不同干燥方法对罗非鱼片品质和微观结构的影响

为了解不同干燥方法对罗非鱼片干燥后品质和微观结构的影响,采用热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、超临界CO2干燥等3种方法对罗非鱼片进行干燥,研究其对营养成分、微生物、感官特征、复水性能、质构特征、微观结构等的影响。结果表明:与热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥相比,超临界CO2干燥的鱼片,粗蛋白含量高,脂肪含量较低;且在杀灭微生物方面有着显著的优势;但其鱼片的收缩率和复水特性稍差于真空冷冻干燥,而其感官、质构和微观结构等品质均与真空冷冻干燥的相当,而所有品质都明显优于热风干燥;结合经济性等综合考虑,罗非鱼片应用超临界CO2干燥是可行的。研究结果可为罗非鱼片干燥技术的选择提供参考。     

桑葚-紫薯复合冻干果块的制备工艺优化及品质评价

传统冻干产品加工工艺技术含量低,产品配方、营养和口味单一,市场同质化现象严重,日渐无法满足消费者的需求。为增加市面上复合型果蔬冻干产品的多样性,丰富冻干产品的口感和营养价值,该研究以桑葚和紫薯为主要原料,采用真空冷冻干燥技术,使用Box-behnken结合综合评分法,探究了果胶、阿拉伯胶、麦芽糊精、果葡糖浆和柠檬酸添加量对桑葚-紫薯复合冻干果块综合评分的影响。结果表明,最佳制备工艺为：果胶添加量0.20%、麦芽糊精添加量8.00%、阿拉伯胶添加量0.20%、果葡糖浆添加量4.00%和柠檬酸添加量0.24%,综合评分为0.87分。工艺优化后的产品总体感官可接受度8.90分,比未添加辅料的复合冻干果块显著（P<0.05）提高了25.35%。同时,所得复合冻干果块具有良好的品质,其脆度、总黄酮含量、总花青素含量及铁离子还原能力分别显著（P<0.05）提高了80.53%、23.10%、11.36%和39.95%。研究结果可以为复合型冻干果蔬产品的发展提供一定的理论依据。     

芒果热水处理和人工催熟对其质量的影响

在国际标准中禁止采用芒果催熟措施，而我国近年来仍大量使用芒果催熟措施。模拟试验发现，成熟度为60%～90%的芒果经人工催熟后，在4～8 d内可达到软熟，其可溶性固形物含量、pH值两项指标与成熟度之间有较大差异，其口感与其外观、成熟度之间也有较大差异，而芒果的外观颜色、果肉硬度与其成熟度之间却无明显差异。热水处理芒果可获得均匀一致的果皮与果肉颜色和较高的可溶性固形物与pH值，保持了较高的芒果品质。人工催熟芒果明显降低了芒果品质，而未处理果由于在后熟期间受芒果病虫害的侵蚀，难于达到较高的品质，因此，建议应加强推广芒果采后热水处理技术。     

A干燥条件对栗蘑脆片品质的影响

为探讨在不同干燥条件下栗蘑脆片的品质,该研究采用模糊数学评判法对真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥栗蘑片质构及与品质变化有关的指标进行检验。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥栗蘑脆片的最佳工艺条件为：真空度20?Pa,隔板温度为50℃,物料厚度5?mm,干燥时间12?h,制得的栗蘑脆片复水性好,脆度适中。热风干燥栗蘑的最优工艺条件为：干燥温度100℃,干燥时间11?h,物料厚度16?mm。真空冷冻干燥与热风干燥相比,栗蘑脆片外观和色泽好,模糊评定级别值分别为0.50和0.34,两者的感官品质等级分别为优和一般。     

退火对冷冻干燥固态果蔬食品模拟体系冰晶结构和质构的影响

为探究冷冻过程中退火条件对真空冷冻干燥固体果蔬食品模拟体系冰晶结构、干燥特性、微观结构和质构的影响,该试验通过建立真空冷冻干燥果胶-蔗糖凝胶体系模拟果蔬天然网络结构,考察了不同退火条件对冷冻模拟体系的冰晶结构、冷冻干燥模拟体系的微观结构和质构等品质的影响。结果表明,退火温度范围和退火次数是影响冰晶结构、干燥过程和产品质构的重要因素。研究发现,冷冻模拟体系冰晶的直径均值、冰晶比例随退火温度范围增加和退火次数增加而降低;模拟体系的冷冻干燥速率随退火温度范围和退火次数增加而加快;冻干模拟体系的硬度和脆度随退火温度范围和退火次数增加而降低。采用0℃退火3次条件下,干燥时间最短约为14.0 h,此时模拟体系冰晶分形维数为1.616,冰晶直径极差为0.98 mm,直径切尾均值为0.16 mm,冰晶比例为75.00%,在脆度阈值为0.784 N时脆度保留效果最好,峰个数为4.33。相关性分析结果表明,模拟体系的干燥时间与冰晶直径分布的离散程度、直径均值呈正相关,与分形维数呈负相关,与冰晶的直径均值和退火到达温度呈正相关。该研究明确了退火条件对模拟体系冰晶形态和冻干后多孔结构的影响,可为真空冷冻干燥食...     

土壤施钙对芒果果实钾、钙、镁含量及品质的影响

以"台农1号"芒果为试材,田间试验研究了花前土施不同用量硝酸钙对芒果果实钾、钙、镁含量及产量、品质的影响。结果表明:(1)与不施钙相比,土施钙肥可明显提高果实糖酸比,其原因主要是降低了可滴定酸含量,提高了可溶性糖含量,同时可显著提高果实Vc含量,降低贮藏期果实发病率,在土施钙150 g/株时产量最高,增产率为14.25%。(2)在一定钙用量范围内,土施钙肥可显著提高果肉钙含量,使果皮、果肉与果核的钾、镁含量下降。(3)果皮、果肉及果核钙含量与钙肥用量呈正相关,钾、镁含量与钙肥用量呈负相关。(4)果实可溶性糖含量、Vc含量及糖酸比与钙肥用量呈正相关,果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、失重率、发病率与钙肥用量呈负相关。土壤增施钙肥有利于提高芒果果实品质,提高果实耐贮性。     

真空冷冻干燥不同升温程序对蓝莓干燥特性及品质影响

不同真空冷冻干燥（FD）程序中的温度设定影响果蔬干制品的感官和营养品质。为获得蓝莓FD较优程序，本研究采用差示扫描量热法探究蓝莓热力学特性及玻璃化转变温度（Tg）的变化，采用低场核磁共振技术测定水分分布及含量变化，以收缩率、花青素含量和质构品质为指标，探究5种FD不同升温程序对蓝莓脆干燥特性和营养品质的影响。结果表明，超声处理后蓝莓共晶点、共熔点和Tg无显著变化；随着蓝莓含水率的降低，其Tg升高，蓝莓中的自由水先转换为不易流动水，随后不易流动水转换为自由水和结合水。FD不同程序设定下，蓝莓脆粒的收缩率、色泽、感官和营养品质变化显著（P<0.05）。程序2干燥后蓝莓脆粒的收缩率最小，程序1干燥后蓝莓脆粒的脆性最大，程序5干燥后蓝莓硬度最大；程序4干燥后蓝莓△E值最大，程序1干燥后蓝莓脆粒的维生素C(Vc)含量最高、抗氧化活性较高。综合考虑，确定较优FD程序为程序2:0℃（2 h）→5℃（2 h）→10℃（2 h）→20℃（2 h）→30℃（2 h）→40℃（2 h）→50℃（12 h）。本研究结果为蓝莓脆产品开发提供了理论基础。     

三种干燥方式制备的猕猴桃脆片品质比较

为拓展真空冷冻干燥联合干燥方法,进行了冻干-真空油炸干燥工艺技术制备猕猴桃脆片的探索试验,以冻干、"冻干-真空干燥"制备的猕猴桃脆片作为对比,考察三种方法制备猕猴桃脆片的复水性、质构、色差和感官指标差异。结果表明:冷冻干燥样品的复水性最佳,外观和香气感官指标得分最高;冻干-真空油炸的样品质构特性中硬度、断裂性、咀嚼性均大于另外两种,且其感官评分中滋味、口感和外观得分均较高,适合作为即食类果蔬脆片休闲食品工艺进行开发。     

真空冷冻干燥果胶-纤维素-小分子糖气凝胶质构研究

为探究不同小分子糖对真空冷冻干燥(FD)果蔬质构的影响,并寻找蔗糖的替代品,本试验通过建立FD果蔬天然网络结构模拟体系——果胶-纤维素气凝胶体系,并在该多孔骨架结构上搭载11种小分子糖,考察了不同小分子糖对FD气凝胶的微观结构、质构、吸湿性和玻璃化转变温度(T_g)等品质的影响。结果表明,添加果糖、水苏糖、麦芽糖醇样品的硬度显著高于添加蔗糖样品,而添加海藻糖和低聚异麦芽糖样品的硬度显著低于添加蔗糖样品;所有样品中,仅果糖样品的脆度显著高于蔗糖样品;低聚果糖样品的外观、质构以及吸湿性品质均与蔗糖样品相近,且T_g较高。因此,在FD果蔬工业生产中,低聚果糖是极具发展前景的一种蔗糖取代糖。本研究结果证实了小分子糖是果胶-纤维素气凝胶形成硬度和脆度的物质基础,可为FD果蔬生产过程中小分子糖的选择提供理论依据。     

菊粉对低脂乳化肠质构及风味品质的影响

为探究菊粉对低脂乳化肠质构及风味品质的影响,本研究以猪后腿肉为原料制作低脂乳化肠,并在肠中添加不同量浓度(0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%)的菊粉,以高脂组为对照,研究其对乳化肠基本营养成分、色泽、蒸煮损失、质构特性、微观结构、风味及感官品质的影响。结果表明,随着低脂乳化肠中菊粉添加量的增加,乳化肠水分和蛋白质含量均先增加后显著下降;加入适量菊粉可以降低低脂乳化肠的蒸煮损失;菊粉的加入增加了乳化肠的硬度和咀嚼性,提高了凝聚力。扫描电镜结果表明,菊粉添加量为4%时乳化肠的微观结构孔洞最小且致密;风味及感官评价结果表明,菊粉添加量为5%时醛类和醇类等风味成分含量达到最高,菊粉添加量达到 3%及以上时与对照组相比感官评价总分无显著差异。综上,低脂乳化肠中加入菊粉有利于降低低脂乳化肠的蒸煮损失,改善低脂乳化肠的质构特性及风味和感官品质。本研究结果可为低脂肉制品的生产提供一定的理论依据。     

朱红橘果实成熟过程中类胡萝卜素的积累及相关基因的表达分析

为探究朱橘类果实成熟过程中类胡萝卜素的积累及相关基因的表达模式,本研究以朱红橘为材料,使用手持色差仪测定果实成熟过程中果皮和果肉的色差值,利用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测类胡萝卜素组分的含量变化,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析类胡萝卜素代谢相关基因的表达.结果表明,朱红橘成熟过程中,果皮和果...     

Quality changes and nutrient retention in fresh-cut versus whole fruits during storage

The influences of processing and storage on the quality indices and nutritional content of fresh-cut fruits were evaluated in comparison to whole fruits stored for the same duration but prepared on the day of sampling. Fresh-cut pineapples, mangoes, cantaloupes, watermelons, strawberries, and kiwifruits and whole fruits were stored for up to 9 days in air at 5 degrees C. The postcutting life based on visual appearance was shorter than 6 days for fresh-cut kiwifruit and shorter than 9 days for fresh-cut pineapple, cantaloupe, and strawberry. On the other hand, fresh-cut watermelon and mango pieces were still marketable after 9 days at 5 degrees C. Losses in vitamin C after 6 days at 5 degrees C were < or = 5% in mango, strawberry, and watermelon pieces, 10% in pineapple pieces, 12% in kiwifruit slices, and 25% in cantaloupe cubes. No losses in carotenoids were found in kiwifruit slices and watermelon cubes, whereas losses in pineapples were the highest at 25% followed by 10-15% in cantaloupe, mango, and strawberry pieces after 6 days at 5 degrees C. No significant losses in total phenolics were found in any of the fresh-cut fruit products tested after 6 days at 5 degrees C. Light exposure promoted browning in pineapple pieces and decreased vitamin C content in kiwifruit slices. Total carotenoids contents decreased in cantaloupe cubes and kiwifruit slices, but increased in mango and watermelon cubes in response to light exposure during storage at 5 degrees C for up to 9 days. There was no effect of exposure to light on the content of phenolics. In general, fresh-cut fruits visually spoil before any significant nutrient loss occurs.     

Carotenoids in white- and red-fleshed loquat fruits

Fruits of 23 loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) cultivars, of which 11 were white-fleshed and 12 red-fleshed, were analyzed for color, carotenoid content, and vitamin A values. Color differences between two loquat groups were observed in the peel as well as in the flesh. beta-Carotene and lutein were the major carotenoids in the peel, which accounted for about 60% of the total colored carotenoids in both red- and white-fleshed cultivars. beta-Cryptoxanthin and, in some red-fleshed cultivars, beta-carotene were the most abundant carotenoids in the flesh, and in total, they accounted for over half of the colored carotenoids. Neoxanthin, violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, 9- cis-violaxanthin, phytoene, phytofluene, and zeta-carotene were also identified, while zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, and lycopene were undetectable. Xanthophylls were highly esterified. On average, 1.3- and 10.8-fold higher levels of colored carotenoids were observed in the peel and flesh tissue of red-fleshed cultivars, respectively. The percentage of beta-carotene among colored carotenoids was higher in both the peel and the flesh of red-fleshed cultivars. Correlations between the levels of total colored carotenoids and the color indices were analyzed. The a* and the ratio of a*/ b* were positively correlated with the total content of colored carotenoids, while L*, b*, and H degrees correlated negatively. Vitamin A values, as retinol equivalents (RE), of loquat flesh were 0.49 and 8.77 microg/g DW (8.46 and 136.41 microg/100 g FW) on average for white- and red-fleshed cultivars, respectively. The RE values for the red-fleshed fruits were higher than fruits such as mango, red watermelon, papaya, and orange as reported in the literature, suggesting that loquat is an excellent source of provitamin A.     

热风干燥温度对重组鸭肉粒水分分布及品质特性的影响

为探究干燥温度对重组鸭肉粒品质特性的影响,以冷冻鸭肉为原料,采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)对不同热风干燥温度烘烤后的重组鸭肉粒水分分布进行分析,并研究了不同干燥温度对重组鸭肉粒感官品质、色泽、TBARS、质构及微观结构的影响。结果表明,随着干燥温度的升高,重组鸭肉粒到达干燥终点的时间明显缩短,其自由水含量下降,不易流动水和结合水含量逐渐上升;重组鸭肉粒内聚性、L^*值、a^*值和b^*值逐渐上升,而TBARS、硬度和咀嚼性值均呈先增大后减小的趋势,当干燥温度为60℃时,TBARS、硬度和咀嚼性值最大。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,随着干燥温度的升高,重组鸭肉粒三维网络结构越来越致密。感官评价结果表明,当干燥温度为60℃时,重组鸭肉粒整体可接受度最高。综合各项品质指标,确定重组鸭肉粒的最佳干燥温度为60℃。本研究结果为重组鸭肉粒的加工生产提供了一定的理论依据。     

Determination of carotenoids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh), an Amazonian fruit

The fruit of Arazá (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh) native to the Colombian Amazon is considered a potentially economically valuable fruit for the Andean economy due to its novel and unique taste. The fruit has an intense yellow color, but its chemical composition and properties have not been well studied. Here we report the identification and quantitation of carotenoids in the ripe fruit using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detector (PDA) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APcI) mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The qualitative carotenoid profile of the fruit according to maturity stage was also observed. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the peel and pulp were assessed using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods, in addition to chemical indexes and total phenolic content. Multiple carotenoids were identified in the peel and pulp including four xanthophylls (free and esterified as their mono and diesters) and two carotenes. One of the xanthophylls was tentatively identified as zeinoxanthin, while the others were identified as lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin. Carotenes included α-carotene and β-carotene. The total carotenoid content was significantly higher in the peel (2484 ± 421 μg/100 g FW) than in the pulp (806 ± 348 μg/100 g FW) with lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin as the major carotenoid components. The unique carotenoid composition of this fruit can differentiate it from other carotenoid-rich fruits and perhaps be useful in authentication procedures. Overall, results from this study suggest that Colombian Arazá may be a good edible source of carotenoids important in retinal health as well as carotenoids with provitamin A activity. Therefore, Arazá fruit can be used as a nutraceutical ingredient and in production of functional foods in the Colombian diet.     

Guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.) as a new source of antioxidant dietary fiber.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a tropical fruit, widely consumed fresh and also processed (beverages, syrup, ice cream, and jams). Pulp and peel fractions were tested, and both showed high content of dietary fiber (48.55-49.42%) and extractable polyphenols (2.62-7.79%). The antioxidant activity of polyphenol compounds was studied, using three complementary methods: (i) free radical DPPH* scavenging, (ii) ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and (iii) inhibition of copper-catalyzed in vitro human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. All fractions tested showed a remarkable antioxidant capacity, and this activity was correlated with the corresponding total phenolic content. A 1-g (dry matter) portion of peel contained DPPH* activity, FRAP activity, and inhibition of copper-induced in vitro LDL oxidation, equivalent to 43 mg, 116 mg, and 176 mg of Trolox, respectively. These results indicate that guava could be a suitable source of natural antioxidants. Peel and pulp could also be used to obtain antioxidant dietary fiber (AODF), a new item which combines in a single natural product the properties of dietary fiber and antioxidant compounds.     

Biosorption of Zn (II) onto the Surface of Non-living Biomasses: A Comparative Study of Adsorbent Particle Size and Removal Capacity of Three Different Biomasses

Present research has delineated the biosorption potential of three different nonliving biomasses namely eucalyptus bark saw dust, mango bark saw dust, and pineapple fruit peel with respect to Zn (II) ion removal from liquid phase through batch experiments. The efficacy of Zn (II) ion biosorption onto surface of biosorbents was judged and correlated with biosorbent particle size, surface chemistry, and surface texture. Maximum metal ion uptake capacity, percentage removal, and minimum equilibrium concentration as 1.688 mg/g, 84.4%, and 1.56 mg/l, respectively, was obtained using eucalyptus bark saw dust mediated biosorption followed by mango bark saw dust as 1.028 mg/g, 51.4%, and 4.867 mg/l and pineapple fruit peel as 0.45 mg/g, 22.9%, and 7.71 mg/l, respectively, at a particle size of 0.5 mm. Additionally, present investigation also proved that biosorption efficiency and metal ion interaction with adsorbent surface also depends upon presence of functional groups involved in metal ion adsorption and surface porosity.     

Oil goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

Whole berries, seeds, and pulp/peel of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) were compared in terms of fatty acids, lipid classes, triacylglyerols, phytosterols, fat-soluble vitamins, and beta-carotene. The total lipid contents in the whole berries, seeds, and seedless parts were 2.0, 1.8, and 0.2% (on a fresh weight basis), respectively. Linoleic acid was the dominating fatty acid followed by oleic acid as the second major fatty acid. Palmitic and stearic acids were the major saturates. In pulp/peel oil, the fatty acid profile was characterized by higher amounts of saturates, monoenes, and trienes than in whole berry and seed oils. Neutral lipids comprised >95% of total lipids in whole berry oil and seed oil, while neutral lipids separated in lower level in pulp/peel oil. Triacylglycerols were the predominant neutral lipid subclass and constituted ca. 81.6, 86.6, and 65.1% of total neutral lipids in whole berry, seed, and pulp/peel oils, respectively. Nine triacylglycerol molecular species were detected, wherein three species, C54:3, C52:2, and C54:6, were presented to the extent of approximately 91% or above. The highest level of phytosterols was estimated in pulp/peel oil that contained the highest level of unsaponifiables. In both whole berry and seed oils, campesterol and beta-sitosterol were the sterol markers, whereas Delta5-avenasterol and campesterol were the main 4-desmethylsterols in pulp/peel oil. The tocopherols level was much higher in pulp/peel oil than in whole berry and seed oils. beta- and gamma-tocopherols were the major components in whole berry and seed oils, whereas gamma- and alpha-tocopherols were the main constituents in pulp/peel oil. beta-Carotene and vitamin K(1) were also measured in markedly high levels in pulp/peel oil followed by whole berry oil and seed oil, respectively. Information provided by the present work is of importance for further chemical investigation of goldenberry oil and industrial utilization of the berries as a raw material of oils and functional foods.     

Apple and pear peel and pulp and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets

The aim of this study was to assess the bioactive compounds of apple and pear peel and pulp in vitro and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in vivo. The antioxidant potentials measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene), and nitric oxide inhibition radical scavenging (NO) tests in apple peel and pulp were significantly higher than in pear peel and pulp, respectively. The ethanol extract of apple peels showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole. The pear pulp extract had the weakest antioxidant ability, whereas other extracts such as apple pulp and pear peel were nearly equal. The antioxidant activities comprised contributions from polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids and correlated well with polyphenols and flavonoids. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities by DPPH, beta-carotene, and NO were as follows: 0.9207, 0.9350, and 0.9453. Contrarily, the correlation coefficient between the content of dietary fiber and the antioxidant activities test was low. The content of all studied indices in apple and pear peel was significantly higher than in peeled fruits (p < 0.05). Diets supplemented with fruit peels exercised a significantly higher positive influence on plasma lipid levels and on plasma antioxidant capacity of rats than diets with fruit pulps.     

Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (Hippopha? rhamnoides L.) berries: identification and effects of different origins and harvesting times.

Sterols in seeds, pulp/peel fractions, and whole berries of sea buckthorn (Hippopha? rhamnoides L.) samples belonging to two major subspecies (sinensis and rhamnoides) from Finland and China were analyzed as TMS derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after saponification of the oils. The total sterol contents in the seeds, the fresh pulp/peel, and the whole berries were 1200-1800, 240-400, and 340-520 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding values in the extracted oils were 12-23, 10-29, and 13-33 g/kg. Sitosterol constituted 57-76 and 61-83%, respectively, of the seed and pulp/peel sterols. The sterol content and composition showed little variation between subspecies and collection sites. Different harvesting dates showed significant effects on the levels of some sterols both in the seeds and in the pulp/peel. The sterol profiles obtained are useful for characterizing sea buckthorn and detecting adulterations of the valuable oils. The information provided by the present investigation is also important for further chemical investigation of sea buckthorn sterols and industrial utilization of the berries as a raw material of functional foods.