蛋鸭与蛋鸡对五种饲料原料能量代谢率的研究

本研究采用2个5×5拉丁方设计,研究了玉米、小麦、鱼粉、豆粕和花生粕五种饲料原料在海兰蛋鸡和绍兴蛋鸭体内能量代谢率.结果表明绍兴鸭对豆粕、花生粕、鱼粉、玉米四种饲料的表观代谢能(AME)和真代谢能(TME)值均显著地高于鸡(P＜0.05),仅对小麦的AME、TME值显著地低于鸡(P＜0.05).     

木聚糖酶在蛋鸡饲料中代谢能当量值的评定

试验通过蛋公鸡排空强饲法研究了2种木聚糖酶在5种能量饲料和6种产蛋鸡日粮中代谢能的当量值。结果表明:2种木聚糖酶都显著提高了蛋鸡对小麦和玉米小麦豆粕、玉米小麦豆粕棉粕、玉米小麦豆粕菜粕型日粮的代谢能(AME和TME)(P<0.05);酶A显著提高了小麦麸的代谢能(P<0.05);酶B对次粉、玉米豆粕、玉米豆粕棉粕型日粮的代谢能都有显著提高的趋势(P=0.089,P<0.05,P=0.070)。除酶A的代谢能当量值在小麦麸上为ME1.22 MJ/kg外,2种木聚糖酶的代谢能当量值在ME0.21-0.53MJ/kg之间。     

嗜热毛壳菌纤维复合酶对饲料中蛋白质和能量代谢率的影响

本研究选用42日龄的健康AA肉鸡36羽,随机分成12组,采用排空强饲法研究了嗜热毛壳菌纤维复合酶对6种肉鸡常用饲料中粗蛋白质和能量代谢率的影响。试验选择肉鸡常用的3种蛋白质饲料(棉粕、豆粕和花生粕)和3种能量饲料(玉米、小麦和次粉),每种饲料分成2组,即对照组和加酶组。试验结果表明:嗜热毛壳菌纤维复合酶能显著提高棉粕和小麦中粗蛋白质的表观代谢率(P<0.05),对豆粕、花生粕、玉米和次粉中粗蛋白质的表观代谢率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);能使小麦的表观代谢能提高7.52%(P<0.05),玉米和次粉的表观代谢能分别提高9.06%和10.93%(P<0.01)。使棉粕的表观代谢能提高5.12%,花生粕提高4.06%,豆粕提高1.91%(P>0.05);可以使玉米和次粉中能量的表观代谢率分别提高9.04%和10.95%,均差异极显著(P<0.01);小麦中能量的表观代谢率提高了7.55%(P<0.05)。对棉粕、花生粕、豆粕等蛋白质饲料中的能量表观代谢率无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

四种植物蛋白对凡纳滨对虾肌肉必需氨基酸组成和氨基酸沉积率的影响

在使用30%鱼粉的基础上,分别添加27%豆粕、24%花生粕、24%棉粕、31%菜粕,以一高鱼粉组(含鱼粉46%)和商品饲料作参照,挑选初均重约(0.61±0.02)g凡纳滨对虾,在室内养殖系统中饲养8周后,比较和探讨4种植物蛋白对凡纳滨对虾肌肉必需氨基酸组成和沉积率的影响,结果显示:①9种必需氨基酸中,除了苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸含量在各试验组间无显著差异以外(P>0.05),其余均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,花生粕组、豆粕组肌肉必需氨基酸总量低于鱼粉组,而高于商品饲料,但是差异均不显著(P>0.05);棉粕组和菜粕组显著低于鱼粉组(P<0.05),与商品饲料无显著差异(P>0.05)。②各试验组9种必需氨基酸沉积率存在显著差异;总氨基酸沉积率由高到低依次是鱼粉组、花生粕组、豆粕组、商品饲料、棉粕组和菜粕组;花生粕组、豆粕组同鱼粉组和商品饲料无显著差异(P>0.05),而棉粕组和菜粕组显著低于鱼粉组和商品饲料(P<0.05)。③饲料和肌肉9种必需氨基酸相关性系数分别为商品饲料组0.95、鱼粉组0.92、豆粕组0.94、花生粕组0.96、棉粕组0.97、菜粕组0.89,均为极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。     

鸡鸭对饲料氨基酸利用的比较研究

本文旨在研究鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率的差异,为合理配制鸭饲料提供必要参考。选用18周龄健康、体重约为(2.6±0.20)kg的海兰褐佳蛋公鸡和北京Z系公鸭各48只。以Sibbald“真代谢能(TME)”法测定公鸡和公鸭常用谷物(玉米、稻谷、小麦和麸皮)、饼粕(豆粕、棉粕、花生粕)两大类7种常用饲料的氨基酸消化率,每种饲料各用8只禽来测定,每只禽为1个重复。结果显示:(1)豆粕、花生粕、玉米、水稻和小麦的总氨基酸表观消化率(total amino acid apparent digestibility,TAAAD),鸭的测定值都比鸡显著高(P<0.05),鸭对棉粕、麸皮的TAAAD极显著高于鸡(P<0.01),在同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸表观消化率(amino acid apparent digestibility,AAAD)鸭测定值明显高于鸡的;(2)鸡和鸭内源总氨基酸排泄量分别为478.31和941.34 mg/48 h,差异极显著(P<0.01),单个氨基酸排泄总量鸭都极显著高于鸡(P<0.01);(3)7种饲料总氨基酸真消化率(total amino acid true digesti-bility,TTAAD)鸭的测定值都高于鸡(P<0.01),同一种饲料中,大多数氨基酸真消化率(amino acid true digestibil-ity,TAAD)鸭的测定值显著高于鸡。以上结果表明,鸡和鸭对饲料氨基酸消化率存在显著差异,在所测定的7种植物饲料中大多数AAAD和TAAD测定值都是鸭比鸡高,目前以鸡测定各种饲料氨基酸消化率不适宜鸭的生产。     

南美白对虾对四种蛋白质原料的离体消化率和酶解动力学研究

采用离体消化法和茚三酮法研究了南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的胃、肝胰脏及肠道粗酶液对鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕和花生粕的离体消化率和酶解动力学。结果表明:①在离体状态下,南美白对虾消化道不同部位对干物质消化率为:胃>肝胰脏>肠道,且鱼粉在胃部的消化率显著高于肝胰脏和肠道(P<0.01),花生粕在肠道的消化率极显著低于胃和肝胰脏(P<0.01);对蛋白质消化率为肝胰脏>胃>肠道,且菜粕和花生粕在肠道的消化率极显著低于胃和肝胰脏。鱼粉差异显著(P<0.05)。②粗酶液对4种原料干物质的总消化率高低依次为:豆粕50.78%、菜粕42.02%、花生粕39%、鱼粉36.50%;对粗蛋白总消化率高低依次为:花生粕60.40%、豆粕56.45%、鱼粉46.28%、菜粕43.28%。③粗酶液对4种蛋白原料酶解时所产生氨基酸的生成量随着酶解时间的变化具有一定的线性关系;在0～4h内在酶解过程中所产生氨基酸的总量为肝胰脏(96.72mg)>胃(31.28mg)>肠道(27.58mg);酶解时氨基酸生成总速度为花生粕(3.9154mg/h)>鱼粉(3.4774mg/h)>豆粕(2.8316mg/h)>菜粕(2.7404mg/h)。     

几种蛋白质原料体外消化率测定方法的比较

试验分别采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步法、肉食性鱼类(如鲈鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法和草食性鱼类(如草鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法测定了酪蛋白、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉等7种蛋白质原料的体外消化率。3种测定方法中,鱼粉的消化率差异不显著(P>0.05);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉用两步法和草鱼消化酶法测定的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);棉籽粕消化率用两步法测定值高于用消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉的消化率用两步法比用鲈鱼消化酶测定的值高,差异极显著(P<0.01);草鱼消化酶法和鲈鱼消化酶法对酪蛋白的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而对于豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉草鱼消化酶法测定值高于鲈鱼消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步体外消化法在测定鱼粉蛋白质消化率时可以替代鱼类消化液粗酶消化法,对于其它蛋白质原料使用该方法应慎重。     

不同蛋白原料对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵参数和氨基酸含量的影响

试验旨在研究不同蛋白原料对绵羊瘤胃体外发酵参数和氨基酸含量的影响。试验采用体外发酵法，以豆粕、棉仁粕、花生粕、菜籽饼、干酒糟及其可溶物（DDGS）和玉米胚芽饼为发酵底物，测定产气量、消化率、瘤胃液发酵参数、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）及氨基酸含量。结果显示，杂粕各组的48 h产气量（GP）显著低于豆粕组（P<0.05）。玉米胚芽饼组的粗蛋白（CP）降解率显著高于豆粕组（P<0.05），棉仁粕、花生粕、菜粕、DDGS组显著低于豆粕组（P<0.05）。棉仁粕、菜粕组的氨态氮（NH3-N）含量显著高于豆粕组（P<0.05），棉仁粕组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸含量和乙丙比显著高于豆粕组（P<0.05），菜粕组的乙丙比显著高于豆粕组（P<0.05），玉米胚芽饼组的戊酸含量显著高于豆粕组（P<0.05）。花生粕、菜粕、DDGS组总脂肪酸含量显著高于豆粕组（P<0.05），棉仁粕组亮氨酸（Leu）、赖氨酸（Lys）、蛋氨酸（Met）、精氨酸（Arg）、谷氨酸（Glu）含量显著高于豆粕组（P<0.05），花生粕、菜粕、DDGS组的苏...     

鹅和鸡4种常用饲料原料的代谢能比较

本试验旨在比较鹅和鸡常用饲料原料的代谢能差异.选用体重为(3.76±0.23)kg的成年扬州鹅(公)和体重为(2.57±0.17)kg的成年新扬州鸡(公)各10只,采用Sibbald真代谢能法测定玉米、豆粕、稻谷、麦麸4种常用饲料原料的代谢能值,内源能测定采用饥饿法.结果表明:玉米、豆粕的表观代谢能(AME)鹅与鸡差异不显著(P＞0.05),真代谢能(TME)鹅显著低于鸡(P＜0.05);而稻谷、麦麸的AME鹅显著高于鸡(P＜0.05),TME鹅与鸡差异不显著(P＞0.05).每小时内源能排出量,除强饲豆粕条件下鹅略高于鸡但差异不显著外(P＞0.05),强饲其他3种饲料条件下,鹅均显著高于鸡(P＜0.05).由此表明,鹅的饲料代谢能与鸡的并不完全相同,部分饲料的代谢能鹅和鸡之间存在显著差异,并且鹅的内源能排出量高于鸡.     

用回-直肠吻合法测定猪饲料氨基酸消化率研究

本试验选用4头经回-直肠吻合手术阉公猪(体重23.5±1.8kg)测定了玉米、次粉、麦麸、乳清粉、血浆蛋白粉、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、花生粕等11种猪饲料氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率.结果表明,乳清粉、鱼粉蛋白氨基酸真消化率最高,菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕较低,玉米蛋白粉最低.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -