An exhumation history of continents over billion-year time scales

The continental lithosphere contains the oldest and most stable structures on Earth, where fragments of ancient material have eluded destruction by tectonic and surface processes operating over billions of years. Although present-day erosion of these remnants is slow, a record of how they have uplifted, eroded, and cooled over Earth's history can provide insight into the physical properties of the continents and the forces operating to exhume them over geologic time. We constructed a continuous record of ancient lithosphere cooling with the use of uranium-lead (U-Pb) thermochronology on volcanically exhumed lower crustal fragments. Combining these measurements with thermal and Pb-diffusion models constrains the range of possible erosion histories. Measured U-Pb data are consistent with extremely low erosion rates persisting over time scales approaching the age of the continents themselves.     

Predator removal: effect on fisheries yields in lake victoria (East Africa)

Lake Victoria's artisanal fishery has an overfishing problem. A possible solution is suggested by records showing that fish catches are best where predator populations have been reduced by fishing. It may be possible to remedy overfishing by increasing fishing effort, provided the additional effort is directed toward predators.     

Asymmetry of lineages and the direction of evolutionary time

Evolutionary time has a characteristic direction as demonstrated by the asymmetry of clade diversity diagrams in large statistical samples. Evolutionary groups generally concentrate diversity during their early histories, producing a preponderance of bottom-heavy clades among those that arise early in the history of a larger group. This pattern holds across taxonomic levels and across differences in anatomy and ecology (marine invertebrates, terrestrial mammals). The quantitative study of directionality in life's history (replacing vague, untestable, and culturally laden notions of "progress") should receive more attention from paleobiologists.     

Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales

The late Pleistocene history of seawater temperature and salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific warm pool is reconstructed from oxygen isotope (delta18O) and magnesium/calcium composition of planktonic foraminifera. Differentiating the calcite delta18O record into components of temperature and local water delta18O reveals a dominant salinity signal that varied in accord with Dansgaard/Oeschger cycles over Greenland. Salinities were higher at times of high-latitude cooling and were lower during interstadials. The pattern and magnitude of the salinity variations imply shifts in the tropical Pacific ocean/atmosphere system analogous to modern El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Ni?o conditions correlate with stadials at high latitudes, whereas La Ni?a conditions correlate with interstadials. Millennial-scale shifts in atmospheric convection away from the western tropical Pacific may explain many paleo-observations, including lower atmospheric CO2, N2O, and CH4 during stadials and patterns of extratropical ocean variability that have tropical source functions that are negatively correlated with El Ni?o.     

Influence of gene action across different time scales on behavior

Genes can affect natural behavioral variation in different ways. Allelic variation causes alternative behavioral phenotypes, whereas changes in gene expression can influence the initiation of behavior at different ages. We show that the age-related transition by honey bees from hive work to foraging is associated with an increase in the expression of the foraging (for) gene, which encodes a guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG). cGMP treatment elevated PKG activity and caused foraging behavior. Previous research showed that allelic differences in PKG expression result in two Drosophila foraging variants. The same gene can thus exert different types of influence on a behavior.     

Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales

We present evidence, based on an ensemble of integrations with NSIPP1 (version 1 of the atmospheric general circulation model developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in the framework of the Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project) forced only by the observed record of sea surface temperature from 1930 to 2000, to suggest that variability of rainfall in the Sahel results from the response of the African summer monsoon to oceanic forcing, amplified by land-atmosphere interaction. The recent drying trend in the semiarid Sahel is attributed to warmer-than-average low-latitude waters around Africa, which, by favoring the establishment of deep convection over the ocean, weaken the continental convergence associated with the monsoon and engender widespread drought from Senegal to Ethiopia.     

带脉冲的高阶线性时标微分方程的振动性

得到了带脉冲的高阶线性时标微分方程解具有振动性的判定条件,并通过实例进行了验证．     

带脉冲的高阶线性时标微分方程的振动性（英文）

研究了带强迫项的一阶时标脉冲微分方程的振动性,得到几个时标方程的解具有振动性的判定条件,并举例说明了脉冲对时标系统解振动性的重要性.     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over phanerozoic time

A new model has been constructed for calculating the level of atmospheric CO(2) during the past 570 million years. A series of successive steady states for CO(2) is used in order to calculate CO(2) level from a feedback function for the weathering of silicate minerals. Processes considered are: sedimentary burial of organic matter and carbonates; continental weathering of silicates, carbonates, and organic matter; and volcanic and metamorphic degassing of CO(2). Sediment burial rates are calculated with the use of an isotope mass-balance model and carbon isotopic data on ancient seawater. Weathering rates are calculated from estimates of past changes in continental land area, mean elevation, and river runoff combined with estimates of the effects of the evolution of vascular land plants. Past degassing rates are estimated from changes in the rate of generation of sea floor and the shift of carbonate deposition from platforms to the deep sea. The model results indicate that CO(2) levels were high during the Mesozoic and early Paleozoic and low during the Permo-Carboniferous and late Cenozoic. These results correspond to independently deduced Phanerozoic paleoclimates and support the notion that the atmospheric CO(2) greenhouse mechanism is a major control on climate over very long time scales.     

含脉冲的时标神经网络的平衡解的存在唯一性（英文）

讨论了一般性的具有脉冲和时滞的时标神经网络解的存在条件.利用非光滑分析和李雅普诺夫泛函,在不假定激励函数有界和可微的条件下,得到了这类神经网络存在唯一的平衡点的充分条件.作为特例,得到了具有脉冲和时滞的时标Hopfield神经网络、细胞神经网络、双向联想记忆神经网络等系统的平衡解的存在唯一性条件.     

带脉冲和时滞的时标双向联想记忆Cohen-Grossberg神经网络的稳定性分析(英文)

讨论了一类带脉冲和时滞的含有可变系数的时标双向联想记忆Cohen-Grossberg神经网络的稳定性.利用Lyapunov泛函和Halanay不等式,获得了这类神经网络的平衡点的存在性、全局指数稳定性、全局指数鲁棒稳定性,表明脉冲对于系统的指数稳定性和鲁棒稳定性起了重要的作用.最后以实例说明了理论结果的有效性.     

Direct observation of global protein motion in hemoglobin and myoglobin on picosecond time scales

Picosecond phase-grating spectroscopy is highly sensitive to density changes and provides a new holographic approach to the study of protein dynamics. Photodissociation of carbon monoxide from heme proteins induces a well-defined transition from a ligated to a deoxy structure that is important to hemoglobin and myoglobin functionality. Grating spectroscopy was used to observe protein-driven density waves on a picosecond time scale after carbon monoxide dissociation. This result demonstrates that global tertiary structure changes of proteins occur on an extremely fast time scale and provides new insight into the biomechanics of deterministic protein motion.     

Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period

Reconstructions of ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) variations help us better understand how the global carbon cycle and climate are linked. We compared CO2 variations on millennial time scales between 20,000 and 90,000 years ago with an Antarctic temperature proxy and records of abrupt climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature were positively correlated over millennial-scale climate cycles, implying a strong connection to Southern Ocean processes. Evidence from marine sediment proxies indicates that CO2 concentration rose most rapidly when North Atlantic Deep Water shoaled and stratification in the Southern Ocean was reduced. These increases in CO2 concentration occurred during stadial (cold) periods in the Northern Hemisphere, several thousand years before abrupt warming events in Greenland.     

Iceberg discharges into the north atlantic on millennial time scales during the last glaciation

High-resolution studies of North Atlantic deep sea cores demonstrate that prominent increases in iceberg calving recurred at intervals of 2000 to 3000 years, much more frequently than the 7000-to 10,000-year pacing of massive ice discharges associated with Heinrich events. The calving cycles correlate with warm-cold oscillations, called Dansgaard-Oeschger events, in Greenland ice cores. Each cycle records synchronous discharges of ice from different sources, and the cycles are decoupled from sea-surface temperatures. These findings point to a mechanism operating within the atmosphere that caused rapid oscillations in air temperatures above Greenland and in calving from more than one ice sheet.     

播种期、栽植密度及施氮方法对高菜产量的影响

高菜分期播种、不同栽植密度、不同氮肥用量和施氮方法的试验结果表明,浙东沿海地区高菜的适宜播种期在10月5-25日,适宜栽植密度在4.2万株.hm-2左右,最佳施氮量为225 kg.hm-2,最佳施氮方法为基肥20%、苗肥10%、腊肥10%、春肥60%。     

近30年广西土壤有机质演变特征

土壤有机质(SOM)是衡量农业生产力和土壤整体健康的重要指标,对促进区域粮食安全和缓解全球变暖下的粮食危机具有重要意义。为揭示1984—2009年广西全域SOM变化情况,基于广西第二次土壤普查项目(1984年)和广西测土配方施肥项目(2009年)两期数据,利用地统计学、动态度、分布指数等方法分析了广西土壤表层SOM时空演变特征及其在不同海拔高度上的分布状况。结果显示,近30年广西SOM总体含量大幅提升,各含量等级已由零散交错的不均匀分布演变为相对集中的连片分布,分布面积呈现：等级4(20～30 g·kg^-1)>等级5(30～40 g·kg^-1)>等级6(>40 g·kg^-1)>等级3(10～20 g·kg^-1)>等级1(≤6 g·kg^-1)>等级2(6～10 g·kg^-1),等级4和等级5所占比例分别由1984年的28.20%和18.73%提升至2009年的38.09%和36.19%。在变化速率方面,等级2减少最为迅速,...     

不同时间尺度下秘鲁鳀资源量的波动特征

海洋渔业资源其资源量在时间上存在波动,了解资源量波动的不同时间尺度特征可为探索资源变动的相关因素提供依据。为此,根据1985—2021年间秘鲁鳀(Engraulis ringens)资源量时间序列,利用自适应噪声的完全集合经验模态分解(complete empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise, CEEMDAN)的方法,提取资源量波动的不同时间尺度特征,并评价各时间尺度波动对总体资源波动的贡献程度;此外使用交相关分析的方法探究厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对不同时间尺度下秘鲁鳀资源量波动的影响。研究发现,CEEMDAN可将秘鲁鳀资源量时间序列分解成5个本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF_i,其中i为分量级数)分量和1个残差项(residual, RES);根据各IMF_i分量的周期特征及其对总体资源波动贡献分析结果可知：秘鲁鳀的资源量波动主要受到季节或年间为表征的IMF₁波动和代表其年代际变动趋势的RES所控制,其中资源量年代际变动的趋势与东南...