不饱和土壤中可溶性甲醇迁移过程模拟

A combined model of solute transport and water flow was developed to simulate the migration of methanol, a soluble organic chemical, in unsaturated soil zone. The solute transport equation considered convective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase as well as diffusion in the gas phase. The effect of rainfall and evapotranspiration on transport was considered at the boundary conditions of the governing equations. Data on the characteristics of a loam soil and the climatic conditions in southern California were also introduced to compare the results with those from a study in the USA in which the profiles of methanol distribution and water content in the soil zone at different times had been depicted. This comparison showed that there was good agreement between the two studies. The results showed that methanol contamination reached a depth of about 250 cm after 8 760 h. In contrast, if rainfall and evapotranspiration were not considered, the depth was only about 140 cm. The model therefore confirmed that rainfall strongly affected solute transport.     

Modeling gas migration through unsaturated soils from waste disposal sites

The movement of gases away from waste disposal sites and hazardous waste spills through soils can result in serious safety and health hazards. As in the analogous problem of contaminant transport in groundwater, mathematical models are useful in predicting future gas excursion distances at existing sites and evaluating gas migration control alternatives. This paper presents a mathematical model for simulating the migration of gases from waste disposal sites through the unsaturated zone. The system equations used to represent gas migration through the unsaturated zone are an amalgam of the traditional groundwater flow-contaminant transport equations with the representation of gaseous flows in molar quantities. The model accounts for gas migration due to gas pressure, concentration and velocity gradients. The system equations are solved with the Galerkin finite element technique. The mathematical model successfully reproduced observed historical gas pressure and concentration data at two landfill sites. These two applications tested the mathematical model for both summer and winter flow conditions and under both natural and forced gas potential gradients.     

The strength of unsaturated mixtures of sand and kaolin and the concept of effective stress

Pastes containing sand and 0, 5, 20 and 80 g kaolin kg^?1 mixture were equilibrated at matric potentials of – 2, – 10, – 100 and – 1000 kN m^?2 or allowed to air-dry. The strength of cylindrical samples was determined in unconfined compression and by the indirect tensile strength test. Measured strengths are explained using the Coulomb-Mohr theory and the concept of effective stress. At pore water tensions greater than 10 kN m^?2 effective stress was the dominant factor in determining compressive and tensile strength. The contrast between this behaviour and that of friable topsoils is discussed.     

微灌砂石过滤器滤层泥沙的沉积与迁移特征

为探明泥沙颗粒在砂石过滤器滤层中沉积与迁移的规律,选用3种粒径（>0.90～1.25、>1.25～1.60、>1.60～2.00 mm）的石英砂作为滤料,通过滤柱模型开展0.4‰的浑水过滤试验,分析滤层沉积与迁移的泥沙质量、泥沙粒度分布以及过滤时的水力性能。结果表明：过滤过程3种滤柱泥沙截留率分别为 97.08%、94.53%、90.50%,滤后水均满足微灌水质要求,但构成砂滤柱的滤料粒径越大,泥沙在滤层中分布越均匀。各砂滤层截留泥沙的粒径分布宽度自上向下分别为1.86、3.37、4.12、4.21,随滤层深度增加,截留泥沙颗粒粒径减小;在>0.90～2.00 mm 范围内,随滤料粒径增大,更多的细颗粒泥沙可以随水流排出过滤器,但中砂与粗砂全部截留在滤层中。综上,3种砂滤柱过滤效率的差异主要体现在小粒径泥沙截留量上,而在满足微灌水质标准的情况下,该部分小颗粒泥沙并不会使灌水器流道产生物理堵塞。同时,根据流速与压强分析得,大粒径的砂滤柱不仅流速稳定,压强升高较慢,而且纳污能力强。因此,在滤后水满足微灌水质的情况下,应当优先采用大粒径滤料,这样不仅可以提升过滤效率,而且节能省材。研究结果对砂石过滤器滤料粒径及滤层高度的优化具有重要意义。     

Surfactants and soil water evaporation and migration

1. Water evaporation from soil and sand columns is smaller when the surfactant is placed on the surface, and larger when it is located at the bottom. Water evaporation from soil and sand mixed with the surfactant is as high as without the surfactant. 2. The fact that water evaporation from soil and sand depends on the location of the surfactant in the column is accounted for by the dominant role of migration but not by the suppressive action of the surfactant film on water evaporation. 3. Water migration from sites with surfactant towards sites without surfactant is caused by two pressures: the capillary and the additional pressure arising from the spreading of the surfactant. 4. The importance of the additional pressure on water migration is shown by experiments which rule out the existence of a capillary pressure difference.     

非饱和土壤一维水分入渗与再分布的解析解法

Soil infiltration and redistribution are important processes in field water cycle, and it is necessary to develop a simple model to describe the processes. In this study, an algebraic solution for one-dimensional water infiltration and redistribution without evaporation in unsaturated soil was developed based on Richards equation. The algebraic solution had three parameters, namely, the saturated water conductivity, the comprehensive shape coefflcient of the soil water content distribution, and the soil suction allocation coefficient. To analyze the physical features of these parameters, a relationship between the Green-Ampt model and the algebraic solution was established. The three parameters were estimated based on experimental observations, whereas the soil water content and the water infiltration duration were calculated using the algebraic solution. The calculated soil water content and infiltration duration were compared with the experimental observations, and the results indicated that the algebraic solution accurately described the unsaturated soil water flow processes.     

Characterization of contaminant migration potential in the vicinity of an in-place sand cap

Purpose  

This study characterized the chemical transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the vicinity of a sand cap placed in the nearshore zone of a tidal marine embayment.     

降雨入渗条件下厚包气带土壤水流通量的模拟与分析

降雨较少的半干旱半湿润地区大范围的厚包气带中土壤水运动的研究越来越受到关注,其中厚包气带对降雨补给浅层地下水特征的影响是重要的研究问题。探究厚包气带情形下降雨对浅层地下水的补给作用和机理可为分析人类干扰情况下水文循环规律的变化、合理地制定水资源开发利用规划提供理论依据。本文以北京市大兴区新凤河流域采育镇由GEOPROBE钻机获得的9.6m厚包气带土壤样品为研究对象,在室内详细测得土壤特性数据的基础上,运用HYSRUS-1D软件模拟55a降雨入渗条件下的一维土壤水流动态过程,分析土壤水流通量的时空变异特征,探讨用较浅层位(2m深度附近)的土壤水流通量来估算深层土壤水渗漏量的可行性,旨在为野外裸地厚包气带条件下评价降雨入渗对浅层地下水的补给提供简捷实用的方法。研究结果表明:该地区多年自然降雨条件下的平均土壤水分深层渗漏量为131.03mm,多年平均降雨入渗补给系数约为0.21。其中,平水年对应的平均降雨入渗补给系数约为0.18。当模拟时段达到55年时,土壤剖面2m以下的入渗通量几乎不随深度变化而变化。这一实际案例的研究结果对该区域宏观水资源管理和评价具有一定的参考价值。     

Humic acids and water migration of heavy metals

The formation mechanism of heavy metal fluxes migrating with the solid runoff of rivers and composing more than 90 wt % of the metals involved in the system of water migration was studied. The aggregation features of the finely dispersed soil components and the important role of humic acids in the formation of microaggregates were revealed. The particle-size compositions of the readily mobilizable microaggregates and river suspensions were determined and compared. On the basis of the comparative geographical study of the fractional composition of the humic acids from different soil types and the calculation of the metal weights in microaggregates, the effect of the HA1-to-HA3 fraction ratio on the structure of the metal fluxes was shown.     

Impact of stone content on water movement in water-repellent sand

Soils are commonly stony, especially in steep upland or heavily degraded sites. The hydrological effect of large stone contents has been previously investigated in wettable but not in water-repellent soils. For the latter, the focus has instead been on the impact of other soil characteristics (e.g. cracks and macropores) likely to promote water percolation. This paper investigates stone effects on water flow in water-repellent sand under laboratory conditions. Seventy-five experiments were performed on a water-repellent sand mixed with a range of quantities of different-sized wettable and water-repellent stones. The time taken for water to pass through each sand–stone mix, the percolated water volumes and numbers of dry and wet stones following each 60-minute experiment were recorded. At large stone contents (> 55% or > 65% by weight, depending on stone wettability), percolation occurred relatively quickly and in comparatively large quantities. At intermediate stone contents (45–65%) percolation response was variable and at stone contents < 45% for wettable and < 55% for water-repellent soils no water percolation occurred. We argue that with large stone contents flow pathways develop along sand–stone interfaces and a continuous preferential flow path can form provided there are sufficient stone-to-stone connections. The distribution and alignment of the stones, especially at intermediate stone contents, are important for promoting water movement. Water repellency determinations based only on the fine sediment component in stony soils could therefore be misleading as regards determining their hydrological response: the influence of the clastic component must also be considered.     

气提式砂滤器在水产养殖系统中的水质净化效果

为解决传统压力式砂滤罐长时间工作后截留大量固体颗粒物而导致的难以反冲洗的问题,该研究在原有设备基础上进行技术改进;研制出了1种可以边工作边反冲洗的气提式砂滤器;气提式砂滤器集过滤、分离、气浮、自动清洗等功能于一体,可以替代传统用于养殖车间的砂滤罐、无阀滤池、微滤机、机械式气浮等物理过滤装置;试验用1~2 mm石英砂作为过滤介质,过滤水以向上流方向从气提式砂滤器底部慢慢上升,污物被石英砂截留,同时,从底部流入定流量气体,使得污物和砂粒同时被提起,最终在顶端的洗砂装置中石英砂被清洗干净并由于重力作用而落回系统,污物和废水从排污口流出;试验表明,气提式砂滤器设备简单、操作简便,不需停机反冲洗,系统运行连续平稳,能耗小并且易于日常维护和检修;数据表明,这种气提式砂滤器对海水循环水养殖系统中的颗粒悬浮物(suspended solids,SS)和化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)平均去除率分别为(41.31%±7.72%)、34.04%,同时也降低了氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量,过滤后养殖水颗粒悬浮物质量浓度≤67.33 mg/L。气提式砂滤器在海水循环水养殖系统中进行物理过滤,是1种行之有效的方法,满足了养殖车间的水处理要求。     

Dual water flow pattern in the unsaturated zone under a gypsum-amended soil

Sediment samples were obtained from boreholes down to c. 20 m in a gypsum-treated, saline-water irrigated soil and from nearby uncultivated fields at two locations (Nir Oz and Nahal Oz). Measurements of tritium concentrations in the soil solution enabled the determination of water flow rates in the unsaturated zone. Two types of flow, fast and slow, were identified in the profiles. The slow component, the ‘piston-flow type’ in the sandy loess section in Nir Oz and in the clayey loess section of Nahal Oz, had a vertical velocity of 0.16 and 0.23 m a^?1, respectively. The faster component typically transported the solution through fractures and other preferred paths. The percentage of the slow component in the sandy and in the clayey loess was 40% and 60% respectively. A previous prediction of delayed transport of salts was verified and is related to the interaction between chemical composition of irrigation water and the agro technical practices of gypsum application.     

Thermal effects on water retention behaviour of unsaturated collapsible loess

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Temperature has a significant influence on water retention curve (WRC) because temperature affects surface tension of water and volumetric behaviour of soil....     

Effects of bentonite on water infiltration in a loamy sand soil

Water loss as deep percolation is considerable in furrow irrigation in light soils due to the high infiltration rate. Application of soil conditioners such as bentonite reduces the infiltration rate and improves irrigation application efficiency (E_a) in these soils. The effects of bentonite application rates (BAR) of 0, 2, 4 and 6 g L^?1 on infiltration of a loamy sand soil were determined in a soil column in the laboratory. The exponent of the Kostiakov infiltration equation was not influenced by BAR. Maximum reduction in infiltration equation coefficient and final infiltration rate (i _f) occurred with 2 g bentonite L^?1 and this reduction was lower on increasing BAR from 2 to 4 and 4 to 6 g L^?1 compared with control. The effect of 2 g L^?1 BAR on infiltration and its effect on the design of furrow irrigation in a field with a loamy sand soil indicated that in the first irrigation after field ploughing and seed planting, longer furrow length, lower deep percolation and higher E_a are obtained.     

Simultaneous transport of surface salts and water through unsaturated soils during infiltration and redistribution

Abstract

Certain concepts regarding the simultaneous transport of surface ‐salts and water under transient unsaturated flow conditions vere verified for three soils using laboratory soil columns. Treatments included different water application rates (i.e., continuous ponding and controlled rates) and different initial soil water contents. Calcium chloride, spread on the soil surface to simulate a salt‐affected soil or broadcasting of a fertilizer (or other additive), was leached with chloride free water (0.01 N CaSO₄). Salt and water profiles were determined by destructive sampling at 2 cm depth intervals at two stages: (i) immediately following infiltration and (ii) after Batching infiltration plus redistribution time.

Immediately following infiltration as well as after matching infiltration and redistribution time, chloride was leached more efficiently and to relatively deeper depths with slower than with faster rates of water application only in sandy and sandy loam soils. The results, thus, show that slower rates of water application nay not increase leaching efficiency over faster rates in heavy‐textured and sodic soils with very poor permeability. Regardless of water application rate, initial soil water content, redistribution time and soil type, salt front (i.e., salt peak) did not coincide with the water front but lagged behind it by a few to several centimetres. That is to say that salt peak did not occur at a depth above which total soil water storage in the profile equalled cumulative infiltration. The higher the initial soil water content, the deeper and more complete was the displacement of chloride during infiltration for a given quantity of water applied at different rates. This trend was not modified during post‐irrigation period in sandy soil, but it was entirely reversed in sandy loam soil.     

Ammonium and nitrate transport during saturated and unsaturated water flow through sandy soils

Citrus production in Florida accounts for ≈ 60% of national production in USA. The sandy soil characteristic (> 95% sand) makes water and nutrient management extremely difficult, raising concerns about environmental sustainability as a result of nutrient inputs in citrus producing regions where sandy soils dominate. Thus, laboratory column and field experiments were conducted to better understand the leaching patterns of and ions in Florida's sandy soils. The soil columns were first saturated from the bottom with two pore volumes of simulated Florida rain followed by pumping a pulse of fertilizer mixture at a steady Darcy flux of 14 cm h^?1. Nitrate and Cl^? appeared earlier in the effluent than in the A and B_h horizons, due to cation exchange of . Essentially identical breakthrough curves (BTCs) for and were observed in the E‐horizon, due to very low sorption of . The convective and dispersive equilibrium (CDE) model simulations were in good agreement with measured breakthrough curves (BTCs) for , , and Cl^?. However, the sorption coefficient (K_D) values used in the CDE model to simulate the BTCs for were about 10 times less than the batch isotherm K_D values. This was attributed to differences in pH, cation composition, and ionic strength between batch (static) and dynamic (leaching) systems. The field experiment showed that under unsaturated flow, improved short‐pulse fertigation systems (drip and microsprinkler) limited and transport beyond the root zone (top 30 cm), which might have promoted nutrient and water uptake in citrus. The column study revealed that under extreme weather events such as hurricanes or storm surge in Florida, saturated soil conditions can trigger N mobility below the root zone to surficial or groundwater aquifers. In the field experiment, the use of judicious, minimal and split applications and accurate placement of N‐fertilizers reduced leaching of N especially during heavy storms in the summer rainy months of Florida. The field experiment demonstrated that it is possible to manage inorganic N forms for optimal residence time for uptake and minimal leaching concerns.     

Determination of unsaturated soil hydraulic properties at different applied tensions and water qualities

Irrigation with low-quality water may change soil hydraulic properties due to excessive electrical conductivity (EC_w) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR_w). Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of water quality (EC_w of 0.5–20 dS m^?1 and SAR_w of 0.5–40 mol^0.5 l^?0.5) on the hydraulic properties of a sandy clay loam soil (containing ～421 g gravel kg^?1 soil) at applied tensions of 0–0.2 m. The mean unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(ψ)], sorptive number (α) and sorptivity coefficient (S) varied with change in EC_w and SAR_w as quadratic or power equations, whereas macroscopic capillary length, λ, varied as quadratic or logarithmic equations. The maximum value of K(ψ) was obtained with a EC_w/SAR_w of 10 dS m^?1/20 mol^0.5 l^?0.5 at tensions of 0.2 and 0.15 m, and with 10 dS m^?1/10 mol^0.5 l^?0.5 at other tensions. Changes in K(ψ) due to the application of EC_w and SAR_w decreased as applied tension increased. Analysis indicated that 13.7 and 86.3% of water flow corresponded to soil pore diameters <1.5 and >1.5 μm, respectively, confirming that macropores are dominant in the studied soil. The findings indicated that use of saline waters with an EC of <10 dS m^?1 can improve soil hydraulic properties in such soils. Irrigation waters with SAR_w < 20 mol^0.5 l^?0.5 may not adversely affect hydraulic attributes at early time; although higher SAR_w may negatively affect them.