咖啡果实不同成熟度对其品质的影响

以6个不同成熟度咖啡果实为对象,对果实的11个表型性状进行测定,分析不同成熟度对咖啡果实外观品质的影响。结果显示,不同成熟度咖啡鲜果的果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、果皮厚、种子纵径、种子横径、种形指数、单果重、种子重、种子数、果实硬度间均具有显著差异(p<0.05)。随着成熟度的增加,果实纵径、果实横径、果皮厚、种子纵径、种子横径、单果重、种子重逐渐增加,果实硬度、果形指数、种形指数总体上逐渐减小。咖啡大多数果实性状指标间均具有相关性,且这种相关性在不同成熟度间存在差异。随着成熟度的增加,指标间的相关性逐渐增加,部分指标由不相关向相关性转变。主成分分析显示,11个表型性状可归纳为3个主成分,分别为果实大小因子、种子形状因子、果实形状因子。最终确定果实横径、单果重、种子重、种形指数、果形指数等5个指标作为评价咖啡外观品质的关键性指标。综合分析认为,成熟度为Ⅵ、Ⅴ时,咖啡的果实品质最好,成熟度为Ⅳ、Ⅲ果实品质较差,成熟度为Ⅰ、Ⅱ时,果实品质最差。     

引进枣种质资源果实主要性状变异及相关性分析

通过对引进的169份红枣资源的果实主要性状进行分析,结果表明:引进枣种质资源果实主要性状的变异幅度较大,在2.91%～36.83%之间,不同红枣品种间的形态与品质性状变异丰富,为优良品种的选育提供了理论基础;由相关性分析得出,果实的纵径和横径及果形指数三者呈极显著正相关,果实亮度和单果重呈极显著负相关,和果形指数呈显著负相关,果实亮度和可溶性总糖呈极显著正相关,果实中可溶性总糖和可滴定酸呈显著负相关,相关性分析结果为枣品种选择、种植及合理采收提供了科学依据。     

苹果果实形状和重量的早期预测研究

通过果实生育早期的果形指数和果实纵径 横径可以成功预测苹果果实成熟时的果形指数和单个果实的重量。红富士苹果通过盛花后30d时的果形指数(X)预测成熟时的果形指数(Y)的回归方程为幂函数Y=0.805X0.278,果形指数随盛花后天数的变化拟合抛物线函数Y=1.36-0.009X 0.000035X2。在中国西北黄土高原旱原地区,红富士苹果在盛花后约50d以前果形指数大于1;之后逐渐降低,盛花后约129d时降低至最小0.7814;果实成熟前有所回升,至成熟采收时约为0.8740。通过测量盛花后50d时的果实纵径 横径(X,cm),可以预测成熟时的单果重(Y,g),其回归方程为幂函数Y=0.677X3.2。     

茄子果实形状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

果实形状是园艺作物商品性的主要指标之一。明确茄子果实形状的遗传规律可为开发相关分子标记以及选育消费者喜欢的果形新品种提供依据。本研究以卵圆茄BC01和长条茄Rf为亲本，构建P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂世代遗传群体，利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对果实纵径、横径和果形指数进行遗传分析。结果表明，茄子果实纵径、横径和果形指数之间呈极显著相关性，F₂代的果实纵径、横径和果形指数均呈双峰偏态分布。果实纵径由1对加性-显性主基因控制，遗传效应以加性效应控制为主，主基因起增效作用，在F₂代的遗传率为73.41%；果实横径由2对等加性主基因控制，主基因起减效作用，在F₂代的遗传率为90.99%；果形指数由1对加性主基因控制，在F₂代的遗传率为81.46%。     

香梨杂种后代营养枝叶片与果实性状的相关性研究

为研究香梨杂交后代叶片性状与果实性状的相关性,通过叶片性状对香梨杂交后代进行早期预选。对香梨12个杂交组合的杂交后代的营养枝不同部位叶片、枝条性状和果实性状之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明：香梨杂交后代果实单果重、纵横径、果形指数等性状之间具有显著或极显著的正相关性。营养枝基部、中部和顶部叶片性状之间的相关性有所不同。基部叶片叶形指数与单果重、果实横径具有显著的正相关;中部叶片叶面积与果心大小呈极显著的负相关,与纵径呈显著的正相关;叶宽与果心大小呈极显著的负相关。顶部叶叶面积、叶宽与果心大小具有显著的负相关性。营养枝节间长度与果实单果重、纵横径呈显著正相关,可利用回归方程进行苗期或幼树期的预测。     

猕猴桃不同单果重与其后熟期品质变化的相关性

为了探讨影响猕猴桃果实在后熟期品质变化的相关性及机理,并为制定科学猕猴桃果实后熟期管理措施提供理论依据。连续3年(2013-2015年)对猕猴桃不同单果重与其后熟期品质变化的相关性进行调查研究。相关系数分析:采果时果实单果重与后熟后(果实单果重和果实横径)等内容呈高度正相关,与后熟后果实纵径和果汁含糖量等内容呈显著正相关,与果实单果重损失率和果实纵径损失率等内容呈正相关,与果实横径损失率呈负相关。回归分析(采果时单果重与后熟后果实单果重、果实纵径、果实横径、单果重损失率、果实纵径损失率、果实横径损失率和果汁含糖量):方差分析,采果时单果重与后熟后果实横径损失率之间存在差异极显著,与后熟后果实纵径损失率之间存在显著差异,与其他内容之间差异不显著;对残差曲线、观察值曲线、预测值曲线和正态概率图曲线等内容做二次曲线回归方程和直线回归方程的比较分析,其结果都符合二次曲线规律。通过调查采果时果实单果重和回归方程来预测果实后熟后的果实单果重等内容;把果实单果重作为猕猴桃果实后熟期品质变化的重要依据之一。     

部分柚类品种主要果实性状变异及相关性研究

对31个柚类品种主要果实性状的变异情况及性状间的相关性进行了分析研究。结果显示,主要果实性状变异系数的分布范围很广,在9.18%~82.59%之间。单果重和果实横径、果实纵径呈极显著正相关,与果汁率呈显著正相关,与正常种子数、风味呈显著负相关;维生素C与果实横径、果汁率和可滴定酸呈显著负相关;风味与维生素C、固酸比、糖酸比呈极显著正相关,与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关,与果汁率、可食率、单果重和果实横径呈显著负相关。     

微生物菌肥对思州柚品质的影响

为探索提升思州柚品质的措施,通过连续2年的思州柚微生物菌肥肥效试验。研究发现微生物菌肥可以可以提高思州柚果实纵径、横径、可食部分质量、可溶性固形物、果形指数、可食率和单果重等指标;降低果实的裂果率和果实开裂程度。     

卫星搭载处理对辣椒SP1代生物学特性的影响

本试验研究了5个辣椒品种种子经卫星搭载后,辣椒种子的发芽力、植株生长特性、果实性状的变化.结果表明:空间诱变对辣椒种子的发芽率和发芽势有一定的影响;平均初花期发生改变,并因品种而异;植株有矮化的趋势,第1花序节位也呈降低态势,但始花节位叶长、叶宽和叶柄长呈增大趋势;第5杈花朵的花瓣和萼片长有所减小;结果能力略有下降,但果实纵径、横径、果肩宽和平均单果重呈上升趋势.     

两种蔬菜新品种

中椒106号辣椒：品种特征特性中椒106号是最新育成的中早熟杂交一代辣椒品种。该品种生长势强，分枝多，连续结果性好，始花节位在第九至第十一节，定植后30～35天即可开始采收。果实粗牛角形，纵径约15厘米，横径约5厘米，单果重50—60克，大果可达100克以上，果色绿，生理成熟后为亮红色。     

3个辣椒花药培养再生株群体主要农艺性状及苗期抗病性研究

对3个辣椒花药培养再生株DH-R2群体的主要农艺性状,包括株高、株幅、首花节位、叶色、单果质量、商品果横径、商品果纵径、果形指数、老熟果色等进行了较详细的测量和统计分析。结果表明:辣椒花药培养再生株群体的农艺性状存在基因型偏性;再生株群体的单果质量、商品果纵径、果形指数这3个性状都表现为低于供体,株高、株幅、首花节位、商品果横径这4个性状都表现为近似于供体;通过单倍体培养途径可以得到不同颜色层次的老熟果色的辣椒纯系,证明了该途径是多基因控制性状育种的有效途径;对耐TMV和CMV的亲本与感病亲本的杂种进行花药培养,获得了兼具TMV和CMV抗性的株系,证明了单倍体培养途径可以创造新的超亲抗病种质。     

辣椒DH群体果实性状的分离及与F2群体的比较

为分析DH群体的遗传稳定性及其DH群体内性状分离与同来源的F2群体之间异同，本研究利用辣椒花药培养技术，构建一个由“羊角椒(97403)×方灯笼甜椒(97410)”的杂交而成的牛角椒组合作为供体的且由103个DH系组成的DH群体，对该DH群体进行单果重等5个主要果实性状的遗传表现进行分析，并与同来源的F2群体进行比较。结果表明：原供体及其双亲的5个果实性状的变异系数均较小，三者之间的各性状均存在显著差异，说明原供体及其双亲的整齐一致性；对DH群体和F2群体各性状的平均值、变异系数及其性状分离区间的分析和对比结果表明，5个果实性状均是受多基因控制的数量性状，且由于基因重组无论是DH群体还是F2群体均能产生正向和负向两个方向的超亲基因型。但DH群体与F2群体比较各性状的分离区间明显增大，超亲分离类型明显增加，且获得的各DH系均为稳定遗传的自交系，提高了花培育种的选择效率。     

The influence of auxin type on the array of somaclonal variants generated from somatic embryogenesis of eggplant, Solanum melongena L.

Somaclonal variation is a possible source of variation in plant breeding. To apply this approach to eggplant breeding, somaclonal variations were observed among plants regenerated through somatic embryogenesis induced by 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Variations including leaf shape, plant height, flower number per cluster, fruit shape, anther number per flower and pollen fertility were compared among ? 300 plants (R₀). Although these variations were confirmed among plants regenerated using both auxins, the frequencies of somaclonal variations in leaf shape, plant height, fruit shape and pollen fertility in the NAA experiment were higher than those in the 2,4-D experiment. Variations in flower number and anther number were also confirmed among plants from both experiments, although no significant differences in their frequency were observed. Subsequently, the inheritance of variations (leaf shape, fruit shape, and flower number) observed in R₀ was investigated from generation to generation (R₁). Variations in leaf shape and fruit shape were inherited while those in flower number were not. From these results we concluded that, although a high frequency of somaclonal variations were observed among plants from both methods, embryogenesis with NAA was more efficient than 2,4-D in eggplant.     

Development and characterization of an eggplant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum melongena</Emphasis>) doubled haploid population and a doubled haploid line with high androgenic response

We developed an eggplant doubled haploid (DH) population from a commercial hybrid through androgenesis in microspore culture. Morphological variation, reproductive ability and androgenic responsiveness were evaluated. The DH population showed segregation in vegetative traits related to leaf, flower and fruit, and in reproductive traits such as fruit and seed setting or germination rate. The DH population and subsequent generations also presented variation in the androgenic response, with null, low and high response lines. From this population, we were able to identify the first eggplant highly androgenic DH line (DH36), remarkably similar to the donor hybrid in terms of morphology and reproductive ability, but stably producing four times more calli than the hybrid. The segregating DH population is potentially useful for genetic studies and mapping of several traits, whereas the highly androgenic line DH36 may be used as a model line to facilitate the study of eggplant androgenesis and embryogenesis for both basic and applied research.     

Graft-induced variants as a source of novel characteristics in the breeding of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

A line with genetic changes that was obtained from selfed seeds of the scion of an intraspecific pepper graft was used as a source of new characteristics in this breeding experiment. Five new variant lines and several sublines were bred by the use of this graft-induced variant strain and two other cultivars. Gradual introduction of the desired quantitative traits and selection resulted in combinations which significantly outperform the parental lines. Our breeding aim was to combine the two-lobed fruit shape that is characteristic for the graft-induced variants with thick pericarp, high sugar content, large fruit size, and significantly reduced or eliminated pungency in the new variants. A bushy plant type, typical for the graft-induced variants could be maintained in some selected sublines. The use of the three different genotypes resulted in many favorable combinations of quantitative traits, and lines were selected with the most valuable new characteristics. However, not all of these expressed the two-lobed fruit apex of the graft-induced variants. Our results reveal that the new characteristics which are induced by grafting are stable, new traits, and can be used as a novel genetic source in the breeding of pepper. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

灰色局势决策法在苦瓜强雌系育种中的应用

为了开展苦瓜强雌系育种多因素综合评估,有效选择苦瓜优异种质资源及筛选优良组合,应用灰色局势决策法,对配制的9个苦瓜强雌系杂交组合F1代的各主要性状进行综合评判。结果表明,9个组合的13个性状的权重系数大小顺序为：总产量＞单瓜重＞结果数＞横径＞单瓜长＞前期产量＞肉厚＞雌花率＞茎粗＞叶面积＞节间距＞第1朵雌花开放的天数＞主蔓第1朵雌花开放时节位。综合测度结果表明,43×K1综合效果测度值最高,为0.9343,定为优良组合重点配制。     

Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in peach and nectarine [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> (L.) Batsch] breeding progenies

Agronomic and fruit quality traits were evaluated and compared for three consecutive years on 1,111 seedlings coming from 15 peach and nectarine breeding crosses, grown under a Mediterranean climate. Significant differences among and within the different progenies were found for most of the traits analyzed. The breeding population segregated for several Mendelian characters such as peach or nectarine fruit, round or flat fruit, yellow or white flesh and freestone or clingstone. In addition, aborting fruit and flat fruit trees were found in our progeny, and our data seem to support multi-allelic control of both flat shape and aborting fruit. The variation within the progenies of some traits such as blooming and harvesting date, yield, fruit weight and SSC was continuous, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Relationships between qualitative pomological traits and these agronomic and fruit quality parameters were also found. Valuable correlations among agronomic and fruit quality parameters were found, although coefficients of variation depending on the progeny should be considered. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed several relationships among quality traits in the evaluated progenies. Based on this evaluation, 26 outstanding genotypes were pre-selected from the initial breeding population for further studies.     

Genetic mapping and QTL analysis of fruit and flower related traits in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using recombinant inbred lines

A set of 224 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a narrow cross between two fresh eaten types (S94 (Northern China type) × S06 (Northern European type)) (Cucumis sativus L.) was used to construct a genetic linkage map. With the RILs a 257-point genetic map was constructed including 206 SRAPs, 22 SSRs, 25 SCARs, 1 STS, and three economically important morphological markers (small spines (ss), uniform immature fruit color (u), dull fruit skin (D)). The seven linkage groups covered 1005.9 cM with a mean marker interval of 3.9 cM. The ss locus was linked to D and u, and they were all on Linkage group 6. The RIL map contained a total of 51 sequence-specific markers, which made possible the comparison of molecular linkage maps developed in different laboratories. Using the F_6:7 derived families, a total of 78 QTLs were detected with relatively high LOD scores (2.9–84.4) for nine fruit-related traits (fruit weight, length, and diameter, fruit flesh thickness, seed-cavity diameter, fruit-stalk length, fruit pedicel length, length/diameter and length/stalk ratio) and three flower-related traits (first flower node, first female flower node and female flower ratios). Several sequence-anchor markers (CSWCT25, CS30, CMBR41, CS08 etc.) were closely linked with some QTLs for fruit weight, fruit length, fruit flesh thickness and sex expression, which can be used for the future marker-assisted selection to improve the fruit traits in cucumber breeding. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. X. J. Yuan and J. S. Pan contributed equally to this investigation.     

Genetic studies of selection criteria for productive and stable peas

In this study we investigated the genetic determinism of criteria suitable for breeding for seed yield and yield stability in dry pea (Pisum sativumL.) using a diallel cross involving eight genotypes. Seven criteria related to plant and seed development were evaluated including: onset of flowering, node of first flower, leaf appearance rate, rate of progression of flowering, number of podded nodes on the main stem, mean dry seed weight per podded node and number of basal branches per plant. Most of these traits measured are related to timing of seed set and are thought to be critical in determining yield stability. We combined different diallel analyses (Hayman,1954; Griffing, 1956) with a Principal Component Analysis, to divide the parental lines into groups sharing similar genetic control for the traits studied. We found that the two main groups, defined according to their genetic control of node of first flower, also differed for all the others characters and, in particular, did not reach the same levels of productivity. These results indicated that crosses within the group with the highest productivity, but between lines with differing development and architectural features, could be a good starting point for breeding high-yield pure lines. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

柚类种质资源表型多样性分析及综合评价

为了建立合理的柚类分类系统并为柚类育种提供参考,本研究以82份柚类种质资源为试材,采用变异系数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、方差、相关性、主成分、聚类、回归分析等对其26个表型性状进行多样性分析、差异分析及综合评价。结果表明:这82个品种的26个性状的变异系数为0.26%。其中翼叶面积和果心面积变异较大,其他性状遗传特性较稳定;单果重、果横径、果形指数、果皮厚、囊瓣数、种子数、果心长和宽、叶片长和宽、叶片面积、花瓣宽、花柄长等性状等级分布均匀,翼叶面积、花瓣数、雄蕊长分级较少且分布不均;来源于中国大陆以外品种的果皮厚、叶柄长、翼叶长,明显优于长江流域和珠江流域来源的材料,但雌蕊长则相反;选育品种的叶片长、宽和面积显著大于遗传材料和地方品种;82个品种可聚为大翼叶大果型、大翼叶小果型,小翼叶大果型,小翼叶小果型4个类群;前7个主成分累计贡献率75.57%,包含了柚类表型性状的大部分信息;26个性状F平均值0.45,其中早暹柚得分最高为0.69,红肉琯溪蜜柚最低为0.24;囊瓣数、种子数等12个性状与F值极显著相关;回归方程筛选出单果重、囊瓣数等19个性状。本研究说明柚类种质资源具有较高的表型多样性,筛选出的19个性状可作为柚类综合评价指标,为柚类育种提供科学依据。