大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产效果及群体生理研究

以高光效大豆品种黑农40为材料、设覆膜、未覆膜(CK)两个处理,在岗地和平地上研究了行间覆膜栽培技术增产效果及群体生理.结果表明:大豆行间覆膜栽培技术在适应推广区域内是一项具有显著增产效果和推广价值的栽培技术,展览田试验(平地)增产21%,东岗试验(岗地)增产25.4%;黑农40群体叶面积指数、光合势、净光合生产率、群体中单叶光合速率、根瘤数及根瘤鲜重、地上部生物产量和经济产量积累及分配,在黑农40不同生长发育时期东岗试验(岗地)和展览田试验(平地)均是行间覆膜栽培高于未覆膜栽培(对照).这些结果揭示了大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产的群体生理基础.     

大豆行间覆膜栽培技术示范总结

2004年绥滨县农业技术推广中心,引进大豆行间覆膜栽培技术,种植266.7hm2,经过一年生产示范,覆膜大豆增产显著,在今年低温、干旱条件下,实现hm2产量2646.3kg,比垄三栽培hm2增产732.6kg,本文系统介绍了该大豆行间覆膜栽培技术及其好处。     

大豆大垄垄上行间覆膜滴灌栽培技术研究初报

采用大区条田种植,以垦丰16为材料,研究大豆在大垄垄上行间覆膜配合滴灌技术栽培的增产效果及各生育时期植株形态指标及实测产量变化.结果表明:大垄垄上行间覆膜配合滴灌技术对大豆的营养生长有促进作用.在产量因素构成上,结荚层数较对照高0.6层,株粒数较对照多5.1粒,空瘪率较对照低0.1%,百粒重较对照高1.8 g,亩产较对照增产25.4%.在投入上要比对照高125.3元/亩,在效益上要比对照增加31.1元.     

大垄垄上行间覆膜对土壤水分、温度及大豆产量形成的影响

为探讨大豆大垄垄上行间覆膜的增产机制,以垦丰15、垦丰16两个大豆品种为材料,在田间进行大垄垄上行间覆膜和不覆膜处理,研究了覆膜阶段土壤水温状况及植株形态指标变化。结果表明,行间覆膜对土壤的增温作用在大豆生育前期内呈“U”型变化,在增加耕层含水量、改善根系生长环境方面起到重要作用,覆膜大豆产量明显高于对照。     

地膜覆盖对小麦土壤水热状况及灌浆特性的影响

为探索适合旱地小麦新品种普冰151的高产栽培模式,在关中平原西部杨凌地区550mm降水条件下,对覆膜穴播、起垄覆膜沟播和露地条播小麦的土壤水热状况、灌浆特性及产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,地膜小麦的土壤含水量在越冬至拔节期高于露地条播,有利于冬前形成壮苗和早春返青,拔节期之后覆膜穴播小麦田土壤含水量最低(除0～20cm);覆膜于小麦拔节期前增温、保温效果显著,拔节期后地温较对照有所降低;覆膜穴播和起垄覆膜沟播平均灌浆速率比露地条播分别提高11.9%和5.5%,且能延长灌浆持续期;与露地条播相比,覆膜穴播和起垄覆膜沟播分别增产10.8%和4.9%,差异显著。综上所述,覆膜穴播小麦在保墒、保温及增产方面表现最好,起垄覆膜沟播次之;地膜小麦是适宜半湿润易旱地区小麦高产栽培方式。     

延安旱地冬小麦地膜穴播栽培试验初报

为了提高延安市旱地小麦降水有效利用率,进而达到高产,稳产的目的,采用冬小麦全生育期地膜覆盖穴播栽培技术进行了试验研究,结果表明,覆膜穴播比同期露增产３０．５％,比常规露播增产２０．５％,说明地膜小麦具有保水,抗旱,增产的全程优势作用,因此,旱地小麦覆膜穴播栽培技术在该市干旱干旱农业我有较高的推广应用价值。     

大豆行间覆膜栽培技术

本文论述了大豆行间覆膜技术在黑龙江省的应用,指出该项技术在北方寒地旱作农业中具有抗旱保墒、增温、增产等重要作用.同时讲解了大豆行间覆膜的技术要点.     

大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产因素分析

行间覆膜栽培技术对大豆增产效果明显，本文通过试验研究分析了大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产因素。通过对大豆行间覆膜栽培技术耕层土壤温度、土壤含水量、大豆根系以及大豆植株高度的调查，表明大豆行间覆膜以后，地温升高、土壤含水量增加、大豆植株根瘤数增加、大豆植株的生物量增加，从而促进了大豆产量的增加。     

不同覆膜方式对旱作大豆生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

地膜覆盖栽培技术在干旱半干旱地区的应用,改善了农业生产上千旱胁迫的危害,本实验为旱作农业寻找合理的地膜覆盖方式,有效发挥地膜覆盖的抗旱作用。通过覆膜穴播与膜际条播方式种植大豆,以不覆膜种植为对照,比较两种覆膜方式对于大豆生长发育、抗旱生理特性、光合生理特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：行上覆膜大豆比对照增产20．85％,叶片水分利用效率、土壤水分利用效率及降水水分利用效率分别提高105．16％、150．00％及20．43％;行间覆膜大豆比对照增产16．97％,叶片水分利用效率、土壤水分利用效率及降水水分利用效率分别提高112．68％、141．76％及16．98％。行上覆膜及行间覆膜大豆的叶面积指数、光合性能、抗旱性能等显著地高于不覆膜种植,株荚数、荚粒数、百粒重及水分利用效率等指标也明显优于对照。由此可见,行上覆膜及行间覆膜均能有效地促进大豆生长发育、提高水分利用效率及产量,并且两种覆膜方式之间差异不显著。     

扁茎大豆光合生理特性及种质改良研究：Ⅰ.中国扁茎大豆群体条件下 …

在群体条件下，扁茎大豆（中国扁茎）结荚鼓粒期光合特生为例，光合速率高于高产品种黑农３７，与高光效品种黑农４０相仿；具有高于黑农３７和黑农４０的单株叶面积，截获光能强；形成较多光合产物，并能有效地运往茎和花荚中，从而获得高于黑农３７和黑农４０的单株产量，这些光合特性有利于对其进行光效育种改良，因此我们认为扁茎大豆可以做为高光效育种种质资源加以改造利用。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.