复方中药添加剂在生长猪日粮中添加效果的研究

试验选用杜长大三元杂交猪112头,分为7组,每组6头,以体重为依据,随机编组,组间平均体重(35.0±1.6)kg。试验组饲喂基础日粮加不同剂量4%中草药预混剂,对照组饲喂基础日粮加常规饲料添加剂。试验进行39d,体重达60kg左右结束。测定试验各组增重及饲料消耗以及血相的变化。试验结果表明:添加4%中草药预混剂的试验组比对照组日增重提高17.2%,饲料消耗平均降低13.3%,而淋巴细胞试验组比对照组平均高10.5%,ANAE阳性细胞显著高于对照组。     

复合酶制剂对生长肥育猪的饲喂效果

选用体重27kg的杜长大三元杂交生长肥育猪42头,随机分成对照组和试验组,每组3个重复组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+0.01%复合酶制剂,试验期32d。试验结果表明:复合酶制剂可将猪平均日增重提高0.057kg(P<0.05);平均日采食量降低0.072kg,饲料增重比降低13.31%;每千克增重饲料成本降低0.605元,经济效益提高了12.62%。     

生物酵素对生长育肥猪生产性能及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究生物酵素对育肥猪生产性能及经济效益的影响。选择体重52 kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交育肥猪60头,按年龄相近、体重一致、公母各半的原则分成对照组和试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组日粮在基础日粮中添加60 g/kg生物酵素。预试期3 d,正试期20 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重提高11.66%(P0.05),耗料增重比降低10%(P0.05)),降低饲养成本8.15%,综合经济效益提高34%,育肥猪健康状况明显改善。     

猪用安全环保饲料应用技术的研究

为研究无抗生素、低微量元素用量及低氮、磷排放的猪用安全、环保型配合饲料,试验选用(10±0.65)kg的长×荣仔猪96头,按窝别、体重随机分为2个处理(对照组和试验组),对照组采用高铜、铁和锌预混料(较饲养标准高),试验组日粮根据饲养标准供给铜、铁和锌,添加益生素、植酸酶、中草药,并按理想蛋白质模式平衡氨基酸,其余营养水平均相同。试验结果表明:①在试验全期,试验组的日增重比对照组提高了10.52%(P<0.05),料重比降低了7.6%(P<0.05)。②试验组腹泻率比对照组降低了57.05%(P<0.01)。③对于粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙、磷和粗纤维的表观消化率,20～60kg阶段试验组比对照组分别提高了10.61%、11.36%、13.28%、21.99%(P<0.01)和5.79%(P<0.05);60～90kg阶段试验组比对照组分别提高了7.13%、8.17%、9.72%、22.96%(P<0.01)和5.12%(P<0.05)。④在20～60kg阶段,试验组的氮、磷总排出量比对照组分别降低了9.11%(P<0.05)和24.05%(P<0.01);在60～90kg阶段,试验组氮、磷总排出量比对照组分别降低了21.19%和19.26%(P<0.01)。⑤与对照组相比,试验组的肝脏和肌肉中的铜含量分别降低了97.34%和94.50%(P<0.01),在试验组肝脏和肌肉中未检出杆菌肽锌。     

日粮中添加发酵果渣对杜花二元杂交育肥猪生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵果渣对杜花二元杂交育肥猪的生长性能、养分表观消化率和饲料通过消化道时长的影响。选取480头80日龄左右、体况相近的杜花二元杂交育肥猪(♂杜洛克猪×♀广东小耳花猪),随机分为试验组和对照组,每组24个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮的同时,按照猪生长阶段额外添加5%～20%的发酵果渣,饲养试验全期共5个月。结果显示,小猪阶段(25～60 kg阶段,添加5%～10%的发酵果渣),平均日增重无影响,试验组全价料采食量降低6.12%(P>0.05),料重比降低5.57%(P>0.05);中猪阶段(60～80 kg阶段,添加15%的发酵果渣),试验组平均日增重提高6.52%(P>0.05),全价料采食量降低7.55%(P>0.05,料重比降低12.90%(P<0.05);大猪阶段(80～100 kg阶段,添加20%的发酵果渣),试验组平均日增重提高4.69%(P>0.05),全价料采食量降低9.50%(P>0.05),料重比降低12.20%(P<0.05);试验全期,试验组平均日增重提高2.08%(P>0.05),全价料采食量降低7.47%(P>0.05),料重比降低8.62%(P<0.05)。额外添加发酵果渣能不同程度显著性提高杜花二元杂交育肥猪中后期对粗蛋白质的表观消化率,但对钙和磷的吸收具有降低的趋势。额外添加发酵果渣能缩短杜花二元杂交育肥猪前期饲料通过消化道的时长(P>0.05),但能不同程度延长中后期饲料通过消化道的时长(P>0.05)。本试验结果表明,在杜花二元杂交育肥猪日粮中额外添加适量的发酵果渣能提高生长性能,降低料重比,且可一定程度上延长饲料在育肥中后期猪消化道内的停留时间,促进猪对日粮中粗蛋白质等营养物质的消化吸收。     

猪肠道微生物对育肥猪增重的影响

为了掌握猪肠道微生物对育肥猪增重效果的影响,为提高育肥猪增重提供有效的方法,为猪肠道微生物在育肥猪饲料添加剂中的推广应用提供参考依据。将60头育肥猪随机分成2组(对照组和试验组),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.1%的肠道微生物。试验结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组的平均末体重提高了4.41 kg(P<0.05),平均日增重提高了70g(P<0.05),料重比降低了0.08(P<0.05),表明猪肠道微生物可显著提高育肥猪的增重。     

β-兴奋剂对肉猪肥育性能的影响

研究了在不同肥育阶段使用不同剂量的β-兴奋剂对肉猪肥育性能的影响。试验结果:①各试验组的饲料转化率均高于对照组,提高范围在14.50％～20.66％,但各试验组的日增重均低于对照组;②在相同使用阶段(60—90 kg)不同添加剂量的各试验组间,以每公斤饲料添加10 mgβ-兴奋剂为佳,猪胴体瘦肉率和饲料转化率分别比对照组提高9.09％和14.73％;③在相同添加剂量(25mg/kg)不同使用阶段的各试验组间,以在60—75kg阶段添加效果较佳,猪胴体瘦肉率比对照组提高8.37％。试验说明,在60—90kg阶段的肉猪饲料中,按每公斤10mg的剂量添加β-兴奋剂,可显著提高肉猪胴体瘦肉率和饲料转化率,但添加剂量过大则会抑制肉猪生长,降低胴体瘦肉率。     

犊牛代乳粉与鲜奶的饲喂效果比较

本试验选用10～20日龄的健康荷斯坦母犊牛12头,随机分为2组,每组6头（经独立样本t检验组间初始体重差异不显著）,对照组正常饲喂牛奶,试验组饲喂犊牛代乳粉,饲喂期1个月。本试验结果表明,对照组平均日增重0.768 kg,试验组平均日增重0.841 kg,比对照组高0.073 kg,经t检验,两者无显著差异。对照组腹泻率5.6%,试验组腹泻率3.8%,比对照组低32%。     

代乳粉在犊牛早期断奶技术中应用的试验研究

22头体重相近的荷斯坦犊牛随机分为2组,试验组饲喂代乳料,对照组饲喂新鲜牛奶。经60d的饲喂试验发现,试验组增重比对照组多5.3kg/头,且差异极显著(P<0.01),日增重比对照组提高了88.3g/d,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

诱食剂对育肥猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究含有诱食剂的预混料对育肥猪生产性能的影响。试验选择60 kg左右的杜×大×长育肥猪108头,随机平均分到试验组和对照组中。试验组使用含有诱食剂的预混料,对照组使用不含有诱食剂的预混料。试验结果显示,添加含有诱食剂的预混料能够显著提高育肥猪的日增重15.4%(P<0.05),采食量极显著提高了15.8%(P<0.01),料肉比提高了0.1%,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),收入提高了15.3%。试验结果表明,使用含有诱食剂的预混料饲喂育肥猪,可以取得较为满意的经济效益。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.