草鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白的提取及其部分生物学性能

以草鱼鱼鳞为原料, 分别提取鱼鳞中的酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC), 着重开展了其包括热稳定性、体外酶降解性以及胶原海绵材料特性在内的相关研究, 并与哺乳动物来源的猪皮胶原(PC)相比较。实验结果表明, 制备所得的3种胶原蛋白均为典型的Ⅰ型胶原并具有完整的三螺旋结构; PC的热变性温度(41.6 ℃)明显高于ASC(34.8 ℃)和PSC(35.2 ℃); 3种胶原蛋白的体外酶降解性能受水解酶的种类、胶原蛋白提取方法、胶原蛋白来源、胶原蛋白受热历史以及蛋白的自组装程度影响。胶原蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶对淡水鱼胶原均具有不同程度的降解能力, 但胶原蛋白酶的降解能力最强; 相同条件下, 3种胶原蛋白体外酶降解率依次为ASC>PSC>PC; 经热变性处理后胶原蛋白的体外酶降解率明显提高而经体外自组装处理后其体外酶降解率均出现不同程度的降低; 3种胶原样品冻干后得到的胶原海绵材料具有不同的机械性能和组织结构, ASC和PSC海绵是一种多孔但拉伸承受力较弱的海绵材料, 而PC则与之相反。     

草鱼鱼鳞酶溶性胶原蛋白的提取及基本特性

利用胃蛋白酶从草鱼鱼鳞中提取酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)。并用氨基酸自动分析仪、SDS-PAGE电泳、DSC、FT-IR和圆二色谱对草鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成、相对分子量、变性温度和结构进行了研究。试验结果表明:所提草鱼鱼鳞蛋白为典型的I型胶原蛋白;且至少含有2条α链,α1和α2链;DSC分析表明其变性温度为37.1℃。     

鱼鳞的新用途及其加工方法

在很多鱼产量较多的国家里,已积极注意鱼类废弃物的加工利用,以进一步提高鱼类的经济价值,降低主产品的成本,更有效地利用鱼类资源。因此,鱼鳞的加工利用也有了新的发展。各种不同的鱼类,其鱼鳞的性状也各不相同,大小不一,质地各异。海水鱼中的石首鱼科、鲱鲤鱼类和鲈鱼等,淡水鱼中的青     

鱼鳞利用的研究进展

本文叙述了鱼鳞的营养成分组成及其制取胶原、胶原蛋白、明胶、小肽、羟基磷灰石、鸟嘌呤、高度不饱和脂肪酸、糖缀合物、饲料粉等产品的生产工艺,并且介绍了鱼鳞在食品、医药、生物材料、化妆品、饲料等方面的应用,为鱼鳞的进一步开发和应用提供参考。     

纳滤膜对鱼鳞小分子胶原肽提取液脱盐性能的研究

采用纳滤技术进行鱼鳞小分子胶原肽提取液的脱盐小试实验,研究了不同分子量的纳滤膜对料液脱盐效果及胶原肽回收率的影响。实验结果表明,截留分子量为700 u的卷式纳滤膜能够有效地除去鱼鳞胶原肽提取液中的无机盐类。脱盐后,鱼鳞胶原肽提取液的电导率从26.9 ms/cm下降到80.3μs/cm,无机盐浓度从13.9 g/L下降到0.04 g/L,胶原肽的回收率为72.7%,最终产品的灰分为0.79%。     

从带鱼鳞中制取药物硫鸟嘌呤的概述

我厂利用从带鱼加工中的废弃物——带鱼鳞为原料，在中国科学院上海药物研究所的协助下，成功地试制了抗恶性肿瘤物硫鸟嘌呤(简称6-TG)，通过动物试验、临床使用，证明该药物是医治白血病的有效药物之一。带鱼是我国产量最大的海洋经济鱼类之一，用带鱼鳞生产鸟嘌呤，使我国丰富的天然资源得到充分利用。     

鱼鳞的研究现状及应用前景

综述了国内外有关鱼鳞的研究及应用的最新进展,包括鱼鳞的组织结构、化学组成以及鱼鳞胶原蛋白和羟基磷灰石的性质等,并对鱼鳞在多种领域的应用作了介绍。     

鱼鳞加工利用情况的研究进展

本文综述了鱼鳞的加工利用的研究情况.目前,对鱼鳞的加工研究主要有提取胶原蛋白、明胶、羟基磷灰石和脂肪酸等,随着研究的进一步深入,鱼鳞作为水产品加工的下脚料,必将能得到更充分的利用.     

鱼鳞资源的综合开发利用

鱼鳞不但可以食用,其开发利用的附加值也很高.文章介绍了对鱼鳞中有效成分提取的研究进展和对鱼鳞资源的综合开发与利用现状,旨在使人们了解鱼鳞的真正价值所在,为其开发利用提供参考.     

鱼鳞胶原蛋白的研究进展和应用前景

简述了鱼鳞的结构特点,结合鱼鳞胶原蛋白研发的相关背景和现状,列举了鱼鳞胶原蛋白的多种提取方法及其在医药、食品、化工等行业中的应用.     

射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能研究

为了分析射流式鱼泵输送草鱼的性能及其损伤因素,文章设计了一台喉管直径为60 mm的射流式鱼泵,开展了草鱼输送实验,并采用高速摄影和计算流体力学方法进行了研究。结果显示,该射流式鱼泵在扬程2.24m时最高草鱼输送能力达918 kg·h~(-1),其所需水功率为2.83 k W。进一步的检测表明,部分实验鱼有鳞片脱落的情况,但未出现游泳异常,解剖后也未发现内脏受损等情况;实验鱼在过泵后呼吸频率及部分血液指标存在明显变化,但在24 h内基本可以恢复。数值模拟和高速摄影方法分析得出,剪切层是造成实验鱼泵内鳞片脱落的主要原因,撞击伤是由内流偏转诱导实验鱼撞击泵内壁面产生的,包含压力梯度在内的水力因素都可能使实验鱼产生应激反应。但由于鱼类在泵内时间极短,上述因素都不会致实验鱼死亡。     

The importance of spatial scales to analysis of fish diversity in Amazonian floodplain lakes and implications for conservation

The Amazon River Basin has the highest fish species diversity of any region in the world, but is under threat from anthropogenic perturbations including overharvesting, alien species and drought. We asked whether species diversity in this region is more a function of within‐lake species richness (i.e., α diversity) or differences among lakes (β diversity). Although many studies have reported on species richness and diversity in single habitats, the importance of measuring diversity at different spatial scales is not yet well established. We collected fish in 10 floodplain lakes along the Solimões River (Brazil), divided evenly between two lake types: those on islands in the river channel (island lakes) and those on the margins of the river (coastal lakes) during 2006. We partitioned fish diversity into three spatial scales: α = within each lake; β₁ = among lakes of the same type (coastal or island) and β₂ = between the two types of lakes, and compared their relative contributions to regional (γ) diversity. β₁ + β₂ contributed as much or more to γ diversity than did α. Although many of the 116 fish species were shared between lake types (S = 72), 32 species were found exclusively in coastal lakes and 12 species were found exclusively in island lakes. Coastal lakes, which were deeper and cooler than island lakes, consistently had higher fish species richness than island lakes. We suggest that it will be necessary to set areas large enough to contain multiple lakes of both types to preserve regional fish diversity.     

鲫、草鱼外周血中淋巴细胞和单核细胞对鲤血管内皮细胞的粘附

借鉴哺乳动物内皮细胞体外培养技术，结合鱼类细胞自身特点，纯化培养鲤血管内皮细胞并传至3代，以此作为粘附材料。应用淋巴细胞分离液离心技术并结合玻璃粘附法分离纯化鲫、草鱼外周血中淋巴细胞、单核细胞，并与上述3代内皮细胞进行免疫粘附试验，同时进行免疫粘附动力学观察。结果显示，鲫、草鱼两类细胞对内皮细胞的粘附率分别为0.09±0.013，0.20±0.018；0.11±0.015，0.21±0.023。表明鲤科鱼类不同种的同类细胞粘附率差异不大，而同种不同类细胞则差异显著。动力学观察分析表明，淋巴细胞粘附较快，60min进入平台期；单核细胞粘附慢，120min进入平台期。初步证明鱼类内皮细胞具有免疫介导作用。     

水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交子代的生长和体色研究

利用人工授精的方法,进行水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤和荷包红鲤的相互杂交试验,测定各个杂交组合子代的成活率、生长速度和体色分离比例。结果表明：4种鱼能够相互杂交受精,孵出鱼苗。孵化率锦鲤自交最低为46．4％,其它组合为70％～80％;杂交鱼苗经28d的人工饲养,水晶彩鲫与荷包红鲤、锦鲤的正、反杂交,同其它杂交组合比较有明显的差别,其生长速度慢,个体之间差异大,成活率低;杂交子代的体型分为3类：鲫鱼型、鲤鱼型和鲤鲫型。鳞片反光组织(虹彩细胞或鸟粪素细胞)为2类：完全型、缺失型。体色分离复杂多样,水晶彩鲫与红鲫杂交是水晶彩鲫,红鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交是青灰色鲤鲫杂种,水晶彩鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交都会出现水晶彩色和青灰色鲤鲫杂种。     

彩鲫与红鲫杂交种体色遗传的初步研究

通过彩鲫与红鲫杂交、回交以及不同体色彩鲫（杂交种）自交、杂交,对其子代的体色性状进行了统计学分析。彩鲫与红鲫的体色遗传说明彩色受显性基因控制,红色受隐性基因控制;不同体色彩鲫自交、杂交,其后代的体色分离特性为肉色显性,红色隐性,亲本体色在后代中可以积累增加;肉色、红色彩鲫与眼睛颜色、闪光鳞数具遗传相关性。     

The ability of carnobacteria isolated from fish intestine to inhibit growth of fish pathogenic bacteria: a screening study

In the present study a microtitre plate assay was used to evaluate antagonistic activity of 157 intestinal bacteria belonging to Carnobacterium isolated from Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and wolf fish (Anarhichas lupus L.) against fish pathogenic bacteria. One hundred and forty‐nine strains isolated from Arctic charr fed; (a) different lipid levels and (b) different fatty acids were screened for their ability to inhibit growth of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida strain AL 2020 (the causative agent of furunculosis). Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Carnobacterium mobile isolated from fish fed a low‐lipid diet inhibited growth of the pathogen, while none of the Carnobacterium divergens isolated from fish fed the high‐lipid diet had this ability. When Arctic charr was fed different fatty acids, was the frequency of antibacterial ability of C. maltaromaticum highest in strains isolated from fish fed 4%α‐linolenic acid (18:3 n‐3) and lowest in strains isolated from fish fed 4% linoleic acid (18:2 n‐6). Extracellular growth inhibitory compounds harvested in exponential and stationary growth phase from eight carnobacteria strains isolated from three fish species were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of six fish pathogens [A. salmonicida, Vibrio splendidus strain VS11, Vibrio salmonicida strain LFI 315, Vibrio anguillarum strain LFI 317, Moritella (Vibrio) viscosa strain LFI 5000 and C. maltaromaticum (piscicola) CCUG 34645]. The highest antibacterial activity was found when cellular extracts of the producer isolate were harvested in stationary growth phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations of A. salmonicida showed that cell morphology was affected by the inhibitory substance produce by strain 8M851, a Carnobacterium inhibens‐like bacteria.     

集群对草鱼、鲢幼鱼克流上溯行为的影响

为修复河湖中鱼类的洄游通道和栖息生境,国内外已建设各型护鱼措施并开展大量水力学与生态学相关研究。集群作为一种广泛存在的生物种群行为,解析其在鱼类洄游过程中的作用机制意义重大。本研究营造低湍动能、非均匀流场,针对我国重要淡水经济鱼种草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)展开研究。本研究通过在3种流速工况(0.25~0.50 m/s、0.30~0.60 m/s、0.35~0.70 m/s)下,考察5尾处理组和单尾处理组的实验鱼持久上溯能力及上溯行为特征,量化集群对其克流能力的影响并解析原因。研究显示,集群对草鱼持久上溯能力的影响因流速而异,当流速为0.30~0.60 m/s和0.35~0.70 m/s时,5尾组持久上溯能力分别显著高于(P=0.030)和低于(P=0.048)单尾组;而集群能够普遍提高鲢的持久上溯能力,当流速为0.25~0.50 m/s (P=0.004)和0.35~0.70 m/s (P<0.001)时,5尾组持久上溯能力提升显著。集群多数情况会增加2种鱼的上溯耗时,只有当流速为0.35~0.70 m/s时,鲢的首次上溯时长在集群时显著下降(P<0.001)。集群能够帮助草鱼节能上溯,却会增加鲢的上溯累积耗能。综上所述,集群既可提高也可抑制鱼类上溯能力,其对上溯行为的影响主要体现在能耗、视觉反应及克流能力等方面,研究结果可为鱼类保护设施的设计、运行进一步提供可靠支持。     

Species differences in the adrenergic responses of fish red cells: studies on whitefish,pikeperch, trout and carp

The occurrence and pH dependence (pHe 7–8) of the adrenergic red cell responses of two salmonids, trout and whitefish, and a percinid, pikeperch were studied. These are all species that live in well-oxygenated waters. The responses were compared to those of carp, which tolerates oxygen-deficient waters.The adrenergic responses of trout and whitefish red cells were pronounced. In these species red cell swelling, the accumulation of sodium and chloride in the cell, and the increase in red cell oxygen content at atmospheric oxygen tension were maximal at pH 7.3. In contrast, pikeperch red cells responded to -adrenergic stimulation only at extracellular pH 7.1. In carp, the adrenergic response, occurring below extracellular pH 7.5, was small as compared to the two salmonids. In each case the onset of the adrenergic response coincided with the onset of the Root effect.The differences in the adrenergic responses between the two salmonids and pikeperch suggest that the occurrence of the adrenergic response is not directly related to the environmental oxygen requirements of the species, but may be linked to the activity pattern.     

Linking temperate demersal fish species to habitat: scales,patterns and future directions

Adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management relies on recognition of the link between fish and other components of the ecosystem, namely their physical and biological habitat. However, identifying the habitat requirements of marine fishes and hence determining their distribution in space and time is scientifically complex. We analysed the methodologies and findings of research on temperate, demersal fish habitat requirements to highlight the main developments in this field and to identify potential shortfalls. Many studies were undertaken over large spatial scales (≥100s km²) and these generally correlated abundances of fish to abiotic variables. Biological variables were accounted for less often. Small spatial scale (≤m²), experimental studies were comparatively sparse and commonly focused on biotic variables. Whilst the number of studies focusing on abiotic variables increased with increasing spatial scale, the proportion of studies finding significant relationships between habitat and fish distribution remained constant. This mismatch indicates there is no justification for the tendency to analyse abiotic habitat variables at large spatial scales. Innovative modelling techniques and habitat mapping technologies are developing rapidly, providing new insights at the larger spatial scales. However, there is a clear need for a reduction in study scale, or increase in resolution additional to the integration of biotic variables. We argue that development of sound predictive science in the field of demersal fish habitat determination is reliant on a change in focus along these lines. This is especially important if spatial management strategies, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPA) or No Take Zones (NTZ), are to be used in future ecosystem‐based approaches to fisheries management.