Effects of Retinoids on the In Vitro Development of Capra Hircus Embryos to Blastocysts in Two Different Culture Systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of retinol (RT) and retinoic acid (RA) on the in vitro development of pre‐implantation goat embryos cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium or synthetic oviduct fluid or cocultured in oviductal cells monolayer either in potassium simplex optimized medium or synthetic oviduct fluid. A total of 2407 cumulus‐oocyte complexes were aspirated from 2 to 6 mm ovarian follicles from slaughtered animals. Selected cumulus‐oocyte complexes were subjected to in vitro maturation in TCM 199 for 24 h at 39°C in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂ in humidified air. In vitro fertilization was performed in modified defined medium. Eighteen hours after in vitro fertilization, cumulus cells were removed and presumptive zygotes were randomly distributed into experimental groups. In Experiment 1, presumptive zygotes were cultured in potassium simplex optimized medium, potassium simplex optimized medium + RT, potassium simplex optimized medium + retinoic acid, synthetic oviduct fluid, synthetic oviduct fluid + RT and synthetic oviduct fluid + RA at 39°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂, 5% (v/v) O₂ and 90% (v/v) N₂. In Experiment 2, presumptive zygotes were cocultured in potassium simplex optimized medium + oviductal cells monolayer, potassium simplex optimized medium + RT + oviductal cells monolayer, potassium simplex optimized medium + RA + oviductal cells monolayer, synthetic oviduct fluid + oviductal cells monolayer, synthetic oviduct fluid + RT + oviductal cells monolayer and synthetic oviduct fluid + RA + oviductal cells monolayer in an atmosphere of 5% (v/v) CO₂ in humidified air. In both experiments, media were partially changed on day 2 after in vitro fertilization and unfertilized oocytes were excluded from the experiment. Embryos were cultured or cocultured for 8 days. In Experiment 1, there was no effect of RT or RA supplementation on the proportion of oocytes that reached the morula or blastocyst stages. By contrast, Experiment 2 demonstrated that the addition of 0.28 μg/ml RT and 0.5 μm RA to the embryo culture media stimulated (p < 0.05) development to the morula and blastocyst stages under the coculture conditions tested. In conclusion, retinoids play an important role in pre‐implantation development of goat embryos and can be used to enhance in vitro embryo production.     

不同培养体系对牛胚胎体外发育的影响

采用离子霉素和6-二甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)对牛体外成熟卵母细胞进行联合激活,激活后采用不同的培养体系进行体外培养,观察不同的培养液对牛孤雌激活胚体外发育能力的影响。3种培养体系分别为:A(0~48 h:CR1aa+3 mg/mL BSA;48 h~7 d:CR1aa+10%FBS),B(连续7 d均为SOFaa+3 mg/mL BSA),C(0~5 d:SOFaa+3 mg/mL BSA;6~7 d:SOFaa+10%FBS)。结果表明:3种培养液对卵裂率没有显著性影响,分别为87.22%,94.33%和91.30%,但囊胚发育率存在显著性差异,以A效果最好,其囊胚发育率为25.56%;C次之,囊胚发育率为11.80%;B最低,囊胚发育率为3.55%。之后选择最佳的培养液进行体外受精实验,结果表明CR1aa可用做牛胚胎体外生产的培养液。     

猪孤雌激活胚胎的体外培养

试验研究了不同培养体系对猪体外成熟卵母细胞电激活后的体外发育的影响。试验1比较了猪孤雌发育胚胎在NCSU 23、G 2.2添加氨基酸(G 2.2-aa)和G 2.2培养体系中的体外发育效率,结果表明,3个组卵裂率差异不显著(P>0.05),NCSU 23体系的囊胚率显著高于其他2组(14.37±3.77 vs.2.67±2.68和3.13±0.45,P<0.01),但3组间囊胚细胞数差异不显著(21.29±5.27 vs.19.33±2.54和20.27±4.72,P>0.05)。试验2探讨了胚胎培养72h后更换培养液对孤雌发育胚胎的影响,结果显示,培养液更换对卵裂率和囊胚细胞数的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),但更换组囊胚率显著下降(12.50±1.49 vs.5.56±1.89、6.25±1.13、4.64±1.56,P<0.05)。试验3研究了在G 2.2-aa添加胰岛素、亚牛磺酸和半胱氨酸对孤雌激活胚胎发育的影响,结果显示,以上添加剂对卵裂率和囊胚细胞数无显著影响(P>0.05);在G 2.2-aa添加胰岛素、亚牛磺酸和半胱氨酸能明显提高囊胚发育率(6.38±1.00、6.20±2.08、8.73±1.03 vs.2.99±2.21,P<0.05),但以上各组的囊胚率明显低于NCSU 23体系(P<0.05)。结论:NCSU 23是猪孤雌激活发育胚胎较为理想的培养液。     

不同培养体系对胎牛成纤维细胞体外培养的影响

研究不同培养体系对胎牛成纤维细胞体外培养的影响及用牛血清白蛋白代替血清培养胎牛成纤维细胞的可行性。利用M199、DMEM、α-MEM、DMEM/F124种培养体系通过组织块贴壁培养对成纤维细胞体外培养液进行筛选,以α-MEM组细胞生长状况较好。分别用含2、4、6、8、10mg/mL BSA的α-MEM培养液对胎牛成纤维细胞进行原代及传代培养,5种浓度的BSA对原代培养时细胞开始游离出组织块的时间影响不明显,均在培养后的48h有成纤维细胞和上皮细胞混合游离出,但在传代培养时,胎牛成纤维细胞在8mg/mL BSA浓度的α-MEM中贴壁率较高。结果表明:培养胎牛成纤维细胞时,可用BSA代替血清,较适宜的培养体系为含8mg/mL BSA的α-MEM培养液。     

山羊孤雌胚胎的体外培养

系统地研究了培养液微滴的大小、培养液体系及血清浓度对山羊孤雌胚胎早期体外发育的影响。结果表明，培养液微滴以较大体积(200～500μL)的培养效果较好；在3种培养液中，添加10％的NGS对山羊孤雌胚胎的体外发育效果较好，囊胚率分别可达62．79％(81／129)、53．52％(38／71)、13．64％(12／88)；mCRlaa组囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数显著低于SOFaa组和CRlaa组，SOFaa组优于CRlaa组，尽管SOFaa组和CRlaa组间无显著差异。在本试验条件下，以SOFaa培养液，山羊孤雌胚胎体外培养72h时加入10％的NGs，500μL微滴培养，其发育效果较好，囊胚率可达62．79％。     

不同共培养体细胞和胎牛血清浓度对牛体外受精后早期胚胎的影响

利用屠宰黄牛的卵母细胞经体外成熟(IVM)、体外受精(IVF)后的早期胚胎,与单层颗粒细胞(GC)、输卵管上皮细胞(BOEC)等体细胞共培养及在胎牛血清的胚胎培养液中的后续发育进行了研究,并探讨了其影响因素,以期筛选出最佳的体外培养条件。结果表明:使用GC和BOEC体外共培养牛体外受精后胚胎,均取得了较好的囊胚发育率;且牛体外受精后早期胚胎体外培养体系中,添加10%血清能有效地促进牛体外受精后胚胎的囊胚率。     

Beneficial Effect of Two Culture Systems with Small Groups of Embryos on the Development and Quality of In Vitro‐Produced Bovine Embryos

Currently, in vitro‐produced embryos derived by ovum pick up (OPU) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) technologies represent approximately one‐third of the embryos worldwide in cattle. Nevertheless, the culture of small groups of embryos from an individual egg donor is an issue that OPU‐IVF laboratories have to face. In this work, we tested whether the development and quality of the preimplantation embryos in vitro cultured in low numbers (five embryos) could be improved by the addition of epidermal growth factor, insulin, transferrin and selenium (EGF‐ITS) or by the WOW system. With this aim, immature oocytes recovered from slaughtered heifers were in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized. Presumptive zygotes were then randomly cultured in four culture conditions: one large group (LG) (50 embryos/500 μl medium) and three smaller groups [five embryos/50 μl medium without (control) or with EGF‐ITS (EGF‐ITS) and five embryos per microwell in the WOW system (WOW)]. Embryos cultured in LG showed a greater ability to develop to blastocyst stage than embryos cultured in smaller groups, while the blastocyst rate of WOW group was significantly higher than in control. The number of cells/blastocyst in LG was higher than control or WOW, whereas the apoptosis rate per blastocyst was lower. On the other hand, the addition of EGF‐ITS significantly improved both parameters compared to the control and resulted in similar embryo quality to LG. In conclusion, the WOW system improved embryo development, while the addition of EGF‐ITS improved the embryo quality when smaller groups of embryos were cultured.     

黄芩苷、川芎嗪对小鼠体外培养胚胎冷冻-解冻及移植效果的研究

将中药有效成分黄芩苷(Baicalin,Bai)和川芎嗪(Ligustrazine,Lig)添加到小鼠2-细胞胚胎培养液中进行体外培养,比较其体外发育能力,并将体外发育的桑椹胚、囊胚进行2种程序常规冷冻.解冻后形态正常的桑椹胚、囊胚分别培养8～14 h、6～8 h,比较各组胚胎的冷冻-解冻发育效果及冷冻胚胎移植妊娠率和产仔率等.结果各试验组胚胎孵化率,Bai组(80.6%)、Lig组(78.3%)极显著高于对照组(51.8%)(P＜0.01).孵化胚胎细胞计数结果显示, Bai组(81.9±6.2)和Lig组(83.9±7.7)与对照组(77.4±5.6)差异极显著(P＜0.01);程序1和2的桑椹胚解冻囊胚发育率,以Bai、Lig组显著高于对照组;其囊胚解冻存活率,2个试验组均好于对照组.受体妊娠率、产仔率以及初生仔鼠、离窝仔鼠平均体重、离窝成活率等指标,各组间均无显著差异(P＞0.05),但以中药有效成分各组别均好于对照组.结果表明中药有效成分Bai和Lig能显著地提高小鼠 2-细胞胚胎体外发育能力,并有利于提高冷冻-解冻后移植胚胎的发育潜力.     

Iloprost对猪早期胚胎体外发育的影响

本研究旨在探讨PGI2类似物iloprost对猪胚胎体外发育的影响。试验以IVF胚胎为研究对象,分别在不同时期(0、24、48、72h)将不同浓度(0、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0μmol.L-1)iloprost加入到猪胚胎培养液中,于156h时记录囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数,筛选获得最佳添加方案,检测胚胎脂肪代谢速度和代谢相关基因(cox2、creb、pparδ、pdk、cpt2)的表达水平,分析iloprost影响胚胎发育的机制。结果显示,最佳的添加方案为,在受精后48h加入2.0μmol.L-1 iloprost,胚胎囊胚发育率(28%)和囊胚细胞数(49.42)显著高于(P<0.05)对照组的囊胚发育率(16%)和囊胚细胞数(28.22);添加iloprost后,胚胎脂肪酸降解速度也显著加快(P<0.05),脂肪酸代谢相关基因cox2、creb、pparδ、cpt2的表达量上升,糖代谢相关基因pdk表达量无显著变化。结果表明,PGI2类似物iloprost可以促进胚胎降解脂肪酸,为胚胎发育提供能量,提高了胚胎体外发育能力。     

牛磺酸对牛体外受精早期胚胎发育的影响

研究了牛体外受精后早期胚胎体外发育时向其基础培养液中加入牛磺酸对胚胎桑椹胚率、囊胚率和孵化囊胚率的影响.试验1:以TCM-199 10?S为基础培养液(对照组),再加入7、14 mmol/L的牛磺酸(试验组),试验组与对照组的桑椹胚率分别为48.1%、47.4%和43.2%;囊胚率分别为26.4%、22.3%和21.0%;孵化囊胚率分别为21.8%、18.7%和0.试验2:IVF后2细胞、4～8细胞及8～16细胞期,在基础培养液中分别添加7 mmol/L的牛磺酸时,桑椹胚率分别为48.7%、57.1%和52.0%,囊胚率分别为25.1%、30.7%和27.9%,孵化囊胚率分别为25.9%、28.6%和25.0%;而添加14 mmol/L牛磺酸时,桑椹胚率分别为50.4%、56.4%和55.4%,囊胚率分别为26.5%、31.3%和27.7%,孵化囊胚率分别为27.5%、31.1%和29.9%.结果表明,体外发育培养液中添加7 mmol/L牛磺酸可显著提高桑椹胚率和囊胚率(P＜0.05),并且在4～8细胞期添加14 mmol/L牛磺酸最为合适.     

供体细胞对猪体细胞克隆胚胎早期发育的影响

以中国农业大学实验用小型猪香猪胎儿成纤维细胞、成年耳成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞3种细胞系为供体细胞进行核移植。比较了血清饥饿法和接触抑制法处理胎儿成纤维细胞诱导进入G0／G1期的效率，发现二者差异不显著（P〉0．05），血清饥饿2d和4d差异不明显，同样接触抑制2d和4d差异也不显著（P〉0．05）。系统研究了影响克隆胚胎发育的供体因素：血清饥饿与否、细胞形态、细胞类型及个体差异等，结果表明：血清饥饿处理对克隆胚的早期发育没有明显的促进作用；圆形光滑细胞有利于细胞融合，对早期发育无显著影响（P〉0．05）；不同个体、不同类型的供体细胞对克隆胚囊胚发育率有一定的影响。     

Effects of Serum-Free Culture Media on in vitro Development of Domestic Cat Embryos Following In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization

This study was conducted to determine the adequate medium for a serum‐free culture system of domestic cat embryos produced by in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF). Cumulusoocyte complexes recovered from cat ovaries were matured in vitro for 24 h, and then inseminated in vitro for 12 h. After insemination, the oocytes were cultured in five media [Ham's F10, Waymouth 752/1 (Waymouth), TCM199, modified Earle's balanced salt solution (MK‐1) and CR1aa], each of which contained 0.4% bovine serum albumin. There were no significant differences among the rates of fertilization of oocytes cultured in five media following IVF. The rate of oocytes/embryos developed to at least the morula stage was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Waymouth than in MK‐1, TCM199 and CR1aa. Moreover, none of the embryos cultured in Ham's F10 and Waymouth developed to the blastocyst stage. There were no differences among the rates of development to the blastocyst stage of oocytes/embryos cultured in MK‐1, TCM199 and CR1aa. These results indicate that the type of serum‐free medium has a major impact on in vitro development of domestic cat embryos derived from IVM/IVF, and MK‐1, TCM199 and CR1aa media are suitable for in vitro culture of cat embryos in a serum‐free culture system.     

生长因子EGF、bFGF对猪孤雌胚体外发育的影响

在胚胎发育的不同阶段，分别在培养基中添加EGF和bFGF，研究EGF和bFGF对猪孤雌胚体外发育的作用。结果表明：在1细胞阶段添加EGF或bFGF，添加EGF能够显著提高孤雌胚的卵裂率（P〈0．05）；2～4细胞阶段添加EGF和bFGF，添加EGF组和添加bFGF组的囊胚率都显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），而添加bFGF组的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数都略高于对照组和添加EGF组。说明EGF和bFGF有利于猪孤雌胚的体外发育，而且，bF-GF能够通过提高囊胚细胞数而提高猪孤雌胚的质量。     

热激损伤对牛孤雌激活胚胎后续发育的影响

为了研究早期胚胎核与胞质对热激的应激反应,以及产生应激后二者之间的相互作用对胚胎体外发育、合子期激活基因的表达及胚胎细胞凋亡的影响。本研究将孤雌激活胚随机分为2组分别于38.5或41℃培养7h;随后将二者核进行置换,使用正常培养的胚胎与热激胚胎进行核置换,分别构建热激核-正常胞质重构胚以及热激胞质-正常核重构胚,检测了核质置换胚胎的体外发育率、合子激活基因的表达和胚胎凋亡情况。结果,当正常核移入41℃热激的卵胞质,重构胚的发育率显著下降;热激后的核质置换胚胎中存在合子基因激活不完全的现象,这种情况主要存在于热激胞质-正常核重构胚中;热激能诱导胚胎发生细胞凋亡,早期胚胎的胞质对热激更敏感,并在后期的诱导凋亡中起到主导作用。这些结果表明,虽然热激对核和胞质都有损伤,但胞质对热激损伤更为敏感。早期胚胎受到热激后导致发育能力降低的易感性主要是由胞质所引起的;早期胚胎受到热激可能会损伤到卵胞质中的母源因子,即使与正常核构成重构胚也依然会导致合子基因表达异常;并且胞质受到热激损伤会在热激诱导的凋亡机制中起到比核更大的作用。     

体外培养体系对牛体外受精胚胎性比的影响

研究了不同体外培养体系对牛体外受精胚胎性比的影响。结果表明，添加血清的2组培养系统中所得雄性囊胚与雌性囊胚的性比虽偏离了1：1，但差异不显著（P〉0．05），而总的体外胚胎的性比则显著偏离了1：1（P〈0．05）。这说明在体外培养系统中雄性胚胎比雌性胚胎发育能力更强，并且血清的存在对于雄性胚胎的发育有明显的促进作用。     

不同因素对绵羊卵母细胞体外受精效果的影响

本试验研究了发情羊血清、不同个体的冷冻精液和新鲜精液、精子密度、受精时颗粒细胞的有无及不同培养液对绵羊体外受精效果的影响。结果表明,发情3d的血清与发情当天的血清相比,对卵裂率和囊胚率有极显著的影响(P0.01);不同个体的冷冻精子对卵裂率和囊胚率都有显著的影响(P0.05),但鲜精和冷冻精子的受精效果与个体有关;精子密度在2×106～6×106个/mL之间对受精效果没有影响(P0.05);颗粒细胞对受精的作用不明显(P0.05);不同的培养液对受精效果没有显著影响(P0.05)。因此,选用好的公羊个体精子,用发情3d的发情羊血清能显著提高受精效果。     

颗粒细胞单层对黄牛孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响

为优化颗粒细胞单层共培养体系,实验研究了颗粒细胞单层体外培养时间、颗粒细胞单层的种属及更换培养单层时间对黄牛孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明:将培养0、2d和4d后的颗粒细胞单层用于胚胎的体外共培养,3组的卵裂率和囊胚率分别为84.47%/40.23%、78.49%/36.99%和71.55%/25.30%;来自黄牛、小鼠和猪的颗粒细胞单层在支持黄牛孤雌胚胎体外发育方面无显著差异(P>0.05);第4天更换培养单层的囊胚率最高(55.17%),与不更换单层的对照组(41.25%)有显著差异(P<0.05)。     

山羊胚胎体外培养条件的优化

为优化山羊胚胎体外培养条件,本试验比较了含有3种不同来源血清（优质胎牛血清、发情山羊血清、前列腺素（PG）处理后发情山羊血清）的M199对卵母细胞成熟效果的影响,成熟率分别为65.95%、49.2%、76.47%,差异极显著（P＜0.01）;本试验还分别采用了SOFaa、CR1aa+输卵管上皮细胞共培养,以及改进的DMEM/F12发育体系培养受精卵,结果发现,SOFaa、CR1aa+输卵管上皮细胞的发育培养系统得到的囊胚率为29.62%、24.73%,差异不显著(P＞0.05),改进的DMEM/F12发育液囊胚率最高为48.42%,差异极显著（P＜0.01）。     

冷、热应激对猪孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响

为研究持续不同时间的冷、热应激对猪孤雌胚胎体外发育的影响,本研究以猪孤雌胚胎为材料,采用免疫荧光染色、实时荧光定量PCR技术检测不同时间的冷（31℃）、热应激（41℃）处理对猪孤雌胚胎发育后囊胚发育率、细胞数、细胞凋亡率、自噬相关基因及细胞凋亡相关基因mRNA转录水平的影响。结果显示,热应激12 h后囊胚发育率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,冷应激18 h后囊胚发育率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,而冷应激组囊胚发育率高于热应激组。热应激12 h和冷应激18 h后均导致囊胚内细胞数显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,且冷应激组的细胞凋亡率低于热应激组。冷、热应激组自噬相关蛋白LC3的表达均高于对照组;冷、热应激中自噬相关基因Atg6和Atg8的表达均极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,Lamp2基因的表达均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,热应激组中的Atg6和Atg8基因的表达高于冷应激组。通过检测细胞凋亡相关基因mRNA的转录水平发现,冷、热应激组中细胞凋亡相关基因Bak、Casp-3、Fas的表达均极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,Bcl-xl基因的表达均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。综上,猪孤雌胚胎对冷应激（31℃）的耐受性比对热应激（41℃）强,且热应激可诱导体外培养的猪孤雌胚胎自噬及凋亡相关基因的表达,从而降低孤雌胚胎发育的能力。     

体外法评价不同酵母菌发酵液对瘤胃发酵功能的影响

本试验意在研究不同酵母菌发酵液对人工模拟瘤胃发酵的影响。试验采用体外法进行,以奶山羊提供瘤胃液,对照组只含有底物,试验组在培养底物的基础上分别添加8种不同的酵母菌发酵液。通过对培养液p H值、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、菌体蛋白(BCP)浓度、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量的测定,比较分析8株酵母菌对瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,XR4、SC18和YJ2显著降低了NH3-N浓度(P0.05),SC18、YN7和YJ2使BCP浓度显著增加(P0.05),YJ2和YL5使TVFA浓度大幅增加,同时能够稳定培养液p H值。综合分析表明,酵母菌SC18、YJ2和YN7对体外发酵具有明显的促进作用。