木材流体可渗性有效毛细管半径和数量的研究

论述了测定木材具有流体可渗性有效毛细管半径和数量的方法和原理，研究了长白鱼鳞云杉、红松和白桦木材具有流体可渗性有效毛细管结构，讨论了它在生产实践中的应用可能性。结果表明，长白鱼云杉和红松木材纵向气体渗透性与平均压力为线性关系，表明流体在这两种针叶材中流动阻力主要来自纹也膜微孔，具有流体可渗性平均有效纹孔膜微孔半径分别为０．６１和０．９８μｍ，单位面积上具有流体可渗性有效纹孔膜微孔数为１２１８和６０     

木材可压缩流体渗透中滑流的研究

在气体平均压力倒数为1.4-48atm~(-1)范围内测定了长白鱼鳞云杉和红松木材可压缩流休渗透中滑流效应及影响滑流的因素,论述了木材中流体流动形态和机理。研究表明,两种木材可压缩流体渗透中均产生滑流,但长白鱼鳞云杉中滑流高于红松。前者滑流渗透性与真渗透性百分比、比名义渗透性与真渗透性比、滑流因素分别为69.39％、1.69、0.356atm;后者分别为37.64％、1.376、0.197atm。滑流的大小与木材有效毛细管半径、真渗透性和气体平均压力有高度紧密相关。木材有效毛细管半径愈小,真渗透性愈低,或气体平均压力愈低,则滑流效应愈大。     

木材流体渗透性的研究现状与展望

回顾了国外在木材流体渗透性方面进行的研究情况,介绍了木材流体渗透性研究领域中的主要理论和木材结构模型,简述了我国木材流体渗透性方面的研究进展和现状,以及我国在提高木材渗透性上取得的主要成果.     

针叶树材管胞气体渗透流阻及其渗透系数

针对树材气体渗透性与气体在管胞中的流动特性和规律紧密相关，研究管胞的气体渗透流阻，可以获得关于针叶树材气体渗透性更深入的认识。本文从针叶树材管胞解剖结构出发，运用流体力学理论，导出了管胞3个纹理方向渗透气体流阻的数学表达式，并由此计算了针叶树材管胞的气体渗透系数。计算结果表明，管胞流阻可以描述气体渗透阻力的分布情况，反映气体渗透性在3个纹理方向的差异，在木材细胞层次揭示针叶树材气体渗透性的机制。     

中国重要树种木材流体渗透性的研究

本文研究了40种中国重要木材流体渗透性的特点和规律。结果表明,针叶材纵向空气渗透性为0.00957—1.87173 darcy,阔叶材为0.00195—13.49867darcy;针、阔叶材边材渗透性比心材高;种间或种内渗透性高低与密度无关;研究的全部针叶材、约70％的环孔材和约30％的散孔材与半散孔材渗透性(以心材为准)均在0.1 darcy以下,属较低等级以下。针叶材低渗透树种比阔叶材多,与纵向单位长度上阻碍流动细胞间隔数在前者比后者多有关;环孔材低渗透树种比散孔材和半散孔材多,由于前者含有或多或少侵填体或树胶堵塞导管和管间纹孔所致。同类树种之间渗透性差异,针叶材决定于有效纹孔膜微孔半径和数量,大而多者渗透性高;环孔材除纹孔之外,还与侵填体或树胶有无和多少,甚至侵填体上微孔有无和多少及大小有关;散孔材或半散孔材,来源于管间纹孔膜微孔半径和数量、穿孔板的类型以及管孔的大小和数量的不同。     

木材流体渗透理论与研究方法

为较全面系统地了解木材流体渗透理论研究现状,从流体在多孔介质内的主要类型与流动理论、流体在木材内的主要流通通道及木材流体渗透性研究的主要理论与试验方法等几方面进行综合概述,提出木材流体渗透性理论研究的主要发展方向.试验观察应采取更先进的手段,动态观察流体尤其是液体渗透木材的整个连续过程,并构筑更合理的木材流体简化结构渗透模型,以较少的参数反映更完整的流体渗透途径;理论研究应借鉴木材干燥过程中应用较成熟的传质传热模型,建筑多孔材料如水泥、石、砖等的渗透性研究,土壤流体渗透性及地下石油流体渗透性研究方面应用较成熟的理论和方法,并拓宽木材渗透性的研究对象,建立符合木材非稳态渗透实际过程的二维或三维理论模型,以更逼真地模拟木材流体渗透过程;2种方法结合起来,定性和定量完整描述木材流体渗透机制.     

针叶树材纵向气体渗透的三维流阻网络

气体在木材中的渗透是通过木材内的孔隙通道进行 ,而木材内的孔隙结构非常复杂 ,在纵向、径向、弦向的连接特性均不相同。以往关于针叶树材气体渗透的模型或理论 ,只考虑针叶树材内气体渗透通道在 1个或 2个方向上的连接。本文根据针叶树材管胞流阻和管胞在纵向、径向、弦向的连接特性 ,建立了一个描述针叶树材纵向气体渗透性的三维流阻网络 ,并运用重正化变换求解出流阻网络的流阻 ,计算了针叶树材气体纵向渗透系数。所得马尾松木材气体纵向渗透系数计算值与其测量结果进行比较 ,两者十分吻合 ,表明本文关于针叶树材气体纵向渗透三维流阻网络理论的科学性     

木材可压缩流体的流动型态分析

本文针对可压缩流体在木材中渗透时出现的粘性流、滑流与非线性流,根据木材解剖构造特性运用统计物理和流体力学有关理论,分析讨论了粘性流、滑流与非线性流产生的原因和机理,及其与木材中可压缩流体渗透性的关系。粘性流存在于木材中流体通过的所有孔隙,而滑流存在于木材中满足滑流产生条件的那部分孔隙中。在通常的渗透压强条件下Ｒｅ≤１０,木材中流体渗透的流动型态不存在湍流。流体动能损失导致的非线性流的出现,使可压缩流体的流动特性偏离达西定律,当使用Ｋｌｉｎｋｅｎｂｅｒｇ方程和Ａｄｚｕｍｉ方程分析测量数据研究木材可压缩流体渗透性时,要注意非线性流的影响,降低渗透压强能减少或避免非线性流。木材可压缩流体渗透性与可压缩流体的流动型态间有一定关联。     

针叶树材径向和弦向气体渗透的三维流阻网络

将针叶树材气体渗透的三维流阻网络理论进行了扩充 ,提出了气体径向和弦向渗透次级流阻网络的二维等效流阻网络及二维等效流阻网络流阻基元的确定和等效流阻的求解方法 ,将三维流阻网络从关于针叶树材气体纵向渗透性研究 ,扩展到针叶树材气体径向和弦向渗透性研究。提出了针叶树材径向和弦向气体渗透三维流阻网络理论 ,计算了马尾松试件径向和弦向渗透系数 ,并与测量值进行比较 ,结果表明两值相符合。将本文的针叶树材径向和弦向气体渗透三维流阻网络理论与此前关于针叶树材纵向气体渗透的三维流阻网络工作相结合 ,可以使用三维流阻网络计算针叶树材纵向、径向、弦向的气体渗透系数 ,其在木材干燥、改性、防腐有应用价值     

超临界CO2流体在木材干燥中的应用

超临界流体是指高于其临界压力和临界温度的流体,CO₂是最常用的超临界流体。超临界CO₂流体干燥法可以有效减少气液界面张力,在有效脱除水分的同时最大限度地减少因毛细管表面张力导致材料微观结构的改变。文中综述了利用超临界CO₂流体干燥木材的工艺,以及超临界CO₂流体对木材渗透性和干燥特性的影响;重点综述了近几年来利用超临界CO₂干燥木材的机理,包括使用流体动力学模型预测干燥过程以及使用核磁共振观察水分和CO₂的传递规律,以期为超临界流体干燥木材提供理论参考。     

Modelling elastic and shrinkage properties of wood based on cell structure

Summary In a previous article of the authors a model was developed for estimating elastic and shrinkage properties of a softwood cell-wall. In the present article this model is enlarged to simulate the elastic properties of defect-free softwoods. The wood model consists of earlywood, latewood and ray cells, each of which have a different cell-wall structure. In the model the ratio of earlywood to latewood is defined by a given wood density. The calculated elastic properties are in good agreement with test results.     

A model describing axial flow of liquids through conifer wood

Summary A mathematical model has been derived for the prediction of the resistance to viscous liquid flow generated by tracheid lumina and various parts of the bordered pit structure. The model also takes into account changes in pit geometry occurring as the pit membrane deflects when a pressure differential is applied across it. Methods for checking whether flow is truly viscous are presented.Data calculated for Pinus sylvestris suggest that the permeability of earlywood differs markedly from that of latewood; that in latewood the pit apertures contribute significantly to the total resistance to flow; and that kinetic energy corrections to the Poiseuille viscous flow equation may be of some importance at high flow rates.The authors wish to acknowledge the encouragement of Professors Matthews and Roche.     

木材（特征图象）的微机识别

通过对“微机辅助木材识别系统WIP-89”项目的发展和增补,在木材识别方式上有新的突破,即通过木才解剖图象,微机自动识别木材,现已解决针对树材中的早材至晚材,急变和渐变;阔叶树材中的环孔材、半环孔材和散孔材。     

The effects of drying on the structure and permeability of the wood of Abies grandis

Summary The effects of air-drying and solvent-drying on the sapwood of Abies grandis have been investigated by a new method for the determination of the size and number of conducting tracheid lumina and pit membrane pores which involves the measurement of gaseous permeability at various mean pressures. Both earlywood and latewood tracheids (83% of the total) were found to be conducting in solvent-dried wood, but in air-dried wood only latewood tracheids (32% of the total) were conducting. In solvent-dried wood there were on average 27,000 pit membrane pores per conducting tracheid compared with only 600 in air-dried wood. In both, the average pit membrane pore radius was about 0.1 m.Liquid permeabilities have been predicted from the calculated radii and numbers. The liquid permeability of solvent-dried wood was 31 times greater than that of air-dried wood in which the lumina were responsible for 13% of the total resistance to flow. The lumina were responsible for 39% of the resistance in solvent-dried wood and it is suggested that in first-formed earlywood the lumina may cause more than half the total resistance.A new method is described for the cleaning of direct carbon replicas of wood. In this the cellulose is removed by cellulase instead of sulphuric acid, and no wax backing is required. This provides much cleaner replicas. Electron micrographs have been obtained of both earlywood and latewood dried by the two methods.The authors wish to thank Mr. A. R. Sayers for preparing the computer programme used in this work, Dr. R. Ph. C. Johnson for his help and advice regarding the electron microscopy and Professors Matthews and Weatherley for their advice and encouragement.     

Statics and kinetics of water vapor sorption of small loblolly pine samples

A better understanding of the sorption behavior of different wood structures could be useful in protecting wood against wood deterioration and fungal attack. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of differences among earlywood, latewood, and tree ring location within the stem cross-section of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) on the sorption kinetics and statics of water vapor under ambient conditions. The water vapor sorption of earlywood and latewood in different tree rings was recorded using a dynamic contact angle analyzer under relative humidity changes from 11 to 89%, as provided by saturated salt solutions. Earlywood had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than latewood, while outer tree rings had higher sorption rates and diffusion coefficients than inner tree rings. The sorption isotherms of earlywood, latewood, and different tree ring locations within the stem cross-section were fitted very well by a Hailwood–Horrobin model.     

Surface energy of preservative-treated southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) by contact angle measurement

In this study, the contact angles of four different reference liquids (including distilled water, diiodomethane, formadide and glycerol) formed on the surfaces of wood, treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and two other emerging copper-based water-borne systems (commercial names: NW and NS) were measured with sessile drop method. Based on the contact angle data, the surface energy was obtained from the acid-base approach. The total surface energy consisted of Lifshiz-van der Waals parameter and acid-base parameter. Results showed that the NW and CCA treatments made the wood surface more hydrophobic while the NS treatment had the reverse effect on the wood surface mainly owing to the increased penetration of earlywood. By using three liquids, diiodomethane, formamide and distilled water, the total surface energy obtained for untreated earlywood, untreated latewood, CCA-treated earlywood, CCA-treated latewood, NW-treated earlywood, NW-treated latewood, NS-treated earlywood and NS-treated latewood were 43.1, 44.5, 43.4, 45.1, 49.4, 40.6, 46.0 and 40.9 mJ/m², respectively. The surface energy of CCA-treated wood was almost the same as untreated wood. After NW and NS treatments, the surface energy of both earlywood and latewood changed a little. However, the change was not so obvious as to draw any further conclusion concerning the influence of NW and NS treatments on the surface energy of wood. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(4): 1–4 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Effect of conditioning on distribution and availability of alkaline copper quat (ACQ) preservative components in earlywood and latewood of southern pine

The interactions of alkaline copper quat (ACQ) components with the earlywood and latewood tissues of southern pine were investigated. There was a highly significant redistribution of the copper amine component from the earlywood to the latewood during post-treatment fixation at 50°C, which was mainly attributed to diffusion of copper amine from the earlywood into the latewood. A small amount of copper amine redistributed between the tissues and toward the wood surfaces during drying following fixation. The redistribution within the wood was similar whether the preservative penetrated longitudinally, tangentially, or radially into the wood during pressure treatment. This redistribution resulted in lower solubility of copper, and this effect contributes to the overall copper fixation in ACQ-treated wood. The quat component did not significantly diffuse after treatment, and its concentration remained much higher in the earlywood compared to the latewood.     

日本落叶松无性系木材性质的遗传变异

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的木材基本密度、管胞参数进行了测定.结果表明:木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞宽度和早材长宽比无性系间差异显著;木材基本密度,早、晚材管胞长度,早晚材管胞宽度和早晚材长宽比径向变异模式相似,即从髓心向外以曲线形式不断增加,有时亦有起伏;早材从髓心向外以近似直线的形式缓慢增加,晚材从髓心向外以曲线形式增加,初期增加幅度较大,到一定年龄后趋于水平变化并略有波动;材质性状与树木年轮间的关系以对数方程、幂函数方程、指数方程拟合效果较好;除了晚材壁腔比和早材壁厚外,其它木材性质的重复力均在0.5以上,受中度或中度以上的遗传制约,按照20%的选择率,长宽比和晚材管胞长能获得较高的遗传增益.