南京市溧水区土壤重金属污染不同插值方法的对比研究

为探讨不同插值方法对南京市溧水区土壤重金属污染模拟结果的影响,本研究分析了该区245个表层土壤样点的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属的空间相关性,分别比较了反距离权重法(IDW)、局部多项式法(LPI)、径向基函数法(RBF)和普通克里格法(OK)的插值精度、插值结果、空间分布,以及不同插值方法对污染评价的影响。研究得出:空间插值后数据的范围、均值和变异系数一般低于采样数据,且空间插值会增大安全区而减小污染区,平滑效应是主要原因。LPI的平滑效应中最严重,OK次之,IDW和RBF不明显。溧水区As、Cd和Zn的最优插值方法为OK,Cr、Cu和Hg的最优插值方法为RBF,Ni和Pb的最优插值方法为IDW。在实际操作中,应该根据插值精度、插值结果的数据统计和空间表达去具体选择合理的插值方法。     

插值方法对GIS土壤养分插值结果的影响

精准农业技术的应用越来越受到大家的关注,通过对一个地块土壤养分进行详细栅格采样化验分析,利用反距离法和克里格(Kriging)两种不同计算机插值方法对土壤中各种营养元素进行了分析研究。在采样栅格大小不同的条件下,随机选择5个采样点插值,分析对比了5个采样点在不同栅格采样条件下利用两种插值方法的插值结果。通过插值计算得到土壤中全氮、速效氮和速效磷在采样栅格较小的情况下,由于反距离法考虑的周围点数较多,插值点处的插值误差要较克里格插值总体上来讲误差小,而随着采样栅格距离的加大,克里格插值的误差要小于反距离法插值的误差。     

海伦市耕层土壤有机质含量空间预测方法研究

有机质含量是表征土壤肥力质量的重要属性,其空间分布模式对于施肥等耕作管理措施的推荐具有重要的指导意义。本文以我国黑土区黑龙江省海伦市为研究区域,在土壤采样点数量较有限的情况下,分别采用普通克里格、反距离权重、遥感反演和基于土壤学专业知识四种方法对耕层土壤有机质含量进行了空间预测。结果表明:四种方法表征的海伦耕地土壤有机质含量空间分布特征具有相似性,即由东北向西南方向递减。空间预测精度从高到低依次为反距离权重、普通克里格、基于土壤学专业知识和遥感反演法;而在有机质的局部变异细节表达方面,从高到低为遥感反演、基于土壤学专业知识、反距离权重和普通克里格法。四种方法中仅遥感反演法预测结果的极差范围较宽,普通克里格法则存在明显的平滑效应,而综合比较结果则表明,最合适的方法是基于土壤学专业知识的方法。     

甘肃省近42年降水量变化时空分布格局分析

采用反距离加权法(IDW)、普通克里格(OK)、协同克里格(CK)、微地形多元回归+残差分析法(M-AMMRR)和改进的M-AMMRR法(I-AMMRR)进行甘肃省1970-2011年均降水量、降水趋势的空间插值与交叉验证分析,并进一步分析降水量时空变化.结果表明:(1)在建立气候要素与经纬度、海拔高度等回归关系的同时,考虑坡度和坡向等微地形因子并结合OK法进行残差分析的I-AMMRR插值方法能够显著提高降水量的模拟精度,最适于干旱半干旱区域.(2)甘肃省近42a年均降水量呈东南向西北递减的分布规律,气候带相应地由湿润区过渡为半湿润区、半干旱区至干旱区.其中,干旱区面积最大,占全省面积的43％.(3)近42a来,除祁连山地、河西走廊中东部、北山山地部分地区外,甘肃省年均降水量均呈减少趋势,其中夏季呈减少、冬季呈增加、春秋季降水量变化趋势呈地域性分布.研究结果细化了甘肃省降水资源的分布状况,可为农业结构调整,发展特色农业、精细农业提供依据.     

基于GIS和地理加权回归的砂田土壤阳离子交换量空间预测

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)反映土壤保水保肥能力,研究CEC空间分布可为土壤改良和田间施肥提供理论依据。本文以宁夏香山地区砂田淡灰钙土为研究对象,在土壤CEC和理化性质相关分析基础上以普通克里格(OK)为对照,探索回归克里格(RK)和地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)在CEC空间插值上的应用,并对三者的插值精度及制图效果进行评价。描述统计表明研究区土壤CEC含量均值为10.145cmol/kg,CEC与有机质含量呈显著正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关;地统计分析表明CEC实测值、OLS残差和GWR残差块金系数分别为8.50%、6.36%和7.02%,比值均小于25%,具有强烈空间自相关;对验证点进行插值精度分析,RK和GWRK的相对模型改进值(RI)分别为40.49%、41.50%,插值精度GWRK>RK>OK;从成图效果看,GWRK中辅助变量参与了局部回归,成图效果更加精细,揭示了更多空间变化细节。本研究结论可为土壤CEC空间预测研究提供可靠的方法借鉴。     

海涂围垦区土壤盐分空间变异模拟的比较研究

以苏北海涂围垦区为例,利用人工神经网络(ANN)、普通克里格(OK)插值和序贯高斯模拟(SGS)对典型地块土壤盐分空间分布进行了模拟、插值与预测,获取了各方法的优化结构与参数,并就各方法对土壤盐分分布特征与空间结构的预测能力进行了比较分析。结果表明:ANN、OK和SGS法均较好地模拟和预测了土壤盐分的空间分布,达到了较高模拟、插值与预测精度;ANN获得的土壤盐分空间分布最为连续,SGS法整体分布相对离散;ANN能较好地预测盐分较低的样点,但ANN对高盐分样点的预测结果不如SGS和OK;SGS预测结果最符合实测值的波动特点,ANN预测结果波动范围最窄,SGS较ANN和OK更能反应数据随机变量的结构性和波动性,在整体上要优于ANN和OK法。该结果为滨海地区盐渍土壤的精准评估与高效改良提供了参考依据。     

样点数量与空间分布对县域尺度土壤属性空间预测效果的影响

明确样点数量和空间分布对土壤属性空间预测的影响,有助于科学制定土壤采样策略、有效提高土壤空间预测精度。从5 403个土壤样点中随机抽取验证数据集以及包含不同样点数量的训练数据子集(每个子集包括五种样点空间分布实例),在研究区表层土壤有机质含量普通克里格(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和反距离加权(InverseDistanceWeighted,IDW)插值结果的基础上,分析和探讨样点数量与空间分布对土壤空间预测效果的影响。结果显示,当样点数量从5000降至39个时,OK和IDW插值图的局部变异信息逐渐减少,基于20和10个样点的插值图存在失真畸变。当样点数量从5 000降至1 250个时,OK插值精度相近(r变幅为0.55～0.59、RMSE变幅为3.03～3.15);从样点数量减少至625个开始,OK插值精度明显下降,同一训练子集不同样点空间分布的插值精度分异明显。IDW插值精度随样点数量与空间分布的变化与OK插值相似,不同的是从1 875个样点开始出现插值精度的明显下降和不同空间分布插值精度的明显分异。在插值图发生失真畸变之前,OK平均插值精度大于IDW。研究结果表明,样点数量及空间分布均可在不同程度上影响土壤属性空间预测结果,当样点数量足够多时,样点数量和空间分布对预测结果的影响非常有限;当样点数量减少至一定程度时,随着样点数量的减少,空间预测图的局部变异信息逐渐减少,预测精度逐渐下降,同时样点空间分布对预测结果的影响开始凸显;在空间预测结果发生失真畸变之前,与OK相比,IDW插值精度较低且更早响应样点数量和空间分布的变化。     

黑土区小流域土壤速效磷空间分布模拟方法

为探索东北黑土小流域土壤AP空间分布模拟的最佳方法,综合考虑区域尺度、景观格局和采样方法等信息,选取两个典型黑土小流域(光荣和海沟河流域)作为研究对象,结合半变异分析、回归分析、主成分分析等方法,比较了不同空间插值方法(反距离权重法、径向基函数法、普通克里格、协同克里格、多元线性回归模型、地理加权回归模型、回归克里格和地理加权回归克里格)对AP空间模拟精度的影响。结果表明:(1)引入主成分分析后能够提高回归克里格和地理加权回归克里格方法的模拟精度(4.5%和2.4%);(2)地理加权回归克里格方法可以作为最优空间插值方法模拟黑土区小流域AP的空间分布格局。地理加权回归克里格方法相较于传统插值方法能在一定程度上提高黑土小流域土壤AP空间模拟精度,为小流域尺度黑土养分管理提供技术支撑。     

淤泥质滨海重盐土低成本快速脱盐技术研究

以泥质滨海重盐土低成本、快速脱盐为目标,通过室内土柱法,探讨了模拟滴灌条件下,滴灌量和不同土壤改良剂配比对滨海重盐土耕作层的脱盐效果,采用L16（4⁵）正交试验设计分析不同土壤改良剂对土壤脱盐效果的影响,优选泥质滨海重盐土脱盐改良剂。结果表明:通过滴灌量与土壤改良剂配比双重作用对滨海重盐土全盐含量和pH值的影响,确定了以0.26 m³/m²滴灌量进行滴灌,脱盐率达78.73%,可以达到快速脱盐的目的。根据正交设计极差分析,5种改良剂对土壤全盐含量的影响顺序依次为磷石膏 > 腐植酸 > 有机肥 > ZnSO₄ > 秸秆,对土壤pH值的影响顺序为磷石膏 > 腐植酸 > ZnSO₄ > 秸秆 > 有机肥,最终选出滨海重盐土脱盐改良剂最优配比为A₁ B₁ C₂ D₂ E₄,即秸秆0.05 m³/m²+磷石膏3 kg/m²+有机肥0.1 m³/m²+腐植酸0.06 kg/m²+ZnSO₄0.12 kg/m²。     

地学环境变量支持的土壤全钾含量自适应曲面建模——以青海湖流域典型地区为例

土壤属性空间分布受地学环境要素影响,空间分异特征十分明显,单一的全局插值模型在应用中常受到一定条件的限制。对复杂地貌类型区土壤属性插值所面临的空间不连续、全局插值模型精度有限以及适应性差的缺点,提出了一种融合地学环境信息的土壤属性自适应曲面建模方法（Adaptive surface modeling for soil properties,ASM-SP）。利用2013年采集的110个样点数据,以土壤全钾含量为例,利用ASM-SP、普通克里格法（Ordinary Kriging,OK）、回归克里格法（Regression Kriging,RK）、地理加权回归克里格法（Geographically Weighted Regression Kriging,GWRK）和协同克里格（Ordinary Co-Kriging,OCK）5种插值方法,分别模拟了青海湖流域典型地区土壤全钾含量的空间分布。采用平均误差（Mean Error,ME）、平均相对误差（Mean Relative Error,MRE）、均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）、准确度（Accuracy,AC）、相关系数、回归系数和决定系数7类指标系统评价不同插值方法的预测效果。结果表明:（1）利用常规插值（OK）得到的插值曲面较为平滑,具有弱“牛眼”效应,在刻画土壤全钾含量的空间变异性方面存在明显不足,精度有待提高。（2）在融合地学环境信息的插值方法中,RK,OCK,GWRK和ASM-SP模拟精度较OK有不同程度提高,其中ASM-SP在刻画土壤全钾含量的空间变异和局部细节信息方面表现突出,精度较其他插值方法有较大程度提高,其准确度较OK,RK,GWRK和OCK分别提高9.27%,6.29%,2.66%和7.74%。ASM-SP尤其适合复杂地貌类型区,因其考虑了地学环境变量与土壤属性的非线性关系,并融合了多个模型的适应性优势,其在刻画土壤属性空间分异的复杂性方面也更加符合实际情况,为土壤属性的空间模拟提供了新思路。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.