密切关系。当年生果枝上的桑葚数量多少取决于果枝上的叶片总数,平均桑葚的干重则与果枝上的平均叶面积显著相关。     

Pure-lining of flax (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Linum usitatissimum</Emphasis> L.) genebank accessions for efficiently exploiting and assessing seed character diversity

Genetic heterogeneity within genebank accessions of a self-pollinating crop has great implications for their preservation, diversity assessment, utilization and exploitation. This study investigated the intra-accession diversity of 38 flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genebank accessions preserved by Plant Gene Resources of Canada. Seven quantitative seed characters were studied: 1000 seed weight, seed oil concentration and fatty acid proportion of palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2) and α-linolenic acid (18:3). Ten additional morphological characters of high heritability were also recorded. In 13 accessions the intra-accession diversity was assessed based on 4 years of observation of 7–12 pure lines selected randomly from the original accessions. From these 13 accessions, seven showed significant variation among the pure lines for all seven seed characters. In five accessions most seed characters showed significant variation and only in one accession the homogeneity of seed characters dominated. Variation was found in landraces, breeding material and cultivars. In 40 cases an attempt was made to identify pure lines within an accession that significantly exceeded the mean value of the original accession in a seed character, for which the original accession had shown high or low values. In 25 cases and for all seven seed characters such pure lines could be detected. In six cases, the most extreme performing pure lines were not from the same accession, that had the highest or lowest accession mean for the considered character. There was no association of morphological variation with variation of the quantitative seed characters. For genebanks, separation of mixed accessions based on obvious phenotypic diversity and in particular based on characters that create a selective pressure is probably the most efficient way to ensure preservation of a wide range of diversity at reasonable cost. For exploitation of diversity in breeding programmes, pure-lining is very useful. J. Philip Raney—Deceased.     

云南丽江适栽蓝莓品种筛选试验初报

为了了解不同蓝莓品种在云南丽江的丰产性和适应性，筛选出适合本地区种植的优质、高产蓝莓新品种，本研究通过8个兔眼蓝莓品种进行田间比较试验，采用灰色关联分析法对供试品种的结果枝数、每枝结果数、株高、单果重、单株一年生枝数、冠幅和单株产量等7个主要农艺性状进行灰色关联综合评价。以单株产量为参考数列，其他性状构成被比较数列，灰色关联序依次是：结果枝数＞每枝结果数＞株高＞单果重＞单株一年生枝＞冠幅。以理想品种为参考数列，其他品种为被比较数列，灰色关联序依次是‘芭尔得温’＞‘粉蓝’＞‘灿烂’＞‘杰兔’＞‘顶峰’＞‘园蓝’＞‘乡铃’＞‘梯芙蓝’。因此，以灰色关联分析法评估选出的‘芭尔得温’、‘粉蓝’、‘灿烂’、‘杰兔’4个品种，综合性状表现优，适合在丽江地区推广种植。     

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] landrace variation and classification in North Shewa and South Welo, Ethiopia

Fourteen phenotypic characters were chosen for the purpose of obtaining taxonomic evidence on the resemblances of 177 accessions of sorghum from North Shewa and South Welo regions of Ethiopia. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) and Modeclus cluster analysis were conducted to see if the 177 accessions could form clusters based on their morphological characters, and to test the consistency of farmers’ naming of the five most common Sorghum landraces represented by 44 accessions. Multivariate analyses grouped the 177 accessions into three clusters linked by a few phenotypic intermediate landraces. A botanical key was established for easy classification of the Sorghum crop plants grown in the study area. The number of accessions of the five most common landraces named by the farmers formed dissimilar groups, suggesting that farmers’ naming of these Sorghum landraces are consistent. Midrib color, grain color, grain size, glume color, glume hairiness, and grain shape were the leading morphological characters used by the farmers in naming these Sorghum landraces. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of taste characters and fruit size and number in a diploid Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) population

We investigated the variability and inheritance of taste components and fruit size and number in a seedling population of diploid Actinidia chinensisPlanch. We found significant variation in all characters measured. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were high for vitamin C content, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC), fruit weight and dry matter content (DM), but low for glucose content, quinic acid content, and fruit number per vine. The genetic correlations between sugars (except myo-inositol), acids (except quinic acid), TA, vitamin C content, SSC and DM tended to be positive and moderate to high. However, correlations between these characters and fruit weight tended to be negative and moderate to high. The standardised coefficients () of multiple regression showed that SSC was highly dependent on the levels of fructose content, sucrose content and TA. Estimates of relative selection efficiencies (E) suggested that selection using SSC could be an efficient and convenient alternative to direct selection for improvement of sugar levels in kiwifruit. However, selection strategies based on SSC need to take account of its moderate negative correlation with fruit weight. Male and female parents useful for improving acid and sugar composition and fruit size were identified. One family was outstanding, as it combined large fruit size with high levels of SSC and DM.     

Variation among maize (Zea mays L.) accessions of Bendel State,Nigeria. Multivariate analysis of agronomic data

Summary Two multivariate techniques were used to characterize 30 maize accessions collected from three ecological zones of Bendel State, Nigeria. Differentiation of the 30 accessions into five distinct groups was achieved with the unweighted variable group method of the average linkage cluster analysis of 34 agronomic characters. Four of the taxonomic groups contained at least three accessions each, while a fifth group contained only one. The single accession contained in the fifth group was characterised by very early maturity, deeply pigmented leaves and ear husks and short statured plants. Clustering of the accessions into different phenetic groups followed substantially along geographical and traditionally trading routes. A few cases of overlapping of accessions from different geographical locations were obtained.Principal component analysis revealed that days to 50% tasseling and silking, number of nodes/plant, ear length, ear weight, leaf width, and kernel colour were the principal discriminatory characters that differentiated the accessions. Sixty-four percent of the total variation among the 34 characters were accounted for by the first five principal components while the first and second components accounted for 26 and 14 respectively.     

64份苦荞种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析与综合评价

采用Shannon-Wienerˊs多样性指数、主成分分析、综合得分F值及聚类分析等方法对干旱地区64份苦荞种质资源的主要农艺性状进行了遗传多样性分析和综合评价。结果表明,单株粒重的遗传多样性指数最高,为13.630,主茎粗的变异系数最高,为30.6%;主成分分析将苦荞种质的11个农艺性状降维为累计贡献率达87.580%的6个主成分;综合得分F值与生育期、株高、主茎节数、千粒重和单株粒重等具有极显著的相关性,可作为苦荞种质资源综合评价的主要指标;根据综合得分F值和聚类分析结果筛选出7份具有不同育种目标选择潜力的优良材料。     

Geographic distribution of variation in quantitative traits in a world lentil collection

Summary In a world lentil collection the distribution of variation amongst accessions from 13 major lentil-producing countries was examined on the basis of nine quantitative morphological characters by discriminant analysis and canonical analysis. Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed major differences between accessions from different countries. Three major regional groups were apparent: 1) a levantine group (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, 2) a more northern group composed of Greece, Iran, Turkey, and USSR, and 3) accessions from India and Ethiopia with strikingly similar quantitative morphological characters. Misclassifications of individuals within groups were frequent. Characters useful in discriminating between accessions from different countries were in descending order of importance: time to maturity, lowest pod height and 100-seed weight. The regional grouping indicates the importance of local adaptation through clusters of associated characters with phenological adaptation to the ecological environment as the major evolutionary force in the species.     

黄瓜若干性状的相关及通径分析

对黄瓜８个亲本及其１６个杂交组合的总产量等１６个性状进行分析，结果表明，总产量与总采瓜数，单瓜日增克数，单瓜重之间呈显著正相关，与枯萎病率呈显著负相关，早期产量与早期采瓜数呈显著正相关，与霜霉病，白粉病病指呈正相关。瓜长、瓜粗，瓜把长等性状与总产量之间相关系数较小，可单独进行选择。     

茄子种质资源主要性状评价及其相关性分析

为筛选出高产、耐高低温、适合华南地区种植的紫红长茄,从国内收集茄子种质资源15份,对株高、熟性、果色、单果重、单株产量和果形等主要性状进行描述和相关性分析,并进行单性结实性鉴定。茄子资源主要性状的相关性分析结果显示,单株产量与果实纵径、单果重呈极显著正相关,相关系数(r)分别为0.910和0.880;株高与果形指数呈极显著正相关(r=0.740);熟性与花冠色呈显著正相关,即当花冠色较深时,熟性就较晚。综合来看,比对照显著高产的是‘庆丰二号’,但‘庆丰二号’主茎有刺,果萼也有少量刺,这给果实采摘带来不便;且‘庆丰二号’不具有单性结实能力。‘春秀’和‘公牛长茄’的单株产量与对照相当,但‘春秀’和‘公牛长茄’都具有单性结实能力,即使遭遇高低温障碍也能正常结果,而对照不具有单性结实能力。因此,‘春秀’和‘公牛长茄’优于对照,在华南地区具有一定的推广前景。     

Variation among seven genotypes of Lycopersicon esculentum and 36 accessions of L. hirsutum for interspecific crossability

To improve the efficiency of introgressing genes from Lycopersicon hirsutum (H) into L. esculentum (E), environmental and genetic variation for the number of progeny per fruit from E × H crosses was quantified. Over three dates in a year, 36 H accessions were crossed to seven E accessions in a greenhouse. The proportion of total variation for the number of E × H progeny per fruit due to environment (dates, location, and error), H accession, E accession, interactions between E and H, and interactions between accessions and environments was 0.42, 0.26, 0.12, 0.11, and 0.09, respectively. Sampling greater numbers of fruit on a single date improved the efficiency of recovering progeny more than increased sampling over time. The specific combination of E and H parents can profoundly affect the number of E × H progeny recovered and therefore the efficiency of gene introgression. Accessions of H from the southern edge of the species' natural geographic range generally yielded few to zero progeny per fruit in crosses with E. In contrast to the southern H accessions, most northern accessions produced greater than 40 E × H progeny per fruit. Most genes within H should be readily accessible for tomato breeding but genes that are found only in southern H accessions may be challenging to introgress. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.