攀西地区水土流失及其防治对策——以攀枝花市米易县为例

依据 2次遥感调查水土流失资料和两次土地利用现状调查资料分析 ,米易县水土流失呈继续恶化状态 ,水土流失面积增加 ,强度增大 ,造成这一状况的主要原因在于陡坡垦殖、森林植被的破坏以及开发建设的弃土。防治对策应强化水土保持执法和相关政策法规的配套完善 ,并以小流域综合治理为核心 ,因地制宜地开展陡坡耕地退耕 ,加强农村能源建设 ,切实提高天然林保护工程的实效。     

辽宁东部山区的人为水土流失分析

通过调查分析阐述了辽宁东部山区４种人为生产活动与水土流失的关系；即坡地种植与土壤流失；陡坡开垦与土壤流失；过度放蚕与水土流；陡坡栽参与水土流失。并指出了谝我防治水土流失的途径。     

呼盟黑土丘陵区不同土地利用水土流失特征研究

不合理的土地利用方式是影响水土流失的直接原因。以黑土丘陵区宝龙泉小流域为试验基地进行的水土流失观测资料表明,本区年侵蚀性降雨出现的频度为２～１９次,水土流失量以顺垄坡耕地最大,荒坡和横垄坡耕地次之,水平梯田、次生林地和草地基本无水土流失现象。径流量与土壤流失量之间存在着正相关关系。在建设基本农田的同时,应限期将禁垦范围内的陡坡耕地退耕还林还草。     

重庆市三峡库区水土流失现状与防治对策

通过分析重庆市三峡库区的自然环境特征、库区水土流失现状、库区水土流失形式、分布、特点及成因,提出了重庆市三峡库区的水土流失防治对策.结合陡坡开垦、移民开发需求、自然环境不利等因素,针对不同形式的水土流失,提出了结合陡坡退耕还林还草,实施水土保持生态修复,工程发展立体生态农业,提高水土资源时空利用率等技术措施和妥善安置移民、加强迁建过程中的水土保持措施配置等配套措施,为重庆市三峡库区移民区生态环境规划及实施提供参考依据.     

深圳市土壤侵蚀预测模型的建立

根据深圳市水土流失调查资料和产沙观测数据,通过选取影响水土流失的主要因子:地形、植被、降雨、土壤、城市化人为影响因子等,建立了符合深圳地区的多元回归方程,其中城市化人为影响因子是根据城市水土流失现状提出的,并通过深圳3个水保试验站的调查资料反推求得.通过两组实测资料检验,表明建立的模型具有较高的精度,能够较好的反映深圳地区的水土流失特点.     

东川市的水土流失及其治理

<正> 云南省东川市地处云南高原东北部,是我国古老的铜都。在历史上由于烧炭炼铜和当代人为活动的影响,市区的原始森林早已破坏殆尽。据1988年林业调查资料,全市的林地面积只有326km~2,仅占总面积的16.3％。农村燃料缺乏,陡坡垦殖、过度放牧,加之山体破碎,地形陡峻,雨量集中,造成了相当严重的水土流失。     

第一次全国水利普查水土保持普查方案

第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查包括水土流失、侵蚀沟道和水土保持措施等3种对象.水土流失普查,采取宏观遥感调查与地面系统抽样调查相结合的方式,利用土壤侵蚀模型评价不同侵蚀类型的分布、面积和强度.侵蚀沟道普查,利用遥感影像、DEM(数字高程模型)等基础数据得到侵蚀沟道位置,通过野外调查和空间分析,得到侵蚀沟道面积、数量与分布.水土保持措施普查,利用各种基础资料综合分析得到水土保持工程措施和植物措施的类型和数量.     

防治陡坡桑园严重水土流失的种植模式探讨

 为防治陡坡桑园严重的水土流失,通过4种种植模式对比试验分析查明,实施茶桑间种模式,能够较好地解决陡坡桑园土壤侵蚀严重的问题,其多年平均侵蚀模数由原来的1000t/(km2 ·a)左右,减少到100t/(km2 ·a)左右。建议推广应用这一模式,对严重水土流失的陡坡桑园加以改造,以促进山区坡地开发的永续利用和农业的可持续发展。     

三峡库区水土流失及其防治

通过三峡库区水土流失的野外调查和资料分析,阐述了水土流失的现状和形成原因及其危害,指出了潜在的危险,最后提出了若干可行的综合治理措施.     

鲁中南山丘区水土流失危害及其防治途径

鲁中南山丘地区主要指泰山和沂山南北,包括7个地(市)的40多个县。按自然地理条件,这里的植被应属暖温带半湿润的落叶阔叶林型,林下还应该有茂密的灌木草丛。但这些自然植被早已破坏殆尽,加上近十几年来滥砍滥伐,大面积陡坡开荒,生态环境严重失调。为了搞好水土保持,发展山区生产,根据调查资料,仅就5个县作重点,探讨鲁中南水土流失的危害及其防治途径。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.