隔根与接种 FM 对红壤上玉米/大豆植株生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】探讨接种摩西管柄囊霉 (Funneliformis mosseae,FM) 和不同隔根处理对红壤上间作植株生长、植株氮吸收量和土壤氮的影响。【方法】采用盆栽模拟试验,设不同菌根处理[不接种 (NM)、接种 (FM)]与玉米/大豆不同隔根处理 (根系不分隔、部分分隔、完全分隔)。【结果】接种 FM 的玉米、大豆根系均有一定的侵染,菌根侵染率在部分分隔处理下最低。间作根系的分隔处理对玉米和大豆的菌根依赖性产生了明显影响,大豆的菌根依赖性随间作交互作用强度的加大而增加。无论何种隔根处理,接种 FM 均显著增加了玉米植株生物量,其地上部生物量高出 NM 处理 11.7%～81.4%,根系生物量高出 NM 处理 18.8%～166.7%。根系分隔处理下,接种 FM 均显著降低了大豆生物量。同一隔根方式下,接种 FM 明显提高了玉米的植株氮吸收量和根系氮吸收效率。在不分隔处理下,接种 FM 显著增加了大豆的地上部氮吸收量,但在部分分隔和完全分隔处理下则反而有所下降;在部分分隔处理下,接种 FM 显著降低了大豆根系的氮吸收量,在不分隔和完全分隔处理下亦呈下降趋势。在部分分隔处理下,接种 FM 显著提高了大豆根系氮吸收效率,在完全分隔处理下反而有明显下降,且在 NM–不分隔处理下的大豆根系氮吸收效率最低。相关分析显示,玉米、大豆植株氮吸收量与土壤碱解氮含量呈显著负相关。【结论】接种丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 和隔根方式的组合能不同程度地影响玉米和大豆对氮的吸收利用及间作植株的生长,并能对土壤有效氮产生较大影响。所有的复合处理中,AMF和间作根系部分分隔处理组合对玉米和大豆生长及氮素利用的促进作用较好,并能有效降低土壤碱解氮的残留。     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长生态效应的影响

１９９６～１９９８年试验研究了大田不施肥条件下３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒ－ｒｈｉｚａｌ ｆｕｎｇｉ （ＡＭＦ）,即Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｇ．ｍ）、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｍｅ（Ｇ．ｖ）、Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｏｕｓａ（Ｓ．ｓ）对玉米生长的生态效应。结构表明,ＡＭＦ处理的玉米根系活力为对照的２．３２～３．０５倍,玉米Ｎ素吸收比对照增加２４．１４％～５６．     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长生态效应的影响

1996～1998年试验研究了大田不施肥条件下3种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF),即 Glomus mosseae(G.m)、Glomus versifome(G.v)、Sclerocystis sinousa(S.s)对玉米生长的生态效应.结果表明,AMF处理的玉米根系活力为对照的2.32～3.05倍,玉米N素吸收比对照增加24.14%～56.65%,玉米P素吸收比对照增加41.14%～78.29%,促进玉米生长发育显著;在灭菌条件下G.m、G.v、S.s处理分别比对照增产17.63%、22.91%和10.80%;而不灭菌条件下3个处理分别比对照增产10.35%、20.56%和4.53%,同时显著提高玉米的水分供应状况.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘薯生长的影响研究

温室盆栽试验研究 3种丛枝菌根真菌 (AM )对甘薯生长的影响结果表明 ,灭菌土壤条件下接种 3种AM真菌 (GlomusmosseaeBEG16 7GlomusintraradicesBEG14 1和Glomussp .WUM2 6 )均不同程度促进甘薯对P的吸收和植株生长 ,其中BEG16 7和BEG14 1对甘薯效应显著高于WUM2 6 ;各接种处理菌丝长度差异及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性与其对甘薯的生长效应基本一致 ;接种BEG16 7和BEG14 1的生长效应无显著差异 ,但接种BEG16 7菌丝长度显著大于BEG14 1,其原因可能是BEG16 7菌丝活性低于BEG14 1所致。未灭菌土壤条件下接种 3种AM真菌对甘薯的生长效应不显著 ,而土著AM真菌繁殖体数量较多可能是影响其接种效果的主要原因。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对玉米秸秆降解的影响

为研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对玉米秸秆降解的影响,利用玉米秸秆为材料制成网袋,采用盆栽试验,以玉米(Zea mays L.)为宿主植物,分别接种Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,于30,40,50,60d时收获后分析玉米秸秆降解量和C、N释放量,并运用Olson的指数模型Bt/B0=e-kt计算玉米秸秆及C、N的降解系数。数据表明,接种G.intraradices、G.mosseae显著提高了玉米秸秆降解量和降解系数,与不接种处理相比,分别高出5.21%,6.26%。C释放量、碳素降解系数也明显增加。接种处理减少了N释放量,且氮素降解系数随时间延长而下降。接种处理玉米秸秆的C、N降解系数不同直接反映了其降解速度的差异,进而影响了玉米秸秆的C/N,使秸秆更易于降解。研究结果显示出丛枝菌根真菌在生态系统氮循环中具有重要意义。     

供硫和丛枝菌根真菌对洋葱生长和品质的影响

以珍珠岩为植物的生长基质盆栽试验,分别供给0.1、1.75和4 mmol/L三个不同硫水平的Long Ashton营养液,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiform对洋葱（Allium cepa L.）生长和品质的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著的改善了宿主植物的磷营养水平,促进了洋葱的生长;而硫处理对洋葱生长的影响差异不显著,但随着供硫水平的提高植株地上部全硫含量和有机硫含量显著增加。接种菌根真菌对洋葱硫营养的影响受外界供硫水平的影响,在供硫0.1 mmol/L时降低了洋葱植株的硫含量;而在供硫1.75和4 mmol/L时显著改善了洋葱的硫营养状况,宿主植物的酶解丙酮酸（enzyme produced pyruvic acid, EPY）的含量也显著增加。说明丛枝菌根真菌能够帮助宿主植物吸收外界环境中硫营养成分,改善洋葱的硫营养状况及品质。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收菲和芘的影响

采用横式三隔室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）根内球囊霉（Glomus intraradices,G.i）对紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativaL.）吸收土壤中菲和芘的影响。结果表明：G.i可与紫花苜蓿形成良好的共生体,侵染率平均达61.20%,不同强度菲和芘污染对G.i菌根侵染率的影响差异不显著;接种G.i的植株根系干重增加59.08%。接种G.i增加了根系和茎叶中菲和芘的含量及积累量,根系和茎叶中菲积累量与其生物量（干重计）间呈显著正相关;与菲相比,接种G.i处理后植株芘含量和积累量的增幅更大。G.i限制了菲和芘从植株根系向茎叶的传输,对芘尤为明显,接种G.i植株根系向茎叶转运芘的比例比不接种对照降低了13.85%～37.47%。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在低氮(不施氮)和高氮(施氮0.2 g·kg~(-1))水平下接种不同种类丛枝菌根(AM)真菌[Funneliformis mosseae(BGC-NM03D)、Claroideoglomus etunicatum(BGC-NM01B)和Rhizophagus intraradices(BJ09)]对小麦生长、氮吸收及根内4个硝态氮转运蛋白(NRT)基因、1个辅助蛋白(NAR)基因和2个铵态氮转运蛋白(AMT)基因表达的影响。结果表明,3种AM真菌均能够侵染小麦根系,以R.intraradices菌根的侵染率最高;接种R.intraradices或C.etunicatum能够显著提高小麦的生物量或地上部氮吸收量;无论是高氮还是低氮处理,接种AM真菌后均显著下调了小麦根内NRT、NAR和AMT基因的表达水平,且不同AM真菌调控小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的能力具有明显差异。     

丛枝菌根真菌对西藏高原草地植物和土壤环境的影响

采用三室隔网装置，就Glomus etunicatum、Glomus intraradices、Glomus mossecte对2种高山草地植物和土壤环境的影响进行了研究。结果表明：（1）接种AM真菌对草地植物的侵染和生长均具显著效应，植株地上部、根系干物重以及含磷量、吸磷量均显著高于不接种处理，菌根菌丝对植株吸磷的贡献率达47.8％-69．5％。其中，Glomus intraradices、Glomus mosseae分别对穗序剪股颖、紫羊毛吸收土壤磷索更具促进作用。（2）各接种处理中室土壤中各类微生物数量均显著高于边室土壤，但边室土壤中放线菌，特别是细菌、真菌的平均增幅均远高于中室土壤，表明菌根际、菌丝际土壤中各类微生物的数量差异趋于明显缩小，微生物区系构成得以平衡与改善；解磷细菌（芽孢杆菌）亦呈同一趋势。（3）2—1 mm粒径团聚体在土壤水稳性团聚体构成中占有绝对比重，菌根菌丝对距根表不同距离处2—1 mm团聚体形成的贡献率均在70％以上，但距根表2—4cm处菌根菌丝贡献率明显低于0-2、4-6cm处，并未表现出随菌丝密度增加而提高的趋势；5—2mm水稳性团聚体仅距根表较远处有少量形成（菌丝贡献率达100％），0-2、2—4cm处则未见分布。（4）同一、不同AM真菌对不同或同一草地植物的侵染及所产生的菌根效应具有不同程度的差异，穗序剪股颖各接种处理普遍优于紫羊毛，紫羊毛＋Glomus mosseae、穗序剪股颖＋Glomus intraradices优于同组其他接种处理的趋势较为明显。     

Uptake of Arsenic by Maize Inoculated with Three Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Effects of inoculation with three different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus constrictum, and Glomus mosseae) on arsenic (As) accumulation by maize were investigated by using soil spiked with As at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg^?1. The root colonization rates by the three fungi were significantly different (G. mosseae > G. etunicatum > G. constrictum) and decreased markedly with increasing As concentration in the soil. Inoculation with G. etunicatum or G. mosseae increased maize biomass and phosphorus (P) accumulation (G. mosseae > G. etunicatum) and reduced As accumulation in shoots (G. mosseae ≈ G. etunicatum), whereas inoculation with G. constrictum had little effect on these parameters. Inoculation with G. mosseae produced greater biomass and P uptake and less shoot As accumulation, and therefore it may be a promising approach to reduce As translocation from contaminated soils to plants.     

Pungency of Spring Onion as Affected by Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sulfur Supply

ABSTRACT

The influence of sulfur (S) supply and mycorrhizal colonization on the growth and pungency of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) seedlings grown for four months in Perlite and nutrient solution containing three levels of sulfate [0.1, 1.75, and 4 mM sulfate (SO₄ ^2?)] were investigated. Plants were inoculated with Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, or Glomus mosseae, and uninoculated controls were included. Shoot and root dry weights of mycorrhizal and control plants supplied with 4 mM SO₄ ²⁺ were higher than with 0.1 or 1.75 mM SO₄ ^2?. Enzyme produced pyruvic acid (EPY) and plant sulfur concentrations increased with increasing SO₄ ^2? supply. The EPY and plant S concentrations were usually higher in mycorrhizal plants than controls irrespective of S supply, and shoot total S concentrations and EPY were strongly correlated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization appeared to make a substantial contribution to the sulfur status of spring onion, and may thus have had a strong influence on its flavor characteristics.     

低磷土壤接种菌根真菌和解磷细菌对大田玉米生长和磷吸收的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能与多数陆生植物共生,促进植物吸收养分尤其是磷。解磷细菌(Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria,PSB)可以活化土壤中难溶性无机磷和有机磷。本研究采用苯菌灵对田间低磷土壤中土著AM真菌进行灭菌,并接种外源AM真菌(Glomusversiforme,G.v)和PSB(Pseudomonassp.),研究AM真菌和PSB接种对不同生育期玉米生长、磷养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,施用苯菌灵能够有效地抑制土著AM真菌对玉米根系的侵染,未施用苯菌灵处理中土著AM真菌促进了玉米前期和收获期的生长,提高了玉米吸磷量;接种Pseudomonas sp.促进了玉米六叶期根系的生长;接种外源AM真菌G.v促进了玉米六叶期和收获期地上部的生长,但降低了玉米产量。双接种Pseudomonas sp.和G.v对玉米生长、吸磷量和产量未表现出显著的协同效应。     

丛枝菌根真菌对鸢尾的促进作用研究

为高效利用水陆两栖植物鸢尾修复污染水体,本研究通过测定不同的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与鸢尾构建共生体系的生长指标、土壤理化性质及植物光合作用指标,探讨不同AMF对水生植物鸢尾的促进作用。结果表明:AMF对鸢尾的促进作用主要体现在地上及地下两部分,其中地下部分通过利用其庞大的菌丝网络吸收土壤中的营养物质,进而促进了鸢尾的生长,其中对比无菌剂侵染的空白植物,摩西球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高71.75%,磷元素的吸收率提高8.36%,而根内球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高42.55%,磷元素的吸收率提高9.5%;而地上部分则是通过加强叶片气孔导度的开启来调控植物净光合速率与蒸腾速率之间的平衡,进而提高了鸢尾的最优水资源利用率,加快植物的新陈代谢,最终促进植物的生长发育。其中对于鸢尾光合作用的调节摩西球囊霉的促进效果显著好于(P0.05)根内球囊霉。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Acclimatization of Micropropagated Citrus

Micropropagated plantlets lack mycorrhizal symbionts and therefore present some physiological hindrances when transferred from axenic to ex vitro conditions. The purpose of the present study was to research the effects of Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme on growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake of micropropagated citrus plantlets at the acclimatization stage. The two mycorrhizal fungi successfully colonized the roots of citrus plantlets after an acclimatization period of 170 days, and the mycorrhizal developments were apt to low levels. Inoculation with G. mosseae improved acclimatized growth performance; increased photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance; and stimulated the accumulations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in leaves and roots compared to the noninoculated treatment. These observations suggested that only G. mosseae was the more efficient fungus, exhibited better adaptation to transplanted conditions, and therefore is appropriate to introduce into the micropropagation protocol of citrus.     

红壤区林下侵蚀劣地土壤碳氮及球囊霉素对接种AM真菌的响应

南方红壤区林下侵蚀劣地近地表植被覆盖度低,导致林下水土流失严重.接种AM真菌能够促进植被生长,改善土壤肥力,进而可以减少土壤侵蚀.以马尾松退化林地为对象,设置引种灌木(S)和引种灌木并接菌(S+AMF)2个处理,研究AM真菌接种对林下侵蚀劣地土壤碳氮及球囊霉素的影响.结果表明:接菌近1年后,菌根侵染率(MCR)在S+A...     

基于野外大田试验的接菌紫穗槐生态修复效应研究

[目的]研究接菌紫穗槐对矿区退化植被的恢复生态效应,以期为丛枝菌根真菌应用于西部干旱半干旱煤矿区生态重建提供理论基础和野外试验基础数据。[方法]以紫穗槐为宿主植物,在野外大田条件下研究接种丛枝菌根真菌和紫穗槐的共生状况,以及对煤矿开采沉陷区植物根际土壤的改良作用。[结果]4a的连续监测结果表明,接菌促进了紫穗槐的生长,接菌紫穗槐成活率比对照高30%以上;接菌紫穗槐菌根侵染率和菌丝密度显著高于对照;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷含量且降低了pH值,取得较好的生态修复效应。[结论]在野外大田条件下,接种菌根真菌能够促进植物—菌根共生关系的形成,改善植物—菌根共生体的营养环境。     

Protecting Cucumber from Fusarium Wilt with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biocontrol effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae and Glomus versiforme on Fusarium oxysporum wilt disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The results indicated that both AMF improved the growth of cucumber seedlings and reduced disease severity, but G. versiforme was more efficient. Compared with nonmycorrhizal plants infected by F. oxysporum, shoots and roots dry weights increased by 100% and 80% in G. versiforme–inoculated plants, and the qualities of seedlings were significantly improved; meanwhile, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in shoots of G. versiforme–inoculated plants were significantly greater than those of G. mosseae–inoculated plants and nonmycorrhizal plants. Moreover, for mycorrhizal plants, soluble sugar and free proline contents in mycorrhizal roots were significantly greater than those of nonmycorrhizal treatment; however, malonaldehyde content in roots and the quantity of fungi in rhizosphere decreased when the plants were attacked by F. oxysporum.     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收土壤中镉和锌的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）污染土壤中,8种不同丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）Glomus lamellosum（G.la）、Acaulospora mellea（A.m）、Glomus mosseae（G.m）、Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Glomus etunicatum（G.e）、Glomus constrictum（G.c）、Diversispora spurcum（D.s）、Glomus aggregatum（G.a）对紫花苜蓿（Medicagosativa L.）吸收Cd、Zn的影响。结果表明,Cd、Zn污染下AMF仍然明显侵染紫花苜蓿,并促进紫花苜蓿对Cd、Zn的吸收积累,但不同AMF影响的效应和植株不同部位对重金属的吸收积累规律存在差异。AMF处理下紫花苜蓿根部Cd、Zn含量和积累量明显增加,但地上部Cd、Zn的含量则降低,地上部Zn的积累量也减小,这表明AMF处理减弱了Cd、Zn由根部向地上部的运移,减轻了植物地上部毒害。接种AMF条件下,植株尤其是根部生物量增加是Cd、Zn在其体内含量和积累量增加的重要因素,不同种类AMF促进植株生物量增加的幅度不同,导致植株对Cd、Zn的积累和抗性存在差异。     

Growth and Nutrient Content of Trifoliate Orange Seedlings Influenced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in Low Magnesium Soil

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus versiforme, G. mosseae, and G. intraradices on growth and nutrition of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings under magnesium (Mg)-nontreated and Mg-treated conditions. Whether treated with Mg or not, G. versiforme inoculation significantly enhanced the growth and concentrations of Mg, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, zinc, and copper in shoots or roots, and activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, invertase, and urease in rhizosphere soils. Additionally, there were higher levels of chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar and protein in leaves, root viability, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in leaves and roots, but lower malondialdehyde content in leaves and roots of mycorrhizal seedlings than non-mycorrhizal ones. Data demonstrated that G. versiforme-inoculated citrus seedlings exhibited higher levels of soil enzymes, osmoregulation, and antioxidant matters, leading to improvement of growth and nutrition of seedlings in low Mg soil.