雏鸭对育雏环境的要求

<正>1温度在生产实践中,通常有高温、适温、低温3种育雏方法。低温育雏(接雏时的室温25℃左右),其优点是雏鸭经受低温锻炼后体质健壮,生长发育均匀,采食较好,节约燃料,并由于室内外温差小,可以较早放牧;缺点是饲料消耗较多,生长较慢,雏鸭常挤成堆,不易饲养好,缺乏养鸭经验者很可能造成失败,故不敢贸然采用。育雏温度通     

雏鸡对低温育雏的适应性

为了节约能源,应着重研究低温育雏,包括利用适应低温育雏的遗传变异性。本试验的目的是测定不同遗传性的群体在低温育雏中的生理学效应及饲料、饮水位置与适应性的关系。     

冬季鹅苗网上立体育雏效果研究

为探索冬季低温时节鹅苗网上育雏效果,积累冬季种草养鹅技术及经验,选择7 500只小鹅进行网上立体育雏。试验结果显示,鹅苗网上立体育雏成活率达95%,平均体重为255 g;农户饲养65天后,平均体重3.1 kg,成活率达93.2%。表明该育雏方法适宜在农村推广应用。     

珍珠鸡育雏技术

珍珠鸡的人工养殖在我国已经取得较大成功，而珍珠鸡的育雏是养殖生产中最重要的一环，育雏的成败不仅影响雏鸡的生长发育，而且还影响日后成鸡的生产性能和种用价值。因此，必须重视珍珠鸡的育雏工作，提高珍珠鸡的育雏成活率。现就珍珠鸡育雏技术作简要阐述。     

蛋鸡育雏期的饲养管理要点

通常蛋鸡的育雏期为0-6周龄。育雏是整个蛋鸡生产周期的关键阶段,雏鸡生长发育的好坏直接关系育成鸡的整齐度和合格率,从而影响蛋鸡的生产性能。育雏应先了解雏鸡的生理特点,采取相应的技术措施创造适宜雏鸡生长发育的环境条件。     

浅谈乳头饮水器在育雏中的应用

众所周知,育雏是养鸡生产中最为关键的环节,生产健壮的后备鸡是优良经营所必需的重要条件之一.笔者通过实践认为:笼养条件下,用乳头饮水器育雏与常用的塔式饮水器育雏相比有许多优点,值得推广.当然,育雏生产过程中,在以温度为中心的各项技术条件中,湿度、光照、通风、密度、卫生、防疫、饮水、饲料等,每一个条件对做好育雏工作都是十分必要的,本文探讨一下乳头饮水器在育雏中的应用.……     

不同温度育雏与雏鸡白痢发生率关系的试验研究

选择1日龄新罗曼褐壳商品代蛋雏鸡300只,随机分为3组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组。在相同的采食、饮水、饲养管理条件下,采用不同环境温度进行育雏,对照组正常温度育雏;试验Ⅰ组高温育雏(比正常育雏温度高2℃);试验Ⅱ组低温育雏(比正常育雏温度低2℃)。结果表明,高温育雏能明显降低雏鸡白痢发生率,提高雏鸡成活率;低温育雏有使雏鸡白痢发生率增高的趋势。经统计分析,高温育雏组雏鸡白痢发生率与对照组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。     

提高肉鸡育雏成活率的技术要点

育雏是肉鸡生产中的一个重要环节，育雏的成功与否，影响着整个肉鸡群未来的生长成绩。当前养鸡业发展迅速，但由于部分专业户缺乏科学的饲养管理，造成育雏成活率低，严重影响肉鸡的生产效益，笔者根据多年实践，谈谈提高育雏成活率的技术要点。     

提高农户规模养鸡育雏成活率的技术措施

在商品蛋鸡生产的各个环节中,育雏期的饲养管理极其重要,刚出壳的幼雏对外界环境的适应能力差、消化机能弱、抗病力不强、代谢旺盛、生长快,这些生理特点决定了育雏期的饲养管理、卫生消毒和防疫管理的重要性。提高育雏成活率是关系到育雏成败的关键因素之一,现根据笔者多年从事养鸡生产的经验就如何提高农户规模养鸡育雏成活率的技术措施总结如下：1育雏舍及育雏用具的准备和消毒进鸡前育雏舍要进行全面彻底的消毒,     

鹧鸪的育雏技术

育雏是鹧鸪生产的重要环节,若技术掌握不好,会导致雏鸪10～15日龄大量死亡。我们在实践中探索出一套育雏技术,现介绍给鹧鸪养殖户。育雏室在进雏前要彻底清扫,清扫后要彻底消毒。其方法是,用3%来苏尔     

Comparative investigations of the feed and nutrient consumption, growth, a nutrient efficiency of broiler chickens under different climatic conditions in Nigeria

Feed intake, growth and blood parameters were studied over 3 years, in 2,300 chickens started either during the cool, dry season or the hot, dry season. From day old to 4 weeks, fed was more efficiently used for growth during the hot, dry season than for the cool, dry season. Using Haemoglobin and Haematocrit as criteria, and on supplementing a practical type ration with copper and iron, it was observed that climatic stress, as distinct from mineral deficiency, plays an important role in the brooding of exotic chickens in the tropics. The importance of this in relation to housing and timing of brooding the chickens by commercial producers was highlighted.     

大鸨人工养殖技术

大鸨对生存环境要求很高,并且容易受惊,外来干扰、环境不适等都会对大鸨的成功交配、受精起到一定的抑制作用,影响其繁殖效果。大鸨的应激反应相当强烈,有时候是致命的。在人工饲养条件下,给大鸨创造安静的饲养环境,配合科学的饲料是繁殖成功的关键因素。另外,大鸨雏鸟出雏后很难饲喂成功,常常是在雏鸟1～15日龄时死亡率较高。笔者通过17 a（1992～2009年）的饲养繁殖,从大鸨育雏期、育成期和繁殖期的饲料配制、孵化、育雏期温湿度控制以及孵化期凉卵时间等方面探讨提高大鸨成活率的方法。通过不断试验得出孵化温度早、中期为37.5～37.8℃,相对湿度45%～50%;末期为37.2～37.5℃,相对湿度为50%～55%;出雏温度为36.8～37.2℃,相对湿度55%～60%。     

Behavioural and growth responses of broiler chickens to dietary water content and climatic variables

1. The behavioural responses and growth of broiler chickens were investigated over three seasons using two wet mashes with food:water ratios of 2:1 (HW) and 3:1 (MW).

2. Wet mashes fed in the hot dry season caused significantly lower rates of panting, a major thermoregulatory behaviour. This may be an indication of increased comfort in hot dry conditions for birds fed wet mashes.

3. Feeding activities of birds fed dry and wet rations respectively increased and decreased with decrease in seasonal temperature. The peaks of both feeding activity and consumption in the cool‐dry season were attained by birds fed dry diets and in the hot dry season by those fed wet mashes.

4. Diurnal distributions of food and water intakes were more even in the hot dry season for those fed wet mashes. This may again suggest a higher degree of comfort on the hot dry season when birds are fed wet mashes.

5. In the hot dry season, 60% of birds preferred wet mashes, whereas 80% of birds preferred dry meal in the cool dry season. This may be attributable to the lower temperature of wet mashes.

6. Similar patterns in feeding activity, food consumption and daily weight gain occurred in response to dietary presentation and season.

7. Feeding of dry meal under cool dry conditions and wet mashes in the hot season may be advantageous. Irrespective of season, water temperature may have to be raised to about 30°C before addition to meals for chicks under brooding. This may be necessary as preliminary investigations in this laboratory indicate that food temperatures below 22°C may at the brooding stage discourage food intake and activities.     

Changes in pulmonary arteriole protein kinase calpha expression associated with supplemental L-arginine in broilers during cool temperature exposure

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of supplemental L-arginine on pulmonary arteriole protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) expression in broilers exposed to cool temperature, to investigate further the molecular mechanisms of supplemental L-arginine on modulating pulmonary vascular functions in hypertensive broilers. Broilers were subjected to sub-thermoneutral (cool) temperature to induce pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), and an additional 10 g/kg L-arginine was added to the basal diet to evaluate the effects of supplemental L-arginine on PHS mortality, plasma nitric oxide (NO) production and pulmonary arterioles PKCalpha expression. Supplemental L-arginine reduced PHS mortality but did not affect right/total ventricle (RV/TV) ratios in clinically healthy birds. Birds fed additional L-arginine had increased plasma NO and decreased PKCalpha protein expression in pulmonary arterioles; NO production was negatively correlated with PKCalpha expression. These results demonstrated that supplemental L-arginine diminished PKCalpha expression in birds exposed to cool temperature. It is suggested that NO-induced loss of PKCalpha expression might be partially responsible for its effects on dilating pulmonary vasculature and inhibiting pulmonary vascular remodelling in vivo.     

低温与维生素E对笼养蛋雏鸭生长性能、抗氧化能力及血糖血脂的影响

本试验旨在研究适温、低温的环境中日粮添加不同水平(20、220和420IU/kg)的维生素E(VE)对蛋雏鸭生长性能、抗氧化能力及血液中血糖血脂浓度的影响。以1日龄蛋雏鸭为试验动物,采用2×3(温度×VE)重复试验设计。结果表明,低温显著降低雏鸭生长性能,提高采食量(P<0.01)和料重比(P<0.01),降低日增重(P<0.01)。与添加20IU/kg处理组相比,添加220和420IU/kg的VE对提高全期平均日增重和改善饲料转化率有显著作用(P<0.01)。温度对血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),丙二醛(MDA)水平无显著影响,而添加220和420IU/kg的VE会使雏鸭血清中总抗氧化能力T-AOC显著升高(P<0.05),丙二醛MDA水平降低。温度对甘油三酯,葡萄糖的影响极显著(P<0.01),甘油三酯、葡萄糖浓度均随温度降低而升高(P<0.01),而随添加VE浓度升高均有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。因此,日粮中添加220和420IU/kg的VE能显著改善生长性能,提高机体抗氧化能力,在一定程度上调节机体血糖血脂代谢。VE添加水平为220IU/kg时在正常育雏温度和低于正常育雏温度(5±1)℃下的生长性能和抗氧化能力均较好。     

The influence of strain and environmental factors upon feather pecking and cannibalism in fowls

The relationship between strain, seven environmental factors and pecking damage was investigated. Strain of bird, housing system, light intensity and position effect had major influences, diet and group size had minor, while population density and brooding temperature had no appreciable effect on pecking damage. Relationships between pecking damage and social hierarchy, fear responses and body weight were also demonstrated. It is suggested that although particular “causative factors” may sometimes be of overriding importance, the problem should generally be viewed in terms of the interaction between an individual bird and its environment.     

Egg production response of laying chickens to feather clipping,cool water and aspirin during hot weather conditions

An 8-week trial was conducted between March and May (hot-dry season) to determine effects of water temperature, feather clipping and aspirin on egg production of chickens. The treatments tested were hens given ordinary drinking water (control), cool water (100 g ice block per L) and aspirin (0.3 mg per L of ordinary water) and hens whose feathers were clipped (about two thirds of body feathers clipped). At 32 weeks of age, 120 Lohmann brown layer chickens of similar live weights were randomly divided into 12 groups of ten hens each and assigned to the treatments in triplicate using a completely randomized design. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Data included feed intake, water consumption, hen-day egg production and egg weight. Ambient house temperature, hen’s cloacal temperature and water temperature were monitored daily during the experimental period. Mean daily ambient temperature increased from 28.4 to 35.0 °C during the study period with consequent increase in cloacal temperatures (40.31 to 41.18 °C) of hens, ordinary drinking water and cool water. None of the treatments had any significant (P?>?0.05) effects on feed intake and water consumption of the birds. Hens given cool water produced more (P?P?P?>?0.05). It is concluded that the provision of cool water in a hot-dry climate had a beneficial effect on egg laying performance of chickens.     

笼养东方白鹳自然孵化与人工孵化及育雏的比较研究

2002年天津动物园东方白鹳人工孵化与育雏及自然孵化与育雏均同时获得成功。通过对笼养东方白鹳自然育雏与人工育雏过程中的孵化、育雏等行为的观察和比较分析,得出以下结论：从1日龄到70日龄,人工育雏与自然育雏在东方白鹳雏鸟生长发育方面的差异较小;自然育雏与人工育雏日饲喂量都增多,但日饲喂次数及饲喂间隔正好相反＇行为表现方面自然育雏的东方白鹳比人工育雏的东方白鹳更早学会啄食、扇动翅膀、站立和行走。     

First record and redescription of the introduced sea anemone Sagartia ornata (Holdsworth, 1855) (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Sagartiidae) from South Africa

The brooding sea anemone Sagartia ornata is reported from South Africa for the first time and is redescribed. The species is abundant intertidally in Langebaan Lagoon, where it attaches to stones shal lowly buried in sediment. It is probably a recent intro duction from Europe.     

斑嘴环企鹅的人工孵育技术

2011—2012年对成都动物园4枚斑嘴环企鹅蛋进行人工孵化,并对其中的关键技术进行分析,其中2枚企鹅蛋孵育成功,1枚企鹅蛋孵化出壳时幼企鹅死亡,1枚企鹅蛋孵出的小企鹅在60日龄死亡。结果表明:温度对企鹅幼雏出壳影响较大;企鹅日龄与生长发育呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;企鹅蛋孵化期为41 d;人工孵育是提高斑嘴环企鹅繁殖率的重要方式;正确的食糜配制及饲养方式是人工育雏成功的关键。