农业生态学近年研究领域与研究方法综述

近年农业生态学研究领域非常活跃,包括农业生态系统模式,农业可持续发展与生态农业,农业生物多样性,农业与全球变化,作物与杂草的生态适应性,作物与杂草的遗传生态学及化学生态学,无公害食品生产,畜禽粪便处理,病虫害综合防治等方面的研究。研究中广泛应用了系统分析方法和人工智嗵、人工神经网络、基因算法、有限元分析等新方法。中型实验系统方法日益受到重视。生态学正从系统描述转到系统自组织的理解,从预测生态危机转     

农业资源研究中心“百人计划”招聘启事

正中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物遗传育种、植物生理等相关领域。二、报名条件     

农业资源研究中心“百人计划”招聘启事

正中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物     

农业资源研究中心“百人计划”招聘启事

正中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物遗传育种、植物生理等相关领域。     

农业资源研究中心“百人计划”招聘启事

正中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物遗传育种、植物生理等相关领域。二、报名条件     

动态

农业资源研究中心"百人计划"招聘启事中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物遗传育种、植物生理等相关领域。二、报名条件     

农业资源研究中心“百人计划”招聘启事

正中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物     

《中国生态农业学报》投稿须知

1 主要刊载内容 《中国生态农业学报》报道农业生态学、生态经济学、生态学及农业资源与环境等领域创新性研究成果。主要刊登农业生态系统结构、功能、能量及物质循环、演替规律及稳定性以及土壤、施肥与植物营养、水资源及其高效利用、作物生理生态、农业高效栽培技术与机理、作物抗性生理生态、抗性育种、病虫害防治、资源优化配置及其效益分析、农业生态工程技术、无公害农产品生产技术、农业环境污染防治及农业可持续发展等方面的研究报告、研究简报及综述,以及生态农业建设和生态农业示范区建设典型模式与典型经验等。     

《中国生态农业学报》投稿须知

1主要刊载内容《中国生态农业学报》报道农业生态学、生态经济学、生态学及农业资源与环境等领域创新性研究成果。主要刊登农业生态系统结构、功能、能量及物质循环、演替规律及稳定性以及土壤、施肥与植物营养、水资源及其高效利用、作物生理生态、农业高效栽培技术与机理、作物抗性生理生态、抗性育种、病虫害防治、资源优化配置及其效益分析、农业生态工程技术、无公害农产品生产技术、农业环境污染防治及农业可持续发展等方面的研究报告、研究简报及综述,以及生态农业建设和生态农业示范区建设典型模式与典型经验等。     

农业资源研究中心“百人计划”招聘启事

正中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物遗传育种、植物生理等相关领域。二、报名条件1.具有中国国籍的公民或自愿放弃外国国籍来华或回国定居的专家学者,年龄40周岁以下,身体健康;     

A trail of research revisted

The author describes how his interest in the nutritional value of soybeans led to a trail of research that had many ramifications. In an attempt to account for the poor nutritional value of raw soybeans and the beneficial effect of heat treatment, a protein displaying hemagglutinating activity and capable of inhibiting the growth of rats was isolated and characterized. This protein subsequently proved to be an example of a class of proteins that were later referred to as "lectins". Lectins were also isolated from kidney beans and shown to be even more toxic than the soybean lectin. Concurrent studies with the soybean trypsin inhibitors revealed that these proteins inhibited growth by stimulating the secretory activity of the pancreas and could in the long term cause acinar cell adenoma of the pancreas. Acute experiments with human subjects showed that the human pancreas also responded to the stimulatory effects of the so-called Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor. The studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors were expanded to include a protease inhibitor present in blood, alpha-1-antitrypsin, a deficiency of which leads to emphysema in humans. The mechanism whereby this protein inhibits leucocyte elastase was investigated. On the basis of these results the intratracheal administration of a synthetic peptide inhibitor of elastase attached to albumin microspheres was found to prevent elastase-induced emphysema in hamsters.     

A conservation tillage research update from the Coastal plain soil and water conservation research center of South Carolina: A review of previous research

In the U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plains conservation tillage (CT) became useful as a management system with the development of in-row subsoiling systems capable of planting into heavy residues. Research priorities associated with the development of CT included: reducing cover crop water loss, improving stand establishment, assessing nutrient and water management requirements, determining optimal subsoiling strategies, understanding long-term conservation tillage effects on soil properties, evaluating the interaction of crop residue removal with tillage systems, and documenting tillage impact on pests and beneficial organisms. Since the late 1970s the Coastal Plains Soil and Water Conservation Research Center in Florence, SC has made a concerted effort to study these interactions and alleviate them as obstructions to the use of CT management. These studies showed that for Coastal Plain soils such as Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic, Typic Paleudults) winter cover crops such as rye (Secale cereale L.) desiccated the soil profile by evapotranspiration in the spring. This delayed emergence and early season growth of corn (Zea mays L.) but not full-season soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Conservation tillage helped manage soil strength by gradually increasing soil organic matter content, restricting traffic patterns and maintaining higher soil water contents. Laboratory studies demonstrated a negative correlation (R²=0.85) between proctor soil strength and organic matter content. Conservation tillage affected nematode, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Heliothis species populations. Alternate cropping systems using rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as a winter crop or sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) either before soybean or after corn provided crop cover against potential soil loss from late autumn through early spring, when bare soil is exposed to intense rainfall. Water quality questions associated with CT have been raised but remain unanswered. Although CT can reduce runoff and erosion, the crop residues can support higher insect populations and pathogen inoculum levels, and thus prompt greater pesticide use. Quantifying relationships between soil strength, macropore formation and persistence, and water infiltration with surface and subsurface water quality is the focus of new long-term evaluations. The findings of these studies, published to date, are summarized in this paper.     

生物炭研究进展及其研究方向

近几年来,随着巴西亚马逊流域考古发现黑土(black earths,或terra preta de indio(葡萄牙语))及研究的深入,认为将生物质炭化还田不仅能藏碳于土,减缓全球气候变化,而且能提高全球粮食安全保障.生物质在无氧或低氧条件下高温裂解炭化而成的产物被称为生物炭(biochar).本文将从生物炭特性;生物炭对作物产量和养分吸收的影响;生物炭分解和对土壤碳周转的影响以及对污染物降解和生物有效性影响方面进行综述,以期为国内生物炭研究提供参考.     

林火预测预报研究综述

在危害森林的诸因子中,火灾是一种最具破坏性的灾害,各林业先进国家都非常重视林火研究工作。在世界范围内,林火预测预报的应用已成为越来越多的有林国家林火管理的有力工具。林火预测预报从二十世纪20年代迄今,已有80余年的历史,在世界各国发展很快。林火预测预报分为火险天气预报、林火发生预报和林火行为预报。林火预报研究中的关键问题是选择主要的林火因子和合适的林火预测预报方法。     

耕作侵蚀研究述评

耕作位移和耕作侵蚀主要是在重力作用下,由耕作工具触发的土壤侵蚀;是造成坡耕地土壤重新分布和坡耕地土壤侵蚀的重要过程之一;对坡面地形演化、土壤性质改变、土壤养分流失与重新分布、土地生产力降低、土壤碳储存变化等都有重要影响.在以往研究的基础上,总结耕作侵蚀的基本过程和机制、研究方法、影响因素和侵蚀速率的研究进展,讨论目前研究中的不足与未来可能的研究方向.不同于风蚀和水蚀,耕作侵蚀发生的动力条件是人为影响,而非自然发生的降水或风力;因而,其侵蚀过程和机制、研究方法、影响因素、侵蚀速率分布等均不同于风蚀和水蚀.耕作侵蚀主要受人为和自然因素的影响,人为因素驱动耕作侵蚀发生,坡面是耕作侵蚀的地形基础.人为因素主要有耕作工具特性、耕作方向、速度和深度等;自然因素主要包括坡面的形状和尺寸、地形、坡度和土壤性质等.强烈的耕作侵蚀主要发生在坡面上部和坡面曲率剧烈变化的部位.耕作侵蚀研究主要通过基于示踪技术的实测方法,结合模型预测开展.由于耕作侵蚀、风蚀和水蚀的研究方法各成体系,通用方法较少,因而,多营力侵蚀研究难度巨大.以137 Cs为代表的核素在研究水蚀、风蚀和耕作侵蚀中均表现出独特的优势,为区分多营力侵蚀中各种侵蚀的速率和贡献提供了新的可能.     

大气氮素沉降研究进展

人为干扰下的大气氮素沉降已成为全球氮素生物化学循环的一个重要组成部分。作为营养源和酸源, 大气氮沉降数量的急剧增加将严重影响陆地及水生生态系统的生产力和稳定性。本文从大气氮沉降对土壤和水体环境、农业和森林生态系统以及生物多样性等方面综述了近年来国内外大气氮素沉降的研究现状及其对生态系统的影响, 并总结探讨了前人采用的大气沉降氮测定方法, 展望了我国大气氮沉降的研究前景。     

拟盘多毛孢属的分类学研究进展

从拟盘多毛孢属及相关属的建立、属的界定特征、属内种的传统鉴定方法、拟盘多毛孢属有性阶段的形态特征等方面的叙述,展示了以形态学和分子系统学相结合建立的拟盘多毛孢属与近缘属关系的分类检索表,指出了以形态学和分子特征相结合将是拟盘多毛孢属分类命名的未来趋势。     

Pedotechnology and tillage research

This paper summarizes a compactibility interpretation symposium — the first efforts of ISSS Working Group PT (Pedotechnique) to improve geotechnical engineering interpretations of existing soil survey data bases. Proposed interpretation schemes and alternative approaches are discussed.These efforts have also resulted in the identification of 3 avenues of needed research, specifically for tillage soil scientists, and the discussion is presented. The first need is formal recognition of soil mechanical factors and development of improved soil science data bases for tillage, the second is for compatible methods of interpretation and the third is for better documentation of the areal extent of tillage problems through improved soil tillage inventories. It is shown that these 3 avenues of tillage study could be organized within the proposed new ISTRO structure through a committee on Pedotechnology.     

Biomedical applications of poisonous plant research

Research designed to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the toxicity of plants to livestock that graze them has been extremely successful. The knowledge gained has been used to design management techniques to prevent economic losses, predict potential outbreaks of poisoning, and treat affected animals. The availability of these compounds in pure form has now provided scientists with tools to develop animal models for human diseases, study modes of action at the molecular level, and apply such knowledge to the development of potential drug candidates for the treatment of a number of genetic and infectious conditions. These advances are illustrated by specific examples of biomedical applications of the toxins of Veratrum californicum (western false hellebore), Lupinus species (lupines), and Astragalus and Oxytropis species (locoweeds).     

生态足迹研究进展述评

 生态足迹模型自1992年被提出以来,引起了众多学者的关注,经过近20年来的发展,生态足迹模型研究发生了显著的变化,特别是在我国取得了长足的进步。通过简单介绍生态足迹的概念、计算方法以及优缺点,回顾国外的研究进展,重点介绍国内生态足迹的研究概况,展望生态足迹今后的研究方向。