The microflora and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of cattle fed on single component rations

The composition of the rumen microflora and the volatile fatty acids were examined in cattle free-grazing on grass or stall-fed on hay, grass pellets, oats or dried beet pulp with molasses. Total and viable counts of anaerobic bacteria were highest on the grass feeding, but viable counts as a percentage of total counts were highest when oats or beet pulp with molasses were fed. Counts of cellulolytic bacteria were lowest on these latter 2 diets, and highest on grass or grass pellet diets. Studies of the anaerobic flora showed that the composition in animals fed on grass pellets resembled more that found in animals free-grazing on grass than in those fed on hay. Counts of aerotolerant bacteria were only a small percentage of the total count, but were highest on the hay diet. On this latter diet and on grass-feeding the streptococci (identified as Streptococcus bovis) were predominant, but contrary to expectation, streptococci were found only in small numbers on the oats diet, where coryneform rods were the major type present. Although a period of 4–6 weeks was allowed for the animals to adapt to the feeds, the 2 periods of feeding on oats and dried beet pulp with molasses markedly affected the composition of the rumen flora in the subsequent periods of feeding grass pellets and hay. Ruinen volatile fatty acid analysis showed a propionogenic effect of oats and the highest percentage of butyric acid when beet pulp with molasses was fed. The expected propionogenic effect of grass pellets was not observed.     

Studies on rumen fermentation with special reference to the volatile fatty acid production rate in ewes during reproduction. 2. Production rate of volatile fatty acids and rumen volume

Methods and results of the measuring of the rumen volume and the passage rate as well as the dependence of the production of volatile fatty acids on the parameters mentioned are described. The correlative relations between rumen volume on the one hand and feed passage on the other hand to the production quotas are investigated. Passage rates and rumen volumes were determined with the help of the isotope dilution method. In the course of reproduction rumen volumes of 7.81, 6.41, 8.91, 7.11 in experiment 1 and 5.41, 5.81, 9.51 and 4.71 in experiment 2 were measured in the sequence early stage of gestation, late stage of gestation, lactation and the period between pregnancies. The average total production of volatile fatty acids within 12 hours amounted to 475 mmol, 265 mmol, 313 mmol and 351 mmol in experiment 1 and 155 mmol, 175 mmol, 271 mmol and 144 mmol in experiment 2 in the same sequence. The average passage duration of the feed through the digestive tract of the ewes was 32.4 h in experiment 1 and 33.6 h in experiment 2. The relatively high feed intake of the ewes resulted in a short passage duration and could be a cause of the low production quotas of the volatile fatty acids.     

脂肪酸添加剂对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和甲烷的影响

21头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组,每组3头,对照组饲喂全混日粮(TMR),试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组每天饲喂TMR加50.0 g、100.0 g、150.0 g、200.0 g、250.0 g、300.0 g/头复合脂肪酸日粮,主要探讨复合脂肪酸对奶牛瘤胃甲烷(CH4)产量、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度和pH值及产奶性能的影响。结果,TMR中每天添加150.0~200.0 g/头复合脂肪酸,明显(P<0.05)提高奶牛乳脂率和瘤胃乙酸浓度,显著(P<0.05)降低奶牛的CH4释放量、CH4能/GE值和瘤胃NH3-N浓度,对奶牛的标准乳(FCM)、乳干物质、乳蛋白和乳糖均有提高趋势,能有效地提高奶牛的经济效益和生态效益。     

脂肪酸钙对瘤胃发酵及羧甲基纤维素酶活性的影响

试验选用4只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分为对照组(CT)和3个试验组(A、B和C)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加日粮干物质1%、2%、3%的脂肪酸钙(Ca-LCFA),研究不同添加水平脂肪酸钙对绵羊瘤胃发酵及羧甲基纤维素酶活性的影响。结果表明:各试验组间瘤胃液pH差异不显著(P0.05),瘤胃液NH3-N浓度差异显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),但都在正常范围内;总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度C组和A组显著高于CT组和B组(P0.05),C和A两组间差异不显著(P0.05),在乙酸丙酸比上各组间差异不显著(P0.05);C组羧甲基纤维素酶活性最强(P0.01)。这表明在本试验条件下,C组即添加日粮干物质3%的脂肪酸钙最有利于绵羊瘤胃发酵。     

Motility of the rumen after feeding sheep pelleted rations]

In an experiment with wethers the effect of the feeding with pelleted feed rations and the partial replacement of coarse fodder by non-treated beech sawdust on the motorial activity of the rumen was observed. The rumen motility was measured through a rumen fistula by means of the balloon method with the help of a capacitator primary unit, an electric manometer and a recording instrument. Over a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1.3 kg dry matter per day. It consisted of 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% sawdust, 15.0% molasses, 1.3% urea, 0.76% mixed minerals and 0.48% hexametaphosphate in the form of pellets (test group) or the traditional classical form (control group). The feeding of pellets diminished the frequency (P less than 0.001) and the intensity of rumen contractions before and 1, 3 and 5 hours after feeding. Maximal frequency values were registered one hour after the food intake. During this time the number of secondary contractions of the rumen increased; differences of the frequency were, however, not registered, which means that the different physical form of the diet had no influence on the motorial activity of the rumen and that the food intake as such is the decisive factor. The diminished rumen motility in further hours after feeding was effected by treating the feed (grinding and pelleting).     

Effects of rare earth element lanthanum on rumen methane and volatile fatty acid production and microbial flora in vitro

The objectives of the trial were to study the effects of rare earth element (REE) lanthanum (La) on the in vitro rumen methane (CH₄) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and the microbial flora of feeds. Four feed mixtures with different levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), that is 20.0% (I), 31.0% (II), 41.9% (III) and 52.7% (IV), were formulated as substrates. Five levels of LaCl₃, that is 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mmol/kg dry matter (DM), were added to the feed mixtures, respectively, as experimental treatments in a two‐factor 5 × 4 randomized design. The in vitro incubation lasted for 24 h. The results showed that supplementing LaCl₃ increased the total gas (p < 0.001) production and tended to increase the total VFA production (p = 0.072) and decreased the CH₄ production (p = 0.001) and the ratios of acetate/propionate (p = 0.019) and CH₄/total VFA (p < 0.001). Interactions between LaCl₃ and NDF were significant in total gas production (p = 0.030) and tended to be significant in CH₄ production (p = 0.071). Supplementing LaCl₃ at the level of 0.8 mmol/g DM decreased the relative abundance of methanogens and protozoa in the total bacterial 16S rDNA analysed using the real‐time PCR (p < 0.0001), increased F. succinogenes (p = 0.0003) and decreased R. flavefaciens (p < 0.0001) whereas did not affect R. albus and anaerobic fungi (p > 0.05). It was concluded that LaCl₃ decreased the CH₄ production without negatively affecting feed digestion through manipulating rumen microbial flora when feed mixtures with different levels of NDF were used as substrates.     

Genotype,production system and sex effects on fatty acid composition of meat from goat kids

Two trials were performed to assess the meat fatty acid profile of goat kids from different genotypes, production systems and sex. In the first trial, genotype effect was determined in 24 suckling male kids from Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Gokceada breeds. In the second trial, male and female Gokceada Goat kids were used to compare the effect of extensive and semi‐intensive production systems on fatty acid composition of meat. Significant genotype effect was observed in the percentages of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n‐9), linolenic acid (C18:3 n‐3), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n‐6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n‐3), despite no differences on the ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) and n‐6/n‐3 (P > 0.05). The effect of production system had also significant effects on fatty acids, but sex only influenced significantly stearic acid (C18:0), C18:1 n‐9 and C18:3 n‐3 fatty acids and total PUFA level and PUFA/SFA ratio. This study confirms that dairy breeds are prone to produce higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids in their muscle. Meanwhile, meat from Gokceada goat kids, which is one of the indigenous breeds in Turkey, had similar PUFA/SFA and n‐6/n‐3 ratios to Turkish Saanen and Maltase.     

Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa,and effect of defaunation on fatty acid profile in the rumen with special reference to conjugated linoleic acid in cattle

Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid (FA) composition of ruminal bacterial (B) and protozoal (P) cells, and to investigate effect of protozoa on FA profile in the rumen of cattle. Three cows were used to prepare ruminal B and P cells. Four faunated and three defaunated cattle (half‐siblings) were used to study effect of protozoa on ruminal FA profile. Proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 in total fatty acids in B cells were 20.7% and 37.4%, whereas those in P cells were 33.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Proportions of trans‐vaccenic acid (VA) and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in B cells were 3.9% and 1.0%, and those in P cells were 5.5% and 1.6%, respectively, being higher in P cells. Proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in P cells were two to three times higher than in B cells. Proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, VA and CLA in B cells of faunated cattle were higher than those of defaunated. VA and CLA in the ruminal fluid of faunated were also 1.6 to 2.5 times higher than those of defaunated. This tendency was similar for cell‐free fraction of ruminal fluid. These results indicate that protozoa contribute greatly in VA and CLA production in the rumen.     

添加亚油酸条件下不同剂量硝酸钠对水牛瘤胃体外发酵脂肪酸组成及相关微生物数量的影响

为了探究添加亚油酸条件下不同剂量硝酸钠对水牛瘤胃体外发酵脂肪酸组成及相关微生物数量的影响,本试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的母水牛,以精粗比40:60为底物进行瘤胃液体外发酵试验.试验组硝酸钠的浓度分别为1、2、3 mg·mL-1,对照组不加硝酸钠,每组均添加0.25 mg·mL-1的亚油酸,每组各5个重复.在体外培养...     

全肠外营养脂肪乳剂脂肪酸形态对仔猪不同组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

目前,人类婴儿低初生重的总肠外营养（TPN）研究表明脂肪乳剂对于新生儿的营养是合适的,但不是最佳的选择。人类和猪的脂肪酸代谢非常相似,目前的研究主要集中在脂肪乳剂如何在TPN的临床作用。不同组成脂肪酸对新生仔猪进行7d处理,对于靠母乳替代物的仔猪而言,对组织脂肪酸的组成存在影响。在脂肪乳中,不同比例脂肪酸或母乳替代物对应的血浆,骨骼肌、皮下脂肪、肝脏、心脏,胰腺,胃及小肠的总血脂或脑磷脂呈正态的线性关系,而后者相关性最低。除大脑外,组织中的油酸或α-亚麻酸的比例与对应的脂肪乳或者母乳替代物相关,而亚麻酸的比例与研完的组织密切相关。除脑磷脂外,omegaven组中仔猪组织的二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量更高。结论除大脑外,血浆脂肪酸组成以及仔猪不同组织受全肠外营养乳剂中不饱和脂肪酸形态的影响极大。然而,脑磷脂脂肪酸的组成受日粮组成的影响要小,表明在生长的关键阶段有效的代谢是确保脂肪酸组成的关键。     

全肠外营养脂肪乳剂脂肪酸组成对仔猪不同组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

目前,对初生重非常低的人类婴儿全肠外营养（TPN）研究表明．脂肪乳剂对于新生儿的营养是合适但不是最佳的选择。由于脂肪酸在人类和猪身上的代谢非常相似,因而本试验研究几种脂肪乳剂（Clinoleic（克林诺）：Intralipid（英托利匹特）;Lipofundin（力保肪宁）;Omegaven（ω-3鱼油脂肪乳））在TPN的临床上如何发挥作用。与饲喂母乳替代物不同,在对仔猪注射不同组成的脂肪酸7d后,其组织脂肪酸结构发生变化。在脂肪乳剂中不同比例脂肪酸或母乳替代物与血浆、骨骼肌、皮下脂肪、肝脏、心脏、胰腺、胃及小肠的总血脂或者脑磷脂中所对应的脂肪酸存在着正态的线性关系．且脑磷脂表现出最低的相关性。除大脑外．各个组织中的油酸或α-亚麻酸的比例与相应的脂肪乳剂或者母乳替代物相关．而亚麻酸的比例与以上所有组织密切相关。除脑磷脂外,注射ω-3鱼油脂肪乳剂的仔猪组织里含有更高的二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。简言之,除大脑外,血浆脂肪酸组成以及仔猪不同组织受TPN乳剂中不饱和脂肪酸形态的极大影响。然而．脑磷脂脂肪酸的组成受日粮组成的影响要小．表明在生长的关键阶段积极和有效的代谢是确保脂肪酸组成的关键。     

鲜牦牛肉氨基酸与脂肪酸组成分析评价

为分析评价鲜牦牛肉的氨基酸及脂肪酸组成及营养价值,采用氨基酸分析仪测定了氨基酸并进行氨基酸评分(AAS),脂肪酸甲酯的气相色谱分析法分析了脂肪酸。结果表明:从新鲜牦牛肉中检测出十七种氨基酸和十种脂肪酸。新鲜牦牛肉的氨基酸总量为19.19g/100g,EAA/TAA为38.83%,EAA/NEAA为63.31%;脂肪含量3.99g/100g,脂肪酸含量为51.63%。鲜牦牛肉是一种具有独特风味的优质蛋白质来源,也是具有均衡脂肪酸的高营养价值的鲜肉。     

Effects of supplementing fish oil in the drinking water of dairy cows on production performance and milk fatty acid composition

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing fish oil (FO) in the drinking water of dairy cows on production performance and milk fatty acid composition. Sixteen multiparous Holstein dairy cows (741 +/- 84 kg of BW; 60 +/- 2.3 d in milk, mean +/- SD) housed in a tie-stall facility were used in the study. The study was conducted as a completely randomized design with repeated measurements. The cows were blocked by days in milk and allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: 10 g of menhaden FO/kg of DM top-dressed on the total mixed ration (FOT), and 2 g of menhaden FO/L delivered in the drinking water (FOW). The trial lasted for 5 wk: a 1-wk pretreatment adjustment period and 4 wk of treatment. The animals were fed and milked twice daily (feeding at 0830 and 1300; milking at 0500 and 1500) and had unlimited access to water. Dry matter intake (21.3 kg/d for FOT vs. 22.7 +/- 0.74 kg/d for FOW), milk yield (38.2 kg/d for FOT vs. 39.5 +/- 1.9 kg/d for FOW), and water intake (101 L/d for FOT vs. 107 +/- 4.4 L/d for FOW) were not affected by treatment. The mode of delivery of FO had no effect on milk fat percentage, but milk fat percentage declined linearly with time. The fatty acid contents of 7:0; 8:0; 9:0; 10:0; 12:0 in the milk of FOT cows were lower than for FOW cows, whereas 18:1 trans-12; 18:1 trans-13 and 14; 18:1 trans-16; and trans-9, trans-11 plus trans-10, trans-12 CLA were greater for FOT than for FOW. The contents of 24:1 in the milk of FOW cows were 48% greater than for FOT cows, although the concentrations were low in both groups. There was a tendency for the contents of 14:0 and 22:5n-6 to be greater in FOW cows than FOT cows and for the contents of iso-18:0 to be lower for FOW cows than for FOT cows. Although it appears that the amount of FO added in the study did not bypass the rumen as hypothesized, these results suggest that drinking water can be an alternative for supplementing FO to dairy cows without decreasing feed or water intake relative to cows fed FO in the diet.     

Amino acid production in the isolated and perfused rumen wall of sheep

The metabolism of amino acids and urea in an isolated perfused wall of sheep rumen was studied by the method of organ perfusion, using 3 kinds of perfusate. In experiments with semisynthetic perfusate containing urea (SPurea) the levels of lysine, valine, glutamic acid and alanine increased at a simultaneous decrease of levels of leucine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine and methionine. In perfusions with the semisynthetic medium without urea (SP) the levels of lysine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine increased, the level of threonine dropped. In perfusions with whole autologous blood (KP) the levels of valine, glutamic acid and alanine increased, the level of arginine decreased. The level of urea decreased sharply at using SPurea and KP, however, the equal cumulation of ammonia (200-400 mumol x 1(-1)) was found in all three types of perfusate after 2-hr perfusion. Moreover, in experiments with SP a low level of urea was found already after 5-min. of perfusion. The results of the experiments suggest that the rumen wall is capable of producing amino acids also without the contents of rumen, and that independently on the presence or absence of urea as a nitrogen source.