横坡与顺坡垄作模式土壤中水及示踪Br-分布特征

针对坡耕地横坡、顺坡垄作模式土壤水分及溶质迁移过程的差异,采用田间模拟试验的方法,以坡度为7°的大豆坡耕地为研究对象,以Br-为示踪剂,监测不同垄作模式垄台、垄侧、垄沟各位置的土壤水分和Br-浓度,探究坡耕地横坡、顺坡垄作模式对土壤中水分迁移及可溶性养分分布的影响。结果表明：2种模式最大土壤体积含水量横坡垄作分布在10—20 cm土层,顺坡垄作分布在5—15 cm土层,证明横坡垄作对雨水的拦蓄作用。横坡垄作模式最大土壤贮水量位置在垄上侧的垄侧处,顺坡垄作模式在垄沟处。不同垄作模式下各土层土壤体积含水量变异系数在0—5,50—60 cm处较大,介于8.97～11.90,中间土层的变异系数较小,在0.91～8.76间波动。顺坡垄作20—60 cm土层中Br-沿坡向迁移现象明显,横坡垄作40—60 cm土层中Br-沿坡向发生迁移;2种垄作模式垄台和坡向下方位置(横坡∶垄侧;顺坡∶株间)的土壤Br-总量比值均约为3∶7,顺坡垄作垄台中心处Br-总量为横坡垄作的54.33%,说明横坡垄作可以减少土壤中Br-沿坡向迁移。研究成果为在顺坡垄作条件下将非吸附性养分施在垄侧处可减少其迁移流失,有利于提高...     

耕作深度对红壤坡耕地季节性干旱期土壤水分变化特征的影响

  目的  明确耕作深度对红壤坡耕地季节性干旱期土壤水分变化特征的影响。  方法  依托2015年设置的红壤坡耕地耕作深度试验,选择免耕（NT）、耕翻10 cm（P10）、耕翻20 cm（P20）和耕翻30 cm（P30）共4个处理,研究了耕作深度对红壤坡耕地季节性干旱期土壤水分变化特征的影响。  结果  强降雨后红壤坡耕地0 ~ 60 cm土层对雨水的接蓄能力在P30处理达到了最大值,P20处理次之,P10、NT处理相对较差。耕作深度对0 ~ 30 cm土层雨水接蓄能力有显著影响（ P < 0.05）,而对30 ~ 60 cm土层雨水接蓄能力无显著影响（P > 0.05）。多因素方差分析表明,耕作深度对季节性干旱期红壤坡耕地0 ~ 60 cm土层土壤水分含量产生了极显著影响（P < 0.01）,耕作深度、土层深度和持续天数三个因素的交互作用对季节干旱期0 ~ 60 cm土层土壤水分含量也产生了极显著影响（P < 0.01）。从0 ~ 60 cm土壤储水量变化来看,P30处理造成季节性干旱期耕层和亚耕层土壤水分消耗过快,而NT和P10处理增加了季节性干旱期亚耕层土壤水分的消耗,P20处理土壤储水量变化最小,比其它处理低2.26% ~ 11.79%。  结论  耕翻20 cm有利于雨水接蓄且季节性干旱期水分消耗最少,最有利于红壤坡耕地季节性干旱期0 ~ 60 cm土层土壤水分含量的稳定,研究结果为红壤坡耕地季节性干旱期土壤水分调控耕作技术提供了一定的理论依据。     

东北黑土区不同耕作措施保水保土效应研究

采用标准径流小区试验方法对东北黑土区顺坡垄作和横坡垄作两种耕作措施在天然降雨下的径流量、土壤侵蚀量及蓄水保土效应进行了研究。结果表明,3°、5°坡按径流量大小排序为顺坡垄作+种植大豆小区>裸地小区>横坡垄作+种植大豆小区,3°坡按土壤侵蚀量大小排序为裸地小区>顺坡垄作+种植大豆小区>横坡垄作+种植大豆小区,5°坡按土壤侵蚀量大小排序为顺坡垄作+种植大豆小区>裸地小区>横坡垄作+种植大豆小区。可见,横坡垄作是东北黑土区适宜的水土保持耕作措施。     

玉米成熟期黄壤坡耕地径流及其氮素流失特征研究

以顺坡垄作、平作、横坡垄作坡面为研究对象,研究自然降雨条件下,黄壤坡耕地地表径流、壤中流及其氮素流失特征,以期为研究区氮素流失预测和有效防控提供科学依据。结果表明:自然降雨条件下,玉米成熟期平均地表径流量分别为0—20,20—40cm壤中流量的7.96,8.22倍。不同耕作措施间地表径流量和氮素流失量差异显著,地表径流量和氮素流失量均表现为顺坡垄作平作横坡垄作,顺坡垄作坡面地表径流量分别是平作和横坡垄作的1.20,2.07倍,顺坡垄作坡面氮素流失量分别是平作和横坡垄作的1.35,2.06倍。在0—20,20—40cm壤中流中横坡垄作径流量和氮素流失量则明显高于其他耕作措施坡面,在0—20cm壤中流中横坡垄作氮素流失量分别是顺坡垄作和平作的2.45,1.90倍;在20—40cm壤中流中横坡垄作氮素流失量分别是顺坡垄作和平作的2.34,1.79倍。地表径流为氮素流失的主要途径,可溶态氮为氮素流失的主要形式,占总氮流失量的63.84%～72.61%;硝态氮是坡耕地无机氮流失的主要成分,占总氮流失量的16.47%～59.17%。氮素流失量与径流量和降雨量均呈显著线性正相关关系。研究区自然降雨条件下,横坡垄作能有效减少氮素流失,合理的耕作措施有助于防治研究区水土资源和氮素流失。     

不同施肥和耕作处理紫色土坡耕地碳、氮、磷流失特征

  【目的】  坡耕地营养元素流失是下游水体环境污染的主要原因之一。探明不同施肥处理和耕作方式下紫色土坡耕地碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)营养元素流失特征,对采取科学的田间管理措施,降低水生生态系统污染风险具有重要意义。  【方法】  以该区典型坡耕地为研究对象,设置5个施肥和耕作处理:顺坡耕作对照(CK)、顺坡耕作施化肥+猪粪(T1)、顺坡耕作单施化肥(T2)、顺坡耕作单施1.5倍化肥(T3)和横坡耕作单施化肥(T4)。在玉米苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期,监测了径流量,测定了土壤和径流中的C、N和P含量,计算流失量。  【结果】  与对照相比,T1和T4处理显著增加土壤中有机碳、全氮、全磷含量(P < 0.05)。顺坡耕作T1处理径流中的可溶性有机碳浓度较T2处理降低了33.66% (P < 0.05),其他指标浓度的降低幅度未达显著水平;T3处理的径流中碳、氮、可溶性总磷的浓度较T2 处理有所升高,其中可溶性有机碳和NH₄+-N的提高效果达到显著水平(P < 0.05);T4处理中仅径流NO₃?-N浓度显著低于T2处理(P < 0.05),其他指标与T2处理差异不显著。5个处理的径流量以CK最高,T4处理最低,单施化肥的T2和T3处理均大于化肥猪粪配合的处理T1。横坡耕作的T4处理径流量较其他处理降低了44.65%～67.36%,化肥+猪粪T1处理的径流量较T2、T3处理分别减少了15.65%、22.76%。与T2处理相比,化肥有机肥配施T1处理下的径流可溶性有机碳、全氮和全磷流失量分别减少43.10%、27.51%和31.26%;横坡耕作T4处理下径流可溶性有机碳、全氮和全磷流失量分别降低59.16%、58.57%和68.42%;提高施化肥量T3处理的径流可溶性有机碳、全氮和全磷流失量最高,分别为6.02、0.86和0.20 kg/hm2。  【结论】  在紫色土坡耕地上,与单施化肥相比,相同耕作方向下化肥有机肥配施降低了径流中可溶性有机碳、全氮和全磷浓度,且可溶性有机碳浓度显著降低,横坡耕作主要是大大减少了径流量,因此,采用横坡耕作和化肥有机肥配施是减少土壤C、N、P流失,降低周围水体污染风险的有效措施。     

顺坡垄作改横坡垄作的水土保持神经网络模型

根据四川井研县坡耕地实验点对不同坡度、不同耕作方式情况下水土流失的实测资料,引入神经网络建模方法,建立了不同坡度下顺坡垄作和横坡垄作的次降雨产沙网络模型,得出坡耕地水土流失的内在机理,同时为定量研究顺坡垄作改为横坡垄作的水土保持效益提供了科学依据.     

三峡库区小流域旱坡地氮磷流失特征研究

为探讨三峡库区小流域旱坡地氮磷流失特征,采用标准径流小区对重庆市涪陵区珍溪镇王家沟小流域常规耕作方式(顺坡耕作)以及水土保持耕作方式(常规顺坡耕作+PAM土壤调节剂、免耕+顺坡种植+稻草覆盖、常规顺坡耕作+植物篱、免耕+横坡垄作、常规横坡耕作)下土壤氮素和磷素的流失量及形态特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)就旱坡地土壤氮素的流失特征而言,径流中氮素的流失量相对较小,最大值仅为53.63mg/m2;而泥沙中所携带的氮素流失量相对较大,其最大值达131.25mg/m2;整个观测期内,氮素的流失主要以颗粒态为主,颗粒态氮的流失量占总氮流失量的53.0%～62.0%。(2)就旱坡地土壤磷素的流失特征而言,各处理径流中磷素的总体规律基本表现为:常规顺坡耕作>常规横坡耕作>免耕+顺坡种植+稻草覆盖>常规顺坡耕作+PAM土壤调节剂>免耕+横坡垄作>常规顺坡耕作+植物篱;泥沙中所携带的磷素流失量相对于径流中的磷素流失量而言较大,最大值为58.14mg/m2;整个观测期内,颗粒态总磷流失量为水溶态总磷流失量的1.75～2.15倍,流失方式同样以颗粒态为主。总体而言,水土保持耕作方式下的氮磷流失量均小于常规耕作处理,能有效减少径流及泥沙中各形态氮磷的流失。     

黑土坡面土壤团聚体组成特征研究

通过对径流小区坡面土壤团聚体含量的分析,探讨了不同坡度条件下,黑土坡耕地土壤团聚体的组成及分布规律。在3°～18°的坡面上,土壤大团粒和中团粒含量与坡度呈显著负相关关系,并且随坡度的增加,土壤团聚体的几何平均直径(GMD)与平均重量直径(MWD)均显著减小,土壤抗蚀性下降,潜在侵蚀危险程度增大。与免耕平作相比,在3°～6°缓坡上,横坡垄作方式的土壤团聚体D50值大;而9°坡面上部,横坡垄作的D50值大,坡下部免耕平作的D50值大。表明黑土区缓坡耕地采用横坡垄作方式有利于土壤团聚体的保持;9°以上坡耕地,免耕平作方式坡下部土壤抗蚀性较强。     

强度耕作对137Cs、210Pbex和有机质剖面分布的影响

很少有关于直接测定强度耕作侵蚀引起土壤退化过程的报道.我们的目的是确定应用137Cs和210Pbex直接定量评价耕作侵蚀对土壤有机质(SOM)坡面运移影响的可能性.我们在黄土高原陡坡耕地上进行了50次犁耕活动,并将与其相临的另一块陡坡耕地作为对照.在对照坡地不同坡位,137Cs浓度均匀分布于上部0～30 cm土层,而210Pbex浓度在坡上部和坡中部随土层深度增加呈现线性递减,在坡下部呈指数函数递减.0～30 cm土层中土壤有机质含量显著大于30 cm深度以下土层,并在坡中部和坡下部呈现与210Pbex类似的土壤剖面分布特征.与对照坡地比较,50次犁耕活动导致坡上部、坡中部0～45 cm土层的SOM含量分别降低了38%和47%,坡下部0～100 cm土层中的SOM含量却提高了18%.坡上部土壤剖面中137Cs浓度的加权平均值从1.48 Bq/kg降低到0.29 Bq/kg, 坡中部从2.53 Bq/kg减少到0.33 Bq/kg,坡下部从1.48 Bq/kg提高到2.81 Bq/kg.210Pbex浓度的剖面加权平均值在坡上部从27.71 Bq/kg下降到6.15 Bq/kg,在坡中部和坡下部分别从35.46 Bq/kg和25.53 Bq/kg降低到1.57 Bq/kg和19.40 Bq/kg.137Cs和210Pbex的剖面分布与SOM在p<0.001水平呈显著相关,相关系数R2值在对照坡地为0.81～0.86,在犁耕实验坡地为0.86～0.91.实验结果表明,环境放射性核素137Cs和 210Pbex在黄土高原陡坡地遵照同一物理运移机理,可直接应用于定量评价耕作侵蚀与土壤质量的关系.     

耕作措施对玉米生长期黄壤坡耕地径流及可溶性有机碳流失的影响

为探明黄壤坡耕地不同耕作措施下径流及可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)迁移途径与流失特征。以顺坡垄作、平作和横坡垄作措施下玉米种植坡耕地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区监测与室内分析相结合的方式,探讨自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流、壤中流及其DOC流失特征。结果表明:(1)种植玉米坡耕地径流量及DOC通量均受雨量等级影响显著,随雨量等级增大而增大,且玉米成熟期流失量均最大。(2)地表径流、0-20 cm壤中流和20-40 cm壤中流分别占总径流量的78.98%,9.05%,11.97%,DOC流失通量分别占总通量的74.90%,11.97%,13.13%。(3)横坡垄作DOC流失量显著小于顺坡垄作,横坡垄作径流量分别是平作的0.93倍,是顺坡垄作的0.86倍;横坡垄作DOC通量是平作的0.85倍,是顺坡垄作的0.79倍。雨量等级增加将显著加剧玉米种植坡耕地径流及DOC流失,研究区玉米成熟期径流及DOC流失最为严重,地表径流是坡面径流及DOC流失的主要途径,横坡垄作措施可以有效减少坡面径流及DOC流失。     

凌源市推广“金字塔”模式开发治理成效显著

凌源市推广“金字塔”模式开发治理成效显著刘海潮，张凤山，祁放（辽宁省凌源市水利局，１２２５００）凌源市水土保持小流域综合治理，经过多年的不断完善、总结、提高，形成了一林戴帽，二林围顶，果牧拦腰，两回穿靴，一龙坐底的产金字塔＂综合治理模式ＪＩ９８８年经...     

道路边坡土壤水分空间和季节变异性分析

采用野外定位观测法,对柽柳、胡杨、骆驼刺和沙拐枣林地土壤水分状况进行监测,并通过实测数据对农田区和荒漠区0—100cm土层土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合。结果表明,各林地0—250cm土层土壤含水量均随深度增加逐渐增大,生长季内9月和10月份土壤表层含水量明显大于其它月份。一次强降雨对土壤表层含水量有所补给,对深层土壤影响较小。总体而言,土壤蓄水量(0—250cm)在月季间差异不大,均维持在120—140mm之间,但各林地有所差异,表现为:胡杨>柽柳>骆驼刺/沙拐枣。对整个生长季而言,4种植物蒸散强度呈现出:胡杨>沙拐枣>柽柳>骆驼刺,且6月份蒸散强度最大。农田区和荒漠区0—100cm土壤含水量与土壤基质势间幂函数拟合效果好。研究成果可为该区今后植被保育及生态用水提供理论参考。     

东北半干旱区不同耕作方式下的侵蚀性降雨标准比较

[目的]侵蚀性降雨标准是计算土壤流失的关键指标,侵蚀性降雨标准的拟定与耕作方式密切相关,比较同一地区不同耕作方式下的侵蚀性降雨标准差异,对于提高区域土壤侵蚀预报精度具有重要意义.[方法]根据东北半干旱区径流小区2013～2019年共7年的降雨径流观测资料,采用频率分析法,拟定几种典型耕作方式下的侵蚀性降雨雨量标准,并进...     

沙区旱垄作对油菜生长环境的影响

垄作是沙区旱作农田常用的集水防风耕作技术。本文通过野外试验观测和土壤样品分析,对不同结构的垄作与平作下油菜生长环境进行了研究。结果表明,垄作相对于平作增加了生长季内土壤耕作层水分含量,降低了其波动幅度,改变了土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布,使湿润锋位于耕作层,有利于油菜对土壤水分的吸收,对缓解干旱对作物生长的胁迫有积极作用。垄作下土壤易蚀性颗粒含量降低,地表粗糙度和垂直风速梯度增大,有效降低了土壤可蚀性和近地表风速,对防治土壤风蚀和保护作物幼苗有重要作用。不同结构的垄作比较,垄高15 cm、垄沟比1/12和垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/24的两种垄作在油菜生长季内集水效果较优,而垄高25 cm、垄沟比1/6的垄作在农田休闲期内防治风蚀效果较好。故结构合理的垄作是沙区旱作农田微观土地利用结构调整的有效措施。     

Using Cs and Pbex for quantifying soil organic carbon redistribution affected by intensive tillage on steep slopes

Studying on spatial and temporal variation in soil organic carbon (SOC) is of great importance because of global environmental concerns. Tillage-induced soil erosion is one of the major processes affecting the redistribution of SOC in fields. However, few direct measurements have been made to investigate the dynamic process of SOC under intensive tillage in the field. Our objective was to test the potential of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex for directly assessing SOC redistribution on sloping land as affected by tillage. Fifty plowing operations were conducted over a 5-day period using a donkey-drawn moldboard plow on a steep backslope of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Profile variations of SOC, ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex concentrations were measured in the upper, middle and lower positions of the control plot and the plot plowed 50 times. ¹³⁷Cs concentration did not show variations in the upper 0–30 cm of soil whereas ²¹⁰Pb_ex showed a linear decrease (P < 0.05) with soil depth in the upper and middle positions, and an exponential decrease (P < 0.01) at the lower position of the control plot. The amounts of SOC, ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex of sampling soil profiles increased in the following order: lower > middle > upper positions on the control plot. Intensive tillage resulted in a decrease of SOC amounts by 35% in the upper and by 44% in the middle positions for the soil layers of 0–45 cm, and an increase by 21% in the complete soil profile (0–100 cm) at the lower position as compared with control plot. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of SOC in soil profile decreased by 18.2% in the upper, 12.8% in the middle, and 30.9% in the lower slope positions whereas CVs of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex decreased more than 31% for all slope positions after 50 tillage events. ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex in soil profile were significantly linearly correlated with SOC with R² of 0.81 and 0.86 (P < 0.01) on the control plot, and with R² of 0.90 and 0.86 (P < 0.01) on the treatment plot. Our results evidenced that ³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex, and SOC moved on the sloping land by the same physical mechanism during tillage operations, indicating that fallout ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex could be used directly for quantifying dynamic SOC redistribution as affected by tillage erosion.     

The effect of soil moisture on the vertical movement of rock fragments by tillage

Chiselling in air-dry soils can rapidly create inverse grading of the plough layer as field experiments showed, i.e., the largest particles (rock fragments) are brought to the surface and the smallest particles concentrate at the bottom of the plough layer. Since no information about the effect of soil moisture and fine earth characteristics on this process is available laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effect of soil moisture and fine earth characteristics on the vertical movement (segregation) of rock fragments due to tillage. An experimental trough, 120×60×40 cm³, was filled with three layers (each 4 cm thick) of fine earth (sand or silt loam), and rock fragments (1.2–2.2 and 2.7–4.0 cm). Tillage was simulated by moving a hand-held cultivator through the mixture. The results for the sandy soil matrix showed that inter-particle percolation was slowed down by soil moisture, however, at the same rate for different moisture levels. This was attributed to water-films that surround the sand particles. In the silt-loam soil matrix inter-particle percolation was stronger than that occurring in the sandy matrix at similar volumetric moisture contents but vertical movement was impossible at higher moisture contents (0.17 m³ m⁻³) because of a strong increase in stickiness. The results imply that at low moisture contents farmers in areas threatened by desertification can use moderate tillage as a means to create a surface rich in rock fragments which helps to increase water infiltration and decrease erosion.     

不同耕作深度对红壤坡耕地耕层土壤特性的影响

红壤坡耕地不同耕作深度对耕层质量和作物产量具有重要影响。以江西红壤坡耕地示范区耕层为研究对象,从土壤属性角度,对红壤坡耕地不同耕作深度处理下垂直深度土壤水分、容重、孔隙度、土壤紧实度、土壤抗剪强度、土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾等进行分析。结果表明:(1)不同耕作深度对土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量的影响为免耕翻耕20 cm翻耕10 cm常规耕作翻耕30 cm,对容重的影响为翻耕30 cm常规耕作翻耕10 cm免耕翻耕20 cm;与常规耕作比较,翻耕30 cm使土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤孔隙度分别提高了18.17%,12.67%,5.94%,土壤容重降低6.90%。(2)不同耕作深度下土壤紧实度表现为翻耕30 cm翻耕10 cm翻耕20 cm免耕常规耕作,土壤抗剪强度表现为翻耕30 cm常规耕作翻耕10 cm免耕翻耕20 cm;与常规耕作对照,翻耕30 cm使土壤紧实度和抗剪强度分别降低27.07%和24.82%。(3)土壤有机质含量以翻耕20 cm处理下最高(13.48 g/kg),免耕处理含量最低(9.39 g/kg),土壤速效养分主要集中分布在0-20 cm土层,但20-40 cm土层中翻耕处理较免耕处理有不同程度的增加,以翻耕20 cm和常规耕作表现显著。(4)主成分分析结果表明,翻耕30 cm处理对红壤坡耕地土壤的综合改善效果最好。研究结果可为红壤坡耕地耕层土壤改善和合理耕层构建提供技术参考。     

The long-term effect of tillage on soil displacement of hilly areas used for growing wheat in Greece

Abstract. Tillage displaces large amounts of soil from upper slopes and deposits soil in lower landscape positions, greatly affecting productivity in these areas. The long-term effect of tillage on soil erosion was studied in four field sites growing mainly rainfed wheat. The soil loss from landscape positions with slopes, ranging from 3 to 28%, was estimated by: (a) comparing data of horizon thickness described at the same position at different times; and (b) using soil movement tracers added to the soil. Existing empirical relationships were used for estimating soil loss by tillage and runoff water, and loss in wheat biomass production. The experimental data showed soil losses of 0.4 to 1.4 cm yr^–1 depending on slope gradient, plough depth, and tillage direction. In two of the sites, soil depth has been reduced by 24–30 cm in a period of 63 years. The mean soil displacement of the plough layer (30 cm thick), measured by soil movement tracers, ranged from 31 to 95 cm yr^–1 depending mainly on slope gradient, corresponding to a rate of soil loss of 0.3 cm to 1.4 cm yr^–1. Soil eroded from the upper slopes was deposited on the lower slopes increasing soil thickness by 0.4 cm to 1.4 cm yr^–1. The application of empirical relationships, estimating soil loss by tillage and water runoff, showed that soil erosion at the field sites can be mainly attributed to tillage. The loss in wheat biomass production due to erosion was estimated at 26% on upper slopes for a period of 63 years, while a 14.5% increase in wheat production was estimated due to deposition of soil material in the lower landscape.     

EFFECT OF CULTIVATIONS ON RAISING SPRING SOIL TEMPERATURES FOR GERMINATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MAIZE

Experiments on south-facing ridges showed significant increases in soil temperature at 5 cm depth on the south slope of the ridge when compared with the ridge top and horizontal surfaces. The average maximum temperature was 2 °C higher halfway down the south-facing ridge slope than beneath a horizontal surface and on certain individual days differences of up to 7 °C were recorded in maximum temperatures between the two positions. The ridge top temperature was intermediate between those on the slope and horizontal. Minimum temperatures were similar at all positions. The increased maximum temperature on the ridge slope significantly increased the accumulated temperature hours above 10 °C. The moisture status on the slope of a compact ridge followed closely that of a horizontal surface, being slightly lower during droughts. The ridge top dried out rapidly during droughts. The increase in maximum temperature and accumulated temperature hours above 10 °C, together with the acceptable moisture level found in the side of a compact south-facing ridge should offer advantages either for earlier germination or for a more rapid rate of emergence of maize.