太湖地区不同轮作模式下的稻田氮素平衡研究

采用田间微区15N示踪,研究了太湖地区稻田不同轮作模式(紫云英-水稻轮作、休闲-水稻轮作、小麦-水稻轮作)和施氮水平(0、120 kg·hm?2、240 kg·hm?2、300 kg·hm?2)下水稻对氮肥的吸收利用效率及土壤氮素残留特征。结果表明,水稻吸收的氮素来自肥料的比例为20.9%~49.6%,休闲-水稻轮作模式下水稻产量的获得更加依赖无机氮肥的大量投入。当季水稻对肥料氮的利用率为25.0%~41.5%,肥料氮的土壤残留率为13.4%~24.6%,其中90%以上的土壤残留肥料氮集中在0~20 cm土层,在土壤剖面中的残留率随土层深度增加而迅速降低,30~40 cm土层的肥料残留量仅占氮肥施用量的0.2%~0.7%。紫云英?水稻轮作和休闲?水稻轮作模式下氮肥利用率和土壤残留率均在施氮240 kg·hm?2时达到最大值,其氮肥利用率显著高于小麦?水稻轮作55.6%和66.0%。稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,小麦-水稻轮作模式下的氮肥利用率、土壤残留率以及总回收率显著最低,损失率显著最大;紫云英?水稻轮作模式下的氮肥损失率最小,分别小于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦-水稻轮作13.9%、39.2%。不同轮作模式下,水稻籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加,稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,紫云英?水稻轮作下水稻籽粒产量显著高于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦?水稻轮作,小麦?水稻轮作籽粒产量虽略高于休闲?水稻轮作,但没有达到显著水平。本研究认为,选择紫云英还田配施氮肥240 kg·hm?2,既可以保证水稻氮肥利用率而获得高产,又能减少氮肥损失而带来的环境风险,是一种值得在当地大力推广的耕作制度。     

稻田农牧沼生态系统中氮的转化与循环研究

应用15N示踪方法 ,研究了稻田农牧沼生态系统中N的储存、转化、流向及其利用效率。证明猪对紫云英青贮饲料中粗蛋白质的消化率为 53.76 % ,猪粪和猪尿对青贮饲料中N的回收率分别为 39.36 %和 24 .71% ,猪粪尿沼气发酵 ,N的回收率达 97.9% ,水解N含量为发酵前的2 .6倍。绿肥和沼肥与化肥配合施用能促进N向稻谷转移 ,从而有利于产量的提高 ,且肥料N在土壤中的残留量相当于单施化肥的 2～ 2.5倍 ,而气态损失N ,后者为前者的 2.6～ 8.2倍。整个系统的综合经济效益比单纯的肥稻稻增加 3～ 4倍 ,生态效益和社会效益显著     

红壤地区紫云英中氮素的转化及其对水稻有效性的研究

紫云英是我国南方稻田传统的有机肥料,近年来更逐渐北移。随着化学氮肥增加,有些地区紫云英播种面积有所减少,但在红壤地区以及某些水稻区,紫云英仍是水稻的一项重要肥源。研究紫云英在土壤中的腐解、养分转化及对土壤肥力和水稻生育的影响具有一定实践意义。我们于1980年利用¹⁵N标记与非标记的紫云英进行了水稻田间小区、微区及温室盆栽等试验,现将所得结果整理如下。     

南方稻田紫云英作冬绿肥的增产节肥效应与机制

本文对我国南方稻田紫云英作冬绿肥以及紫云英与稻草共同利用的增产和节肥效应及其植物营养学、土壤微生物学等相关作用机制进行综述。2008—2019年间开展的11个联合定位试验结果 (n = 930) 表明，冬种紫云英在不减肥或者减肥20%条件下增产效果显著，水稻产量增加幅度分别为6.53%和4.15%；在减施40%化肥时可保障水稻与常规施肥相比不减产。紫云英的增产和节肥效应随种植年限的增加而增强，5个联合定位试验连续7年的监测结果表明，冬种紫云英减施40%化肥条件下，紫云英种植第一年相对常规施肥增产0.87%，至种植第7年增幅为3.98%。紫云英与稻草联合利用是近些年稻区推行的重要技术模式，2016—2019年间开展的7个联合定位试验结果 (n = 342) 表明，紫云英–稻草联合还田相对于单独稻草还田，水稻产量增加了11.71%。本文分别从优化水稻产量构成、促进水稻养分吸收、提升土壤肥力3方面阐释了紫云英作冬绿肥的增产、节肥机制。稻田冬种紫云英可增加水稻有效穗数和每穗实粒数，优化了产量构成。与常规施肥相比，紫云英配施减量化肥的水稻吸氮量增加了6.4%～6.9%，氮肥利用率提高了6.6%～31.1%。稻田种植紫云英使土壤碳、氮库得到培育，土壤活性有机碳含量和碳转化酶活性提高，土壤速效养分、土壤物理性状明显改善。以有机质和全氮为例，相比常规施肥处理，种植翻压紫云英后减施20%和40%化肥处理的土壤有机质含量分别增加3.95%和4.15%，土壤全氮含量分别增加1.22%和1.74%。在紫云英调控土壤微生物及氮转化机制方面，冬种绿肥有利于土壤微生物的生长繁殖，增强与微生物活性密切相关的土壤酶活性，并通过改变土壤微生物的群落结构及功能微生物影响土壤养分循环。紫云英配施减量化肥可提高土壤固氮菌丰度，通过合理的调控措施可优化紫云英的生物固氮作用。硝化作用对冬绿肥的响应在不同类型土壤中有较大差异，碱性水稻土中冬种绿肥可通过抑制硝化作用降低氮素淋失风险，氨氧化微生物群落结构的变化是冬绿肥影响硝化作用的重要机制。通过近十多年来的研究，逐渐明晰了我国南方稻田冬种紫云英的增产、节肥效应及其机制，为今后稻田绿肥的效应与机制研究提供了重要借鉴和参考。     

化肥减量配合紫云英还田对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

旨在明确化肥减量条件下不同紫云英还田量对亚热带双季稻区早、晚稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。以双季稻种植模式为研究对象,设置2个不同的减肥量处理配施不同的紫云英还田量,观察紫云英连续还田下不同处理对双季稻产量和养分利用率的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥处理(100%F)相比,20%减肥量各处理的早稻产量均得到显著提高,增产幅度为5.0%～13.2%;40%减肥量条件下,配施15 000～22 500 kg/hm~2紫云英早稻产量不减产,而配施30 000～37 500 kg/hm~2紫云英后早稻产量有显著提高,增产幅度为5.4%～8.5%。各减肥配施紫云英处理的晚稻产量均随紫云英还田量的增加而升高(P0.05)。各减肥配施紫云英处理早稻化学氮肥的农学利用率、偏生产力及回收率均较常规施肥处理显著提高,但晚稻的氮肥利用率无显著差异。将紫云英还田输入的氮纳入总氮素投入后,早稻总氮素的农学利用率和回收率均随紫云英还田量的增加而降低;与100%F相比,各减肥配施紫云英处理的农学利用率未显著降低,但紫云英还田量达到37 500 kg/hm~2及以上时会导致早稻的氮素回收率显著降低。各紫云英还田处理土壤全氮含量均高于100%F(P0.05),且土壤速效氮含量均显著高于100%F处理(P0.05)。亚热带双季稻种植模式下,长期紫云英还田配合减量施肥对早、晚稻产量和氮肥利用率均产生正面效应,且能提高土壤有机质含量和全氮含量,土壤速效氮含量显著高于常规施肥处理。因此,适量紫云英还田配施化肥除可减少化肥用量外,也是亚热带双季稻区兼顾提升稻米产量和培肥土壤的有效技术。本试验条件下,化肥减量40%配合22 500～30 000 kg/hm~2紫云英的配比综合效果较好。     

Modelling the turnover of 15N-labelled fertilizer and cover crop in soil and its recovery by maize

The rate at which available nitrogen (N) is released from organic materials in soil is often measured by applying ¹⁵N and following its recovery by the growing crop. However, the turnover of labelled N in soil modifies the ratio of labelled to unlabelled available N and thereby affects the uptake of ¹⁵N by plants. The recovery of labelled N by maize was measured in a field experiment under three management systems, with one ¹⁵N‐labelled input in each: (1) conventional, with fertilizer side dressing, (2) low input, with vetch as a cover crop and fertilizer side dressing, and (3) organic, with vetch and composted manure. The NCSOIL model, which simulates C and N turnover in soil, was modified to include relevant processes related to the maize crop, and used to estimate the decomposition rate constant of vetch in the field by optimizing the simulated dynamics of labelled N uptake by maize against the measured results. A large input of C from mineralizable soil organic matter and root deposition was necessary to account for the recovery of fertilizer N by maize. Optimization of labelled N recovery in the low input system resulted in two optional rate constants for the decomposition of vetch: rapid decomposition (0.4 day^?1) of a labile vetch pool (49% of total vetch N), or slow decomposition (0.008 day^?1) of a single vetch pool. In the simulated organic system, where manure and vetch were incorporated at the same time, only a rapid decomposition of the labile component of vetch accounted well for the recovery of vetch N by maize. The prolonged recycling of N mineralized from the vetch, and its mixing with fertilizer side dressing in the low input system, reduced the recovery of vetch N even though it was mineralized rapidly. This demonstrates the difficulty in assessing the availability of N from organic materials.     

减施20%化肥下绿肥翻压量对江西双季稻产量及氮素利用的影响

  【目的】  种植绿肥是实现化肥减施的重要措施,研究稻田系统中不同绿肥翻压量对土壤供氮及主作物水稻吸氮规律的影响,以期为江西双季稻区合理利用紫云英,提高水稻产量提供理论依据。  【方法】  田间试验位于江西双季稻区。在早稻氮磷钾肥用量减施20%条件下,设置冬种并翻压紫云英鲜草15000 (G₁F₈₀)、22500 (G_1.5F₈₀)、30000 (G₂F₈₀)、37500 (G_2.5F₈₀) kg/hm2,以及冬闲且水稻不施化肥对照(CK)、冬种紫云英水稻不施化肥(GM)和冬闲常规施肥(F₁₀₀)共7个处理。分析了水稻产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用率,以及水稻生育期土壤无机氮含量,并分析了土壤性状和水稻产量、植株吸氮量之间的关系。  【结果】  与F₁₀₀相比,G₁F₈₀处理早稻产量显著增加11.64%;G₂F₈₀处理晚稻产量显著增加7.81%;G₁F₈₀、G_1.5F₈₀和G₂F₈₀处理双季稻总产量分别显著增加5.79%、5.38%和7.17%。其余不同紫云英翻压量处理的产量相比F₁₀₀均未降低。冬种紫云英配施80%化肥可显著提高早稻稻谷吸氮量、早稻当季氮肥利用率和早稻氮肥偏生产力,提高早稻和晚稻收获期土壤全氮和有机质含量,提升土壤肥力水平。早稻孕穗期、早稻收获期和晚稻收获期,G_2.5F₈₀处理土壤铵态氮含量均显著高于F₁₀₀处理,且为各处理中含量最高。从早稻孕穗期到早稻收获期,不同紫云英翻压量处理氮素累积速率均为正值,水稻植株吸氮量增加,而冬闲常规施肥处理氮素累积速率为负值,水稻吸氮量降低。在水稻生育期,紫云英翻压量小于22500 kg/hm2时,水稻植株吸氮量随翻压量增加而增加,而翻压量大于22500 kg/hm2时,水稻植株吸氮量明显降低。土壤速效钾含量对水稻产量和吸氮量的贡献率最大,对早稻产量和早稻吸氮量的贡献率分别为35.17%和40.16%,对晚稻产量和吸氮量的贡献率分别为21.22%和25.22%,对双季稻产量和吸氮量的贡献率分别为34.83%和27.86%。  【结论】  在减施常规量20%化肥条件下,种植翻压适量紫云英可提高早稻稻谷吸氮量,促进水稻增产。翻压高量紫云英有利于培育土壤碳库和氮库,提高土壤供氮能力。综合各项分析,在江西双季稻区紫云英翻压量为30000 kg/hm2时效果最好。     

紫云英与稻秸还田对稻田土壤硝化潜势的影响

  【目的】  种植利用绿肥和稻秸还田是水稻土培肥的重要措施。硝化作用是氮循环中的关键过程,我们研究了绿肥与稻秸还田对土壤硝化作用的影响,以明确紫云英–稻秸联合还田下的稻田硝化作用机制。  【方法】  水稻盆栽试验共设8个处理,分别为:对照(CK)、单独紫云英(MV)、单独稻秸(RS)、紫云英+稻秸(MV+RS)、单施氮肥(N)、紫云英+氮肥(MV+N)、稻秸+氮肥(RS+N)、紫云英+稻秸+氮肥(MV+RS+N)。研究了在不施氮和施氮条件下,紫云英、稻秸不同利用方式对土壤性状及硝化作用的影响,并通过特异性细菌抑制剂(卡那霉素和大观霉素)研究了氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)对硝化作用的相对贡献。  【结果】  MV+RS+N处理提高了土壤全氮和有机质含量,降低了碱性水稻土的pH。在早稻分蘖期,MV+RS+N处理显著提高了土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量。早稻移栽前,MV+RS 处理显著增加了土壤硝化潜势(NP), 而MV处理相较CK降低了NP。早稻分蘖期,氮肥添加显著提高了NP。早稻拔节期和晚稻收获期,RS和MV+RS处理均降低了NP。早稻移栽前,MV+RS处理同时降低了土壤恢复硝化强度(RNP),以及AOA和AOB在恢复硝化强度中的贡献(RNP_AOA和RNP_AOB),并降低了RNP_AOB在RNP中的占比。早稻分蘖期,CK和N处理,MV+N处理提高了RNP_AOB,而在早稻拔节期,MV+RS+N处理相比MV+RS处理提高了土壤RNP及RNP_AOB。早稻收获期,MV、RS及MV+RS处理均降低了稻田土壤RNP。在不同生育期中,早稻分蘖期的NP与硝态氮含量显著正相关,其他时期相关不显著。土壤NP与土壤 pH 和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与土壤微生物量碳 (SMBC) 和土壤微生物量氮 (SMBN) 含量呈显著负相关。RNP_AOA与土壤pH和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关。  【结论】  紫云英–稻秸联合还田降低了碱性水稻土pH,并在水稻生育早期显著提高而在生育后期显著降低了土壤硝化潜势。硝化潜势与土壤pH和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关。早稻分蘖期和早稻拔节期以RNP_AOB占主导,紫云英–稻秸联合利用较CK降低了RNP_AOB;早稻和晚稻收获期则以RNP_AOA占主导,紫云英–稻秸联合还田相较于单独还田提高了RNP_AOA。     

添加紫云英和水稻秸秆对土壤养分含量和铜形态的影响

  目的  通过分析紫云英（Astragalus sinicus L.）、水稻秸秆对轻度铜污染土壤的主要养分含量以及铜的有效性和各形态的影响,为紫云英、水稻秸秆腐解还田治理轻度铜污染的稻田土壤提供相应的理论支撑。  方法  采用室内培养的方法,设置5个处理,分别为不添加任何有机物料（CK）、添加水稻秸秆（R）、紫云英（G）、水稻秸秆和紫云英质量比3∶1（R3G1）、水稻秸秆和紫云英质量比1∶1（R1G1）。  结果  添加紫云英和水稻秸秆,显著提高主要土壤养分含量。添加紫云英（G）处理土壤全氮和有效磷含量比添加水稻（R）处理分别提高了26.92%和11.46%。添加紫云英（G）处理显著提高土壤可溶性有机氮（P < 0.05）,分别比R3G1和R1G1处理增加8.40%和20.47%。添加水稻秸秆和紫云英（R3G1）处理有助于提高土壤可溶性有机碳（P < 0.05）,分别比单独添加水稻秸秆（R）和紫云英（G）处理增加32.81%和15.94%（P < 0.05）。无论添加紫云英、水稻秸秆以及二者共同添加均显著降低了土壤有效态铜含量,R3G1和R1G1处理土壤有效态Cu含量显著低于单独添加紫云英（G）和水稻秸秆（R）处理（P < 0.05）。添加有机物料（紫云英、水稻秸秆）均使土壤弱酸提取态铜含量显著降低15.45% ~ 23.19%,使土壤残渣态铜含量提高6.08% ~ 11.39%;R3G1处理土壤残渣态铜含量最高,显著高于G和R1G1处理（P < 0.05）。通过冗余分析认为可溶性有机磷和可溶性有机氮与铜有效性和弱酸提取态呈负相关关系,对铜有效性和形态的解释量分别达到61.5%和23.3%。  结论  紫云英和水稻秸秆单独和混合添加到土壤均有助于提高主要土壤养分含量,同时也均能降低土壤有效铜含量,提高铜的稳定性,其中添加水稻秸秆与紫云英质量比为3∶1对铜的稳定效果最佳。     

绿肥植物的化学组成对其氮素有效性的影响

绿肥作物,特别是豆科绿肥,不仅是土壤有机质的重要来源,更是作物氮素的良好给源.绿肥的后一作用,历来受到人们的重视.许多研究者研究了绿肥中氮素对当季作物的有效性以及影响氮素有效性的因素.已经知道,除土壤性质和作物种类外,绿肥作物的化学组成,特别是C/N比值和木质素含量是影响其氮素有效性(对当季作物)的关键因素.     

土地利用方式对田间植物残体中C、N矿化的影响

Four kinds of plant materials(astragalus,azolla,rice straw and water hyacinth) were allowed to decom-pose for 10 years in two soils with different mineralogical characteristics in fields under upland and submerged conditions.Greater amounts of C and N from azolla were retained in soils throughout the 10-year experi-mental period compared to those from the other plant materials.The residual C of all the plant materials in the two soils under upland conditions mineralized at rates corresponding to half-lives between 4.4-6.6 years,while the corresponding figures for those under submerge conditions were between 6.5-13.1 years,Minera-liztion of residual organic N followed the same pattern as residual C.Compared to residual C,however,the mineralization rates of residual organic N in most cases were significantly lower and the percentages of added N retained in soils were higher.More N from plant materials was retained in the yellow-brown soil than in the red soil,but no consistent differences in the amounts of C from plant materials and in the mineraliztion rates of both residual C and residual organic N between the wto soils could be folund.     

Green manure application improves rice growth and urea nitrogen use efficiency assessed using 15N labeling

ABSTRACT

Green manure is an efficient nitrogen (N) source when used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. However, the N taken up by rice derived from green manure, chemical fertilizers or soil native N in complex nutrient systems is unclear. A pot experiment with partial substitution of urea with Chinese milk vetch (a green manure) implemented with ¹⁵N-labeled urea and Chinese milk vetch was set up to study the sources of N in rice and the fate of the fertilizers. The dry weights, N contents, N uptake, and urea N use efficiency were notably higher (by 15–16%, 4–13%, 22–30% and 182%-203%, respectively) in the Chinese milk vetch applied with urea treatment than in the urea alone treatment. The uptake of N from Chinese milk vetch and the use efficiency of Chinese milk vetch N were increased with reductions in the urea input amount. The application of Chinese milk vetch substantially changed the fate of urea: higher amounts of urea N were taken up by rice (approximately 29%) and remained as residue in the soil (approximately 15%) in the related treatments than in the treatment with urea alone (10% and 9%). More urea N than Chinese milk vetch N was taken up by rice (29% vs 20%, respectively) and lost (56% vs 14%, respectively), but less urea N than Chinese milk vetch N remained as residue in the soil (15% vs 66%, respectively). The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with green manure is an effective method of promoting rice growth by supplying N for rice uptake and promoting more efficient N use.     

Bacterial communities in paddy soils changed by milk vetch as green manure: A study conducted across six provinces in South China

The use of green manures contributes to sustainable soil and nutrient management in agriculture; however, the responses of soil microbial communities to different fertilization regimes at the regional scale are uncertain. A study was undertaken across multiple sites and years in Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, and Fujian provinces of South China to investigate the effects of green manuring on the structure and function of soil bacterial communities in rice-green manure cropping systems. The study included four treatments:winter fallow with no chemical fertilizer as a control (NF), milk vetch as green manure without chemical fertilizer (GM), winter fallow and chemical fertilizer (CF), and a combination of chemical fertilizer and milk vetch (GMCF). Significant differences were found in the responses of soil microbial communities at different sites, with sampling sites explaining 72.33% (F=36.59, P=0.001) of the community composition variation. The bacterial communities in the soils from Anhui, Henan, and Hubei were broadly similar, while those from Hunan were distinctly different from other locations. The analysis of Weighted UniFrac distances showed that milk vetch changed soil microbial communities compared with winter fallow. Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi predominated in these paddy soils; however, the application of green manures increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. There was evidence showing that the functional microbes which play important roles in the cycling of soil carbon, nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) changed after several years of milk vetch utilization (linear discriminant analysis score > 2). The abundance of methane-oxidizing bacteria and S-reducing bacteria increased, and microbes involved in N fixation, nitrification, and denitrification also increased in some provinces. We concluded that the application of milk vetch changed the bacterial community structure and affected the functional groups related to nutrient transformation in soils at a regional scale.     

盆栽和田间条件下土壤15N标记肥料氮的转化

利用¹⁵N在盆栽条件下研究了铵的矿物固定作用对肥料氮在三种土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,红壤性水稻土不固定肥料铵,但在白土和夹沙土中,56-77%的肥料氮被土壤矿物所固定,这些“新固定”的固定态铵的有效性很高,其中90%以上在30-50天内即被水稻所吸收,或者为微生物所利用转变为生物固定态氮.生物固定态氮对当季作物的有效性远较“新固定”的固定态铵的低.田间微区试验的结果还表明,甚至第二、三季作物吸收的残留肥料氮中,20-86%的氮也系来自固定态铵.作者认为,对具有较强固铵能力的土壤来说,只有了解铵的矿物固定作用,才能正确了解肥料氮的其它转化过程.     

氮肥去向的研究--Ⅰ.稻田土壤中氮肥的去向

氮肥施入土壤后的去向,直接关系到作物增产和环境保护,是农业和环境科学研究中的基本资料。对氮肥去向的研究,以在田间条件下进行的意义比较大。因此,1978-1980年,我们在华东地区三种不同土壤上,采用田间微区¹⁵N示踪的方法,分别测定了施用于水稻和小麦的几种常用氮肥的去向,并以尿素为重点,研究了施肥方法、施肥时期、土壤水分状况以及硝化抑制剂等对氮肥去向的影响。所得结果将分别整理。本文是稻田试验方面的初步总结。     

Cover crop nitrogen availability to conventional and no‐till corn: Soil mineral nitrogen,corn nitrogen status,and corn yield

Abstract

Understanding seasonal soil nitrogen (N) availability patterns is necessary to assess corn (Zea mays L.) N needs following winter cover cropping. Therefore, a field study was initiated to track N availability for corn in conventional and no‐till systems and to determine the accuracy of several methods for assessing and predicting N availability for corn grown in cover crop systems. The experimental design was a systematic split‐split plot with fallow, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye+hairy vetch, and wheat+hairy vetch established as main plots and managed for conventional till and no‐till corn (split plots) to provide a range of soil N availability. The split‐split plot treatment was sidedressed with fertilizer N to give five N rates ranging from 0–300 kg N ha^‐1 in 75 kg N ha^‐1 increments. Soil and corn were sampled throughout the growing season in the 0 kg N ha^‐1 check plots and corn grain yields were determined in all plots. Plant‐available N was greater following cover crops that contained hairy vetch, but tillage had no consistent affect on N availability. Corn grain yields were higher following hairy vetch with or without supplemental fertilizer N and averaged 11.6 Mg ha^‐1 and 9.9 Mg ha^‐1 following cover crops with and without hairy vetch, respectively. All cover crop by tillage treatment combinations responded to fertilizer N rate both years, but the presence of hairy vetch seldom reduced predicted fertilizer N need. Instead, hairy vetch in monoculture or biculture seemed to add to corn yield potential by an average of about 1.7 Mg ha^‐1 (averaged over fertilizer N rates). Cover crop N contributions to corn varied considerably, likely due to cover crop N content and C:N ratio, residue management, climate, soil type, and the method used to assess and assign an N credit. The pre‐sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) accurately predicted fertilizer N responsive and N nonresponsive cover crop‐corn systems, but inorganic soil N concentrations within the PSNT critical inorganic soil N concentration range were not detected in this study.     

配施有机肥对潜育化水稻土的培肥效果

为探索潜育化水稻土的培肥措施,通过田间试验研究了有机无机肥配施对潜育化低产水稻土产量和土壤养分有效性的影响。结果显示:连续2季施用有机肥后,潜育化水稻土产量显著提高,以早稻配施紫云英-晚稻配施猪粪处理的产量最高。添加有机肥降低了潜育化水稻土耕层土壤p H值。早稻配施紫云英,晚稻配施猪粪处理的有机质提高明显,比NPK处理提高了15.22%;早稻配施紫云英,晚稻配施猪粪处理的潜育化水稻土全氮含量比单施化肥处理提高4.19%;早稻配施紫云英,晚稻单施化肥处理的潜育化水稻土有效磷含量提高最多,比NPK处理提高了4.92%;相比于NPK处理,早稻配施紫云英,晚稻单施化肥处理的土壤速效钾含量比两季均单施化肥处理提高了13.2%。因此,潜育化水稻土适当配施有机肥可以提高土壤养分有效性,增加水稻产量,可以作为培肥改良潜育化水稻土的参考方法。     

Alleviating soil sickness caused by aerobic monocropping: Responses of aerobic rice to various nitrogen sources

Yield decline resulting from continuous cropping of aerobic rice is a constraint to the widespread adoption of aerobic rice technology. Shifts in water management from flooded to aerobic conditions are known to influence the availability and form of N present in the soil and might require a different approach to N management in aerobic rice. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different N sources on the plant growth and grain yield of aerobic rice. Four pot experiments were conducted in which rice was aerobically grown in soil that was taken from fields where aerobic rice has been cultivated for 11 consecutive seasons and an adjacent field where flooded rice has been grown continuously. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate at four N rates of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 g N pot⁻¹. Two unfertilized controls consisting of soil that was either untreated or oven heated at 120°C for 12 h were also included. Plants were sampled during the vegetative stage or at maturity to measure plant growth, N uptake, grain yield and the yield components. Growth of aerobic rice in aerobic soil was generally better with the application of ammonium-N than nitrate-N. Potassium nitrate decreased plant growth and caused plant death at the high N rate. Ammonium sulfate was more effective in improving the vegetative plant growth, N nutrition and grain yield of aerobic rice than urea at the high N rates. The application of ammonium sulfate achieved the same and even better plant growth than the soil oven-heating treatment. These results suggest that there is a possibility of reversing the yield decline observed in the continuous aerobic rice system by using the right source of N fertilizer at the optimal rate.     

紫云英还田对单季稻田氨挥发的影响

为探究紫云英还田对单季稻田氨挥发损失的影响,以我国南方单季稻-紫云英种植模式为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,设置不施氮(CK)、尿素单施(N)、尿素与紫云英配施(NM)3个处理,研究紫云英还田对南方单季稻田NH_3挥发动态特征的影响。结果表明,N和NM的氨挥发通量在氮肥施用后第3天达到峰值(分别为10.8 kg·hm~(-2)·d-1和9.27 kg·hm~(-2)·d-1),之后迅速下降。在整个监测期间,氨挥发累积量分别为93.4 kg·hm~(-2)和79.8 kg·hm~(-2),分别占氮素施用量的25.7%和21.9%。田面水中铵态氮含量和pH值以及分蘖期土壤中羟胺还原酶活性与氨挥发速率或累积量呈显著线性正相关关系。与N相比,NM显著降低表面水中铵态氮含量以及水稻分蘖期土壤中羟胺还原酶活性(37.8%),最终显著降低外源氮素NH_3挥发累积量和挥发系数(14.6%和14.8%)。综上,NM可有效减少单季稻田外源氮素NH_3挥发损失,从而提高氮素养分利用率,降低氮素养分的环境风险。本研究结果为紫云英在缓解模式内氮肥气态损失,提高氮素当季利用率提供了理论依据。