旱塬地玉米耗水特点及提高水分利用率途径

研究结果表明,农田耗水主要在１m以上土层,玉米对０－５０cm土层的水分利用 率达６０％;玉米农田棵间土壤水分蒸发占农田蒸散的４７．６％－７７．５％,整个生育期棵间蒸发与叶面积指数呈负相关,玉米产量与蒸腾呈正相关;秸秆覆盖可有减少棵间土壤水分蒸发;合理施肥能促进玉米对土壤水分的利用。     

晋中旱地玉米耗水规律及农田水分平衡研究

采用中子测水技术与蒸发模拟微区相结合的农业物理学法,测得晋中旱地玉米生育期耗水量为300～350mm,其中玉米蒸腾耗水占40～50%,棵间土壤蒸发耗水占50～60%.土壤湿度越大,棵间土壤蒸发越高.浅层土壤水分蒸发较强,深层蒸发较弱.130～150cm土层蒸发几乎未波及到该层.玉米蒸腾与土壤蒸发耗水虽有一定联系,但基本上属于两个独立的过程.蒸腾与产量之间呈高度正相关.农田水分平衡状况对产量有明显的影响.     

兴安盟扎赉特旗主栽作物垄膜沟种集水效果分析

内蒙古兴安盟扎赉特旗主栽作物（玉米、高粱、谷子、大豆和花生）采用垄膜沟种田间微集水栽培方式,使自然降雨向沟内富集,能够改善作物根区土壤水分环境,提高农田降水资源利用率。垄膜具有产流和控制农田土壤水分蒸发的双重作用,既可增加土壤贮水量,又能减少作物棵间蒸发,有效抑制了农田水分的非目标性输出。通过2018—2019年垄膜沟种田间微集水栽培方式,春玉米增产19.36%、高粱增产38.24%、大豆增产30.44%、谷子增产19.33%、花生增产3.46%。垄膜沟种田间微集水栽培方式对玉米、高粱、大豆、谷子增产显著,具有一定的推广价值,且田间微集水栽培省工省时,一年挖沟可多年利用,该项技术还有减少地表土壤风蚀和水土流失、增加地温、减少田间杂草等作用。     

华北潮土区不同肥力水平土壤基础地力研究

农田基础地力提升对于减施肥料和作物稳产高产有着重大现实意义。为了研究华北潮土区土壤基础地力情况,在河南省典型潮土区原阳县、周口市、夏邑县等不同肥力水平的土壤上,通过2年大田试验及统计分析方法,观测和分析小麦-玉米轮作体系下土壤基础地力变化。结果表明:2012年和2013年小麦季的基础地力贡献率分别为78.1%和76.7%,略高于玉米季的71.9%和74.4%;2012年和2013年两季作物的平均基础地力贡献率分别为74.5%和75.1%,低肥力和高肥力水平土壤的地力贡献率没有显著差异。因此,华北潮土区小麦玉米轮作下土壤基础地力贡献率在75%左右。     

小麦/玉米轮作模式下氮肥运筹对土壤氮素残留及下茬作物的影响

为明确不同类型土壤小麦/玉米轮作模式下土壤氮素残留对后茬作物的影响,本研究在砂壤土和砂姜黑土2种土壤条件下,分别对小麦/玉米季氮肥运筹对土壤氮素残留及其对下茬作物的影响展开研究。研究结果表明：施用氮肥提高产量的同时,提高了小麦、玉米收获后土壤氮素残留量。随着追氮后移,土壤氮素残留量提高,特别是提高了残留氮素在上层土壤中的分配比例。在后季作物不施用氮肥的情况,前茬作物残留氮素对后季小麦、玉米的产量及其构成因素有一定的促进作用;但是在后季作物正常施用氮肥的情况下,前季作物残留氮素的影响不显著。不同类型土壤间比较发现,砂姜黑土试验地的氮素残留量大于砂壤土,且上层土壤残留比例较高。在后茬作物不追氮素的情况下,砂姜黑土种植作物产量下降幅度较小,高于砂壤土;在后茬作物追氮的情况下,砂壤土产量提高幅度显著高于砂姜黑土。可见,在本试验条件下小麦/玉米季土壤残留氮素对下茬作物有一定促进作用,但随着下茬作物氮肥用量的增加这种增产效应不再明显。黏性土壤的保肥能力更强,但是对施入氮肥的敏感性较低。     

黄河故道区域不同种植模式及秸秆还田方式对土壤的改良效果

由于长期受到流水冲击,黄河故道区域农田以中低产田为主,因此本区域农田质量提升成为黄河中下游平原绿色发展的重要研究课题。在河南濮阳清丰地区秸秆还田方式的基础上,选取黄河故道区域广泛种植的小麦、玉米和花生三大主要农作物,于2009年进行4种种植模式长期定位试验：小麦-玉米、小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生和单季花生,其中小麦和玉米秸秆全部还田,花生秸秆不还田,探究不同种植模式对土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田量越多,土壤有机质含量提高越多,小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式下土壤有机质含量最高,且其土壤含水量也显著高于其他处理,上层土壤容重有所降低,显著改善了土壤砂质化,提升了土壤的蓄水能力;秸秆还田量较大的种植模式的养分保持能力明显提高,养分含量显著增加;微生物群落结构对不同种植模式响应结果为,花生可以显著提升微生物丰度,微生物群落多样性随种植作物类型的增加而增加。因此,小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式较为适宜濮阳清丰黄河故道区域,有利于土壤改良和区域农业的可持续发展。     

轮耕对小麦–玉米两熟农田耕层构造及作物产量与品质的影响

为了解不同轮耕模式对小麦-玉米两熟制耕层构造、作物产量和品质的影响,从2009年小麦季开始至2012年玉米生长季结束连续3个种植周期设置小麦季免耕、深松或翻耕+玉米季免耕或深松的6种耕作模式组合,研究其对农田土壤孔隙度和水分含量、作物产量、以及籽粒蛋白质含量、油分含量和容重的影响。结果表明,与免耕相比,玉米季深松大幅度提高0~40 cm土壤的周年总孔隙度,小麦季深松或翻耕改善了土壤孔隙状况。小麦季耕作和玉米季耕作的交互效应是各层次土壤毛管孔隙度的决定因素,而玉米季耕作的独立效应是土壤各层次非毛管孔隙度的决定因素。小麦季深松和翻耕促进小麦生育后期对土壤水分的吸收,深松较翻耕和免耕处理的小麦产量显著升高。玉米季深松比免耕提高了玉米在灌浆阶段对水分的吸收,有利于提高玉米产量,同时对后茬小麦有积极作用。从全年产量与品质看,6种耕作模式组合中,全年两季深松效果最佳,其次是小麦季深松+玉米季免耕,这两种轮耕模式均适合在华北平原推广应用。     

秸秆还田研究进展及内蒙古玉米秸秆深翻还田现状

秸秆是培肥土壤重要的可再生资源,秸秆还田是培肥和改良土壤最为经济有效的技术措施,同时可解决田间焚烧秸秆所带来的大气污染问题。本文系统总结了秸秆还田的技术模式和培肥机理,阐述了秸秆还田对土壤理化性状、土壤养分与养分有效性、土壤酶活性与微生物、土壤温室气体减排和作物产量的影响,重点概述了内蒙古玉米秸秆深翻还田的研究进展,并对今后研究方向进行了展望。针对内蒙古平原灌区玉米生产现有的自然环境和农业栽培技术措施,以秸秆培肥土壤为切入点,提出了与农田生态环境相适应的秸秆深翻还田培肥模式。     

休耕对小麦和油菜田土壤生物学特性的影响

为建立以小麦和油菜轮作模式为基础的休耕制度提供理论依据,以休耕后的农田土壤及后茬作物油菜和小麦为研究对象,研究农田土壤生物学特性的变化规律以及作物产量对休耕的响应。2 a试验结果表明,各项指标受气候因素影响较小,均表现为休耕后的小麦和油菜田土壤生物学性状优于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式。休耕后茬小麦田和油菜田的土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性都高于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式,其中过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的差异达到显著性差异(P0.05);休耕后茬土壤微生物量碳、氮和B/F值均高于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式,土壤细菌丰富度和多样性的差异在2 a间略有不同,但总体表现为大于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式,真菌表现相反;休耕后茬作物生物产量和经济产量显著高于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,作物生物产量和经济产量与酶活性、微生物量和细菌丰富度呈正相关,而与真菌的丰富度呈负相关。休耕能提高后茬作物农田土壤的酶活性、微生物生物量、细菌的丰富度和多样性,降低真菌的丰富度和多样性,提升耕地质量,增加作物产量。     

叶面肥在生产中的应用效果研究

通过对147种叶面肥在小麦、玉米、辣椒、花生等14中作物上进行试验，研究结果表明：（1）在不同作物上喷施叶面肥的增产效果差异较大，总体上表现为：经济作物〉蔬菜作物〉粮食作物，且应用在粮食作物上无减产现象，而在蔬菜作物和经济作物上均有一定的减产现象；（2）在不同作物上使用叶面肥，其品质均有不同程度的提高。烘烤烟叶的外观明显提高，内在感官评吸质量基本一致，经济效益和社会效益显著。     

增施有机肥提升作物耐盐能力研究

旨在找到提升作物耐盐能力的技术方法。应用桶栽实验研究4 种有机肥于不同水分条件下对盐渍土栽培冬小麦和夏玉米生长发育、生理生态及产量的影响。施用有机肥可有效改善土壤环境,其中禾宜佳有机肥使土壤中总氮、有机质、总菌数分别提高了8.4%、16.7%、55.8%,效果最佳。在土壤含水量高时,施用有机肥可使盐胁迫下小麦、玉米叶片叶绿素含量分别提高约6.9%、5.1%左右;使小麦、玉米生物量最高分别增加60.0%和51.2%;不同有机肥使冬小麦净光合作用最大提高20.8%;冬小麦穗粒数提高了44.4%、千粒重增加24.9%,产量提高61.9%。在土壤含水量低时,以上指标也均有所增加,但增幅不及高含水量下明显。土壤含水量高时,增施有机肥有利于作物在高盐土壤中生长;水分含量低时,增施某些含盐量高的有机肥可能造成土壤盐浓度增加反而增大了对作物危害。在高水分条件下增施有机肥增产效果更佳。     

Yield and water consumption characteristics of wheat/maize intercropping with reduced tillage in an Oasis region

Higher irrigation quota for conventional farming causes substantial conflicts between water supply and demand in agriculture, and wind erosion near soil surface is one of the major causes of farmland degradation and desertification in arid areas. This research investigated the effect of the amounts of irrigation in combination with tillage practices on soil evaporation (E), water consumption (ET) characteristics, and grain yield performance and water use efficiency (WUE) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in strip planting in an Oasis region. The field experiment, conducted at Wuwei station during 2008–2010, had two tillage systems (reduced tillage with wheat stubble retention vs. conventional tillage without stubble retention), and three (low, medium, and high) levels of irrigation, in a randomized complete block design. Averaged across three years, soil evaporation with medium and high levels of irrigation was 6.8% and 5.4% greater than that with low level of irrigation, respectively. Total water consumption of wheat/maize crops under the medium and high irrigation levels was 8.5% and 18.5% greater, respectively, than that under low irrigation. However, grain yields were similar under the medium and high levels of irrigation, so was WUE. The effect of tillage on the wheat/maize intercropping was inconsistent across years or among treatments: soil moisture at harvest was 3.0–7.6% greater in the fields with reduced tillage compared with those with conventional tillage in 2008 and 2009, but no difference was found in 2010; the E/ET ratio of reduced tillage was 9% lower than the ratio under conventional tillage in 2008, 3% higher in 2010, but no difference between the two tillage systems in 2009. Across three years, there was a general trend that the WUE of the wheat/maize intercropping system with reduced tillage was greater (by 4–11%) than that with conventional tillage. We conclude that a medium level of irrigation is sufficient to achieve crop yields and WUE equivalent to those under high level of irrigation, provided that a reduced tillage practice is applied to the wheat/maize intercropping in Oasis areas.     

微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响

黄淮海麦区水资源短缺,探明畦灌和微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率调节的差异,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2016—2018年冬小麦生长季,设置畦灌和微喷补灌两处理,研究其对麦田0～40 cm土层土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水率,及冬小麦各生育阶段棵间蒸发量、蒸腾量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明微喷补灌处理与畦灌处理相比, 0～20 cm土层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水率增加;冬小麦返青后春季分蘖明显减少,返青至拔节期的棵间蒸发量和蒸腾量及全生育期总耗水量均显著减少;籽粒产量无明显变化,但水分利用效率显著提高,说明微喷补灌可以改善麦田土壤物理性状,优化冬小麦群体结构,通过减少棵间蒸发和植株无效蒸腾降低麦田耗水量,从而在维持高产水平的同时提高水分利用效率。     

Estimation of Soil Evaporation During Fallow Seasons to Assess Water Balances for No‐Tillage Crop Rotations

Abstract Estimates of soil evaporation and available soil water of no‐tillage fields under farm conditions are important to assess soil water status at sowing of rainfed grain crops. The objective of this study was to predict stored soil water of no‐tillage fields during the fallow periods following soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) crops by accounting for decreased soil evaporation as a result of the residues left on the soil surface. Three simple phenomenological models were used to simulate stored soil water under field conditions at seven locations in Argentina. Two models calculated decreased soil evaporation based on crop residue mass, and the third assumed a constant fractional decrease in bare soil evaporation. All models gave good estimates of soil water content during the fallow periods following a soybean crop. In cases with large quantities of maize residue, however, the models resulted in more water retention in the soil than observed as a consequence of underprediction of soil evaporation. These results indicate that full benefit of crop residue was not being achieved in these fields, probably due to a failure to finely chop and uniformly distribute the crop material on the soil surface.     

Exogenous Glycinebetaine Enhances Grain Yield of Maize, Sorghum and Wheat Grown Under Two Supplementary Watering Regimes

Drought occurring at critical growth and developmental stages in cereals affects productivity by reducing biomass accumulation, grain set, and grain yield and quality. Maize (cv. SR-73), sorghum (cv. Trump), and wheat (cv. Spear) were established in drought-prone field conditions in Perth, Western Australia, in l994. The plants were then subjected to optimal and suboptimal supplementary watering regimes at growth stages that were sensitive to water availability. Glycinebetaine in aqueous solution was applied to leaves at three rates (2, 4 and 6 kg ha^?1 and a control) to establish whether its application could ameliorate the effects of drought on the yield of the crops. Above-ground biomass production was measured at the beginning and at termination of the watering regimes. Leaf tissue glycinebetaine concentrations were determined 1 and 3 weeks after application. At physiological maturity, grains from the crops were harvested and grain yield, number of grains m^?2 and single grain weight were recorded. Drought significantly reduced above-ground biomass production in maize (P = 0.047), but not in sorghum and wheat. Grain yield of maize, number of grains m^?2 of maize and sorghum, and single grain weight of sorghum were significantly depressed by drought. Foliar application of aqueous glycinebetaine marginally enhanced biomass production in the three crops and significantly increased grain yield of maize (P = 0.001) and sorghum (P = 0.003). It also resulted in more grains m^?2 of maize, sorghum and wheat (P = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.003, respectively), with interactions between water and glycinebetaine treatments for sorghum and wheat (P = 0.001 and 0.001. respectively). Residual tissue glycinebetaine levels remained high 3 weeks after application to the crops. The positive effects of glycinebetaine treatment appear to be linked to its physiological role as a plant osmoticum that improves drought tolerance. The results of these studies suggest that foliar application of glycinebetaine may be used to improve drought tolerance and economic yield of maize and sorghum, but not of wheat. Increased grain yield was associated with more grains m^?2 rather than greater single grain weight.     

京郊地区小麦、玉米两茬间氮、磷、钾肥的合理施用

在京郊不同土壤肥力条件下,进行小麦、玉米两茬间氮、磷、钾肥合理施用的研究.三年多点试验结果表明,全年氮素投入0.036～0.048kg/m~2,以小麦、玉米各半或玉米居多为宜.冬小麦施氮在下茬玉米上无明显后效.冬小麦适宜施氮量为0.024kg/m~2,夏玉米适宜施氮量0.030kg/m~2,冬小麦和夏玉米施磷肥不仅对当季有增产作用,而且对下茬作物也有明显的后效.冬小麦施P_2O_5 0.015kg/m~2、夏玉米0.007kg/m~2为宜.夏玉米比冬小麦对钾肥高度敏感,土壤速效钾含量在90×10~6以下,冬小麦施钾有一定增产效果,而夏玉米施钾肥显著增产.     

Effects of water limitation on yield advantage and water use in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) strip intercropping

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) strip intercropping is widely practiced in arid regions of northwestern China because of its high land use efficiency. However, its sustainability has been questioned because it consumes much more water than sole cropped wheat or maize. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of water limitation on the yield advantage and water use of this system. Three field experiments were conducted in the Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia during the growing seasons of 2012–2014. Each experiment comprised two water applications, in which one was full irrigation and the other was a period of water limitation during the co-growth period of intercropping.The interspecific competition in wheat/maize intercropping was intensified by water stress. For water limitation applied during the wheat booting/maize V5 stage (Exp. I, second irrigation was not applied), the yield advantage of intercropped wheat (IW) over sole wheat was enhanced, whereas that of intercropped maize (IM) over sole maize was reduced compared with full irrigated treatments; for water limitation applied during the wheat jointing/maize V2 stage (Exp. II, first irrigation was not applied), the yield advantages of both IW and IM were greatly reduced; for water limitation applied during the wheat grain filling/maize V9 stage (Exp. III, third irrigation was not applied), the yield advantage of IW was slightly improved, whereas that of IM was reduced. The yield advantage of intercropping under limited irrigation was 25%, 3%, and 18% in Exps. I–III, respectively, whereas that under full irrigation ranged between 22 and 24%.Under well-watered conditions, wheat/maize intercropping used 24–29% more water than the weighted means of sole crops with the water use efficiency equivalent to sole crops. After the application of water limitation, 60 mm irrigation water was saved by intercropping every year, whereas the reduction of water use ranged from 25.1 to 70.8 mm; the changes in water use of intercropping relative to sole crops was reduced to 18–24%; the changes in water use efficiency stayed at nearly zero in Exps. I and III but decreased to a value of −13% in Exp. II. These results indicated that water limitation could be applied during wheat booting or filling stage in wheat/maize intercropping to save irrigation water in our study area.     

黄淮海玉米秸秆还田麦区土壤环境与管理技术

随着机械化进程,黄淮海小麦玉米轮作地区2季作物秸秆还田的比例逐年加大,其中玉米秸秆还田面积的逐年提高给产区土壤环境和生产管理技术提出了新的挑战。笔者系统介绍了黄淮海地区玉米秸秆还田的现实背景以及不合理处理方式对产地环境带来的负面影响,分别从玉米秸秆还田机具选择与应用、田间操作规格、配套栽培耕作方式、秸秆还田麦田养分管理与施肥等方面,综述了新生产条件下的管理技术。为丰富秸秆还田技术体系,从土壤与气候条件、联合机械运用、肥料养分与添加剂施用、土壤微生物等方面进行了下一步研究展望。     

Studies on Maize-Legume Intercropping and their Residual Effects on Soil Fertility Status and Succeeding Crop in Upland Situation

To examine the advantages of cereal-legume intercropping system with maize as main crops, field studies conducted for two years on sandy upland loamy soils in Bihar plateau, India, indicated maize-groundnut as the best system. Yield advantages were noticed between 22–44 % over sole maize cropping. Different production indices largely indicated the same pattern in ranking intercropping treatments. Of the other legumes used, mung also showed potential whereas cowpea and soyabean did not. Increasing cropping intensities through use of interspace by legume did not significantly reduce maize yield, particularly in combination with groundnut and mung. Soil nitrogen enrichment through legume cultivation could be noted through examination of soil test values and yield of succeeding wheat crop. Wheat, however, did not show its promise as a follow-up crop without input of water and fertilizer.