浅谈棉花良种产业化中的有关育种问题

１　国内外情况及发展趋势概略纵观世界上主要产棉国棉花生产形势，表现在品种上各有着不同的特色。以色列棉花育种以提高单产为显著特点，１９９３年单产皮棉１８９０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２。美国棉花品种以纤维强度优良著称，纤维比强度大多在２５ＣＮ·ｔｅｘ－１左右。俄罗斯棉花品种以抗病性能强为主要特色，棉花品种大都高抗枯萎病、黄萎病或其他病害。这些国家棉花品种除以上各自的优点外，还具有两个共同特点：一是棉花品种具有多逆性（抗旱、风、盐碱等）；二是棉花品种类型与农业生产要求相适应。我国的棉花育种随着生产力和生产水平的解…     

2005年南阳棉花品种调查与思考

棉花是南阳的重要经济作物，全市有5个全国优质棉基地县，常年种植面积13-16万公顷，是盆中平原农村经济的支柱产业。随着新品种育成量的增多和市场经济的自我调剂，南阳市场上出现有近百个棉花品种，为了科学地评价、选择品种，作者对植棉县、市、区种植的棉花品种进行了考察，为生产用种提供依据。     

棉花品种退化的表现及特点与原因

种子是重要的生产资料之一。尤其是棉花，作为纺织工业的主要原料，不仅要提高产量，而且要给纺织工业提供品质优良，纤维强力、长度、细度、整齐度高的纤维原料。这就既要求棉花品种遗传性状好，又要纯度高，并且能长期保持品种的优良特性。但由于棉花是常异交作物，遗传组成比较复杂，加之生产环节多（多次收花、轧花等），比之自花授粉作物更容易造成品种混杂退化。国内外大量试验结果表明，纯合优良种子比混杂退化种子增产幅度一般在10—15％。因此，为防止或减轻棉花品种混杂。退化的速度及其影响的程度，促进棉花生产持续稳定地发展，…     

棉花新品种栽培技术的模糊相似选择

本文利用模糊数学中模糊相似优选比法研究了棉花新品种与诸多推广品种的栽培学特征特性相似性。结果表明，棉花新品种与某一推广品种相似程度很高，可认为它们属于同一类型品种，在生产上采用其相似的栽培措施去管理棉花新品种，就能取得预想效果。     

特早熟棉花品种纤维品质评价

分析不同棉花品种的纤维品质差异，对制定棉花育种目标具有重要意义。2008―2018年辽宁省共审定特早熟棉花品种18个，多为中、短绒，其中断裂比强度是影响棉花纤维品质的主要因素。多数品种因为断裂比强度指标下降，导致审定品种不得不归为低一级的品质类型，影响了棉花品种的利用价值。在今后的工作中，应加强高断裂比强度棉花资源的利用，以提升棉花纤维品质。     

灰色关联度在棉花品种区试上的应用

我国棉花品种区域试验传统的分析方法，是对品种的皮棉产量进行方差分析，新复极差测验品种间产量差异的显著性，用回归法或非回归法测定品种产量的稳定性。而对品种的生育表现、丰产因素、抗逆性以及纤维品质等仅作简单的比较和；定性描述，缺乏必要的数量分析和综合评价。为此，本文试用“‘灰色关联度”分析方法对棉花品种区域试验资料进行综合评定，旨在完善棉花品种区域试验资料的统计分析，使参试品种有一个全面客观的科学评价。１材料与方法采用１９８７～１９８８年常规棉品种区域试验资料，对参试品种泗８４－７５、盐８５－８、通…     

2015—2021年国家审定黄河流域棉花品种抗病性分析

为了解黄河流域棉花品种抗病性水平，根据2015―2021年国家审定黄河流域的53个棉花品种的抗病性鉴定数据，分析了该时期国家审定黄河流域棉花品种对黄萎病和枯萎病的抗性水平。结果表明，2015―2021年各年审定品种整体抗枯萎病性和抗黄萎病性稳步提高，各年度平均枯萎病相对病情指数达到抗或是高抗级别，各年度平均黄萎病相对病情指数波动降低，且均在耐病级别。可见，其间审定品种抗枯萎病性相对较好，而抗黄萎病性相对较差。针对品种的抗病特性、病害发生规律和危害特点，今后应加强抗黄萎病棉花品种的选育工作，同时做好棉花黄萎病的监测和防控。     

1985―2019年河南省棉花品种审定和利用情况概述

回顾了1985―2019年河南省棉花品种的审定和利用工作，概述了审定品种的数量、类型、抗病虫性以及产量和纤维品质表现，总结了河南省棉花的主推品种及其主推年份和种植面积，以期为棉花品种的选育、审定和利用以及稳定棉花生产提供参考。     

应用加权灰色局势决策评价棉花新品种

应用加权灰色局势决策，综合评价了参试棉花品种优劣，评价结果与专家对棉花品种取舍相符，从而说明这种评价方法客观、合理，可以推广使用。     

关于棉花品种审定命名问题的商榷

简要回顾了棉花品种命名方式的演变过程、棉花品种传统命名方式的基本要素及当前棉花品种命名面临的问题与原因,提出了在新形势下如何做好棉花品种审定命名的建议。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。