中低档乌龙茶中茶多糖提取工艺优化

该文以中、低档乌龙茶为原料,通过正交试验,研究了浸提温度、浸提时间、料水比和乙醇浓度4个因素对茶多糖得率的影响,并探讨茶多糖中蛋白质的脱除技术。研究结果表明：浸提温度对茶多糖得率的影响程度达到极显著水平,浸提时间、料水比和沉淀的乙醇浓度对茶多糖得率没有显著影响。乌龙茶茶多糖提取的最佳工艺条件为：浸提温度90℃,浸提时间80 min,料水比1∶25,沉淀剂乙醇浓度60％,乌龙茶茶多糖得率为10.15%,含量88.04%。以3次脱蛋白处理为宜,茶多糖中蛋白质脱除率为64.22％。另外,经红外光谱和紫外光谱分析,乌龙茶茶多糖主要是吡喃多糖,并且有蛋白质特征吸收峰。     

亮菌多糖提取工艺优化及体外抗肿瘤活性研究

本研究进行了亮菌多糖水提、醇沉工艺条件优选并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行了研究。以多糖含量为指标,设计正交试验考察料液比、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数对亮菌多糖提取工艺的影响;以多糖得率为评价指标,选乙醇浓度、乙醇加入量、醇沉时间为考察因素,通过正交试验优选醇沉工艺;采用MTT法测定多糖对4种肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果显示亮菌多糖最佳浸提工艺为料液比1：10,提取次数为2次,浸提温度100℃,时间6 h;最佳醇沉条件为加4倍量95%乙醇沉淀15 h;醇沉后多糖得率11.768%。活性测试结果显示ATPS对人红白血病细胞和人肺癌细胞株的生长具有抑制作用。优选的提取工艺条件稳定,可为ATPS的生产提供实验依据;亮菌多糖对体外肿瘤细胞的生长具有抑制作用。     

苦菜中单宁提取工艺及其抗便秘作用研究

对单宁的提取工艺做了研究，对料液比、温度、提取时间分别进行了单因素试验和L₉(3³)正交试验，并且对单宁的抗便秘防腹泻功能进行了研究。结果显示最佳工艺为料液比1∶60、温度45℃、提取时间6 h，提取率(相对于被提取的苦菜质量)为3.60%。经动物试验显示：苦菜单宁能够较强地促进小鼠小肠的蠕动，明显减少排便次数，说明苦菜单宁对便秘和腹泻有双向治疗作用，且抗便秘作用优于苦菜果胶和苦菜多糖。     

雪莲果水溶性粗多糖提取分离工艺的研究

[目的]考察雪莲果中粗多糖的最佳提取分离工艺。[方法]用热水浸提雪莲果中多糖,以提取温度、料液比、提取时间、95%乙醇用量为影响因素,在单因素试验的基础上进行四因素三水平的正交试验。正交试验以粗多糖得率为考察指标,优化粗多糖的提取分离工艺。[结果]四因素中提取温度对实验结果影响最大,其次是95%乙醇用量和料液比,最后是提取时间。[结论]雪果粗多糖最佳提取分离工艺为提取温度90℃,95%乙醇用量为浓缩液体积的4倍,料液比1：20,提取时间2h。在此条件下粗多糖得率为5.11%,多糖含量为29.3%。     

雪莲果水溶性粗多糖提取分离工艺优化

为了考察雪莲果中粗多糖的较优提取分离工艺,采用水提取法提取雪莲果中多糖,以提取温度、料液比、提取时间、乙醇终浓度为影响因素,在单因素试验的基础上进行四因素三水平的正交试验。正交试验以粗多糖得率为考察指标,优化粗多糖的提取分离工艺。四因素中提取温度对试验结果影响最大,其次是乙醇终浓度和料液比,最后是提取时间。雪莲果粗多糖较优提取分离工艺为提取温度90℃,乙醇终体积分数为80%,料液比1∶20g/L,提取时间2 h。在此条件下粗多糖得率为5.11%,粗多糖的总糖质量分数为46.2%。     

苦菜中可溶性多糖提取工艺研究

苦菜具有治疗痢疾的作用。经研究发现,苦菜的茎叶及其浸出物还有较强的抗便秘作用。为了确定苦菜浸出物中抗便秘有效成分,对苦菜中可溶性多糖的提取工艺进行了研究,对料液比、温度、时间分别进行了单因素试验和L₉(3³)正交试验,并通过极差、方差分析对提取过程中显著影响提取率的因素进行了统计分析。结果显示最佳工艺为料液比1∶20、温度100℃、6h,用改良的苯酚-硫酸法测定最佳提取工艺时多糖提取率,其提取率(相对于被提取的苦菜质量)达到2.58%。     

菜籽粕中水溶性多糖提取工艺优化

研究了菜籽粕中水溶性多糖的提取工艺。在单因素试验的基础上，选定提取温度、水料比、提取时间三个因素的三个水平进行中心组合试验，建立了多糖得率的二次回归方程。此模型拟合性好，通过响应面分析以及岭嵴分析得到了优化组合条件。试验结果表明，温度、水料比、提取时间对多糖得率都有显著影响，当提取工艺条件为温度94℃，提取时间2.9 h，水料比28∶1时，多糖得率达到极大值。此条件下多糖得率预测值为2.18％，验证值为2.23%。     

超声波-内部沸腾法提取杏鲍菇多糖的工艺优化

为了提高杏鲍菇多糖得率,推动杏鲍菇产业发展,利用响应面法对杏鲍菇多糖的超声波-内部沸腾法提取工艺进行优化,建立了乙醇浓度、液料比、提取时间、提取温度和超声波功率的五因素回归模型,并对模型的有效性与因子间的交互作用进行分析。结果表明,杏鲍菇多糖提取最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度47%、液料比23 m L·g-1、提取时间8min、提取温度90℃、超声波功率475W,在此条件下杏鲍菇多糖得率可达11.05%。该方法能有效提高杏鲍菇多糖得率、缩短提取时间、提高提取效率,为进一步开发杏鲍菇多糖功能营养食品提供了一定的技术依据。     

条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取

该文探讨条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取方法,优化得到的最佳工艺参数为：超声脉冲的工作时间2 s,间隙时间3 s,超声功率800 W,提取时间60 min,提取温度20℃,料液比30 mg/mL,料液循环泵转速5 r/s。在最优工艺参数下,藻红蛋白的得率为3.249%、纯度(OD₅₆₁/OD₂₈₀)为0.365。与传统提取方法相比,该方法提取时间大大缩短。     

乙醇溶剂与超临界CO2相结合提取高纯度卵黄磷脂的研究

采用乙醇溶剂首先提取蛋黄粉中的卵黄油，然后用超临界CO₂萃取方法脱除卵黄油中的中性脂肪，获得高纯度的卵黄磷脂。考察了工艺参数对提取效果的影响。试验表明：在乙醇溶剂提取卵黄油阶段，乙醇浓度是影响卵黄油提取率的最主要因素，温度是影响卵黄磷脂提取率的最主要因素；在超临界CO₂萃取阶段，磷脂的溶解度随萃取温度的升高而降低，中性脂质在55℃时溶解度最大。采用此工艺，卵黄磷脂得率为17.66%，纯度94.41%，且不含胆固醇。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.