Mineral characteristics of the leaves of 166 plant species with different phylogeny in the temperate region

The P-N regression coefficient was moderate in Magnoliales,Coniferopsidae, Pteridophyta, and Asterids, but very high in Caryophyllids,and very low in Rosids. The K-N regression coefficient in trees remainedconstant regardless of evolution, and that in grasses was high except forRosids compared with that in trees. The coefficient was very high inCaryophyllids and was very low in Rosids. The N-Ca and N-Mg relationshipwas not estimated at all, suggesting that the mechanism of Ca and Mgaccumulation was completely different from that of N related accumulation.The Zn and Cu concentrations were related to the N concentration.The Al concentration in leaves was negatively correlated with the N, P, K,Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe concentrations, while the N, P, K, andMn concentrations in leaves increased slightly with the increase of Alconcentration in the high Al concentration. The Na concentration in leavesrelated negatively to the P, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn and Al concentration range.Thus, it was demonstrated that most of the minerals in leaves accumulatenegatively Al and Na indicating that there are antagonistic mechanisms formineral accumulation in leaves among Al or Na and other mineralelements.     

Nutritional characteristics of the leaves of native plants growing in adverse soils of humid tropical lowlands

Acid sulfate, peat, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed inthe lowlands of Thailand and Malaysia. The nutrient concentrations in theleaves of plants grown in these type of soils were studied with the aim ofdeveloping a nutritional strategy for adapting to such problem soils. In sagoand oil palms that were well-adapted to peat soil, the N, P, and Kconcentrations were the same in the mature leaves, while the Ca, Mg, Na,and Fe concentrations were higher in the mature leaves of the oil palm thanof the sago palm. Melastoma malabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi plantsthat were well-adapted to low pH soils, peat, and acid sulfate soils were alsostudied. It was observed that a high amount of Al accumulated in the M.marabathricum leaves, while Al did not accumulate in M. cajuputi leaves.M. cajuputi plants accumulated large amounts of Na in their leaves or stemsregardless of the exchangeable Na concentration in the soil, while M.malabathricum that was growing in saline-affected soils excluded Na.Positive relationships between macronutrients were recognized between Pand N, between K and N, and between P and K. Al showed antagonisticrelationships with P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Na. Na also showedantagonistic relationships with P, K, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al. Fe showed weakantagonistic relationships with Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al.     

两种类型土壤大豆施钾效应

为明确不同类型土壤上大豆施用钾肥的效果，采用田间试验的方法，研究了黑土、白浆土上施钾量对大豆生长发育及产量、品质的影响。结果表明，合理的钾肥用量有利于大豆叶绿素含量的提高，从而增强光合作用，为产量的提高奠定了基础。两种土壤上施钾量(x)与产量(y)呈二次回归关系，黑土： =2516.1+6.6307X-0.0242X2 (Ｒ2 =0.8475 )；白浆土： =2453.1+4.2819X-0.0140X2 (Ｒ2=0.9836 )。根据施钾量与产量的关系，结合肥料的经济效益，黑土上种植大豆的最高施钾量应控制在140kg/hm2以下，白浆土上最高施钾量不宜超过150kg/hm2。钾肥具有降低大豆蛋白质含量，提高脂肪含量的趋势。钾能提高大豆的蛋脂总量，本试验黑土处理3、白浆土处理4蛋白质总量比对照分别提高25.4%和11.1%，脂肪总量分别提高15.3%和14.7%。     

不同盐分滨海盐土上油葵(G101-B)的氮磷肥效应研究

利用田间试验研究了江苏省不同盐分滨海盐土上氮磷肥过油葵（G101-B）的综合效应，结果表明，（1）盐分、N肥、P肥对油葵的产量具有显著效应，以N肥影响最大；（2）每公顷105kg氮与81kg磷的肥料组合是两种盐分土上的油葵获得高产的最佳氮磷用量；（3）土壤不同盐分含量明显影响N、P肥对油葵的增产效应，高盐分下N、P肥对油葵的增产作用大于低盐分；（4）过磷酸钙能增强油葵对K^ 的选择性运输，提高油葵植株体内离子向上运输为K^ 、Na^ 选择性比率SR K,Na对缓解滨海盐土的盐害有明显作用。     

Milk-production potential of different sward types in a temperate southern Australian environment

The milk-production potential of different sward types was measured in each of the four seasons of the year in a replicated experiment in south-west Victoria, Australia. Dairy cows were offered ad libitum allowances of a 'short-term winter' sward, based on Italian ryegrass (treatment STW), a 'long-term winter' sward, based on a winter-active tall fescue (treatment LTW), a 'long-term summer' sward, based on a summer-active tall fescue (treatment LTS) and a Control sward (perennial ryegrass) in four seasons (days in milk in parentheses): spring (November dairy cows, 124), summer (February, 227), autumn (May, 234) and winter (August, sixty-four). A 'short-term summer' sward, based on chicory and white clover (treatment STS), was also included in summer. There was a significant season × treatment interaction caused by a more gradual decline in milk yield from peak for cows grazing treatment LTS compared to the Control treatment in the transition period from spring to summer. In summer, cows grazing treatment STS produced more milk (1·41 kg fat plus protein per cow d⁻¹) than cows grazing all other treatments (0·92 kg per cow d⁻¹) because of the superior nutritive value of herbage of pre-grazing pasture and higher apparent dry-matter intakes. Swards based on alternative species to perennial ryegrass are capable of supporting milk production that is at least comparable over an annual cycle.     

Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi or Crop Rotation with Mycorrhizal Plants Improves the Growth of Maize in Limed Acid Sulfate Soil

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve the uptake of immobile mineral nutrients such as phosphate, thereby improving plant growth. In acid sulfate soil (ASS), AMF spore density is generally low which impacts root colonization and phosphate uptake. Thus, inoculation may help increase AMF colonization of crops grown in ASS. AMF spore density decreases after cultivation of a non-host crop or bare fallow. In addition, preceding crops affect the growth and yield of subsequent crops. The production of AMF inocula requires AMF-compatible plants. The objective of the present study is to elucidate the effect of preceding crops on the persistence of inoculated AMF and growth of succeeding maize under an ASS condition with lime application. Spore density of AMF after cultivation of preceding crops (soybean or job’s tears) was maintained in comparison to fallow leading to higher AMF colonization of maize and improved plant growth. Thus, maintenance of AMF spore density, either through selection of preceding crops or application of AMF inoculum, may be a viable strategy to improve maize growth in limed ASS of Thailand.     

不同地域和寄主来源的核盘菌遗传多样性分析

菌核病是由核盘菌[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary]侵染寄主植株所引起。对核盘菌分离物进行遗传多样性和进化关系进行分析,可为抗菌核病育种及制定防控策略提供依据。本研究利用SSR分子标记对采自不同地区和寄主来源的32个核盘菌分离物进行遗传多样性分析,17对SSR引物共检测到69个多态性位点,平均每对引物检测到4.06个位点。其中,引物AF377908-1/AF377908-2和AF377922-1/AF377922-2的等位变异数目最多,高达8个,而引物AF377903-1/AF377903-2和 AF377925-1/AF377925-2的等位变异数目最少,为2个。17个SSR 引物的多态性信息量（PIC）的平均值为0.56,引物AF377922-1/AF377922-2的PIC最高,为0.78。聚类分析显示,32个核盘菌分离物可划分为5个组群,来自同一地区的大部分核盘菌分离物聚在相同或相近的组内,表明核盘菌群体内的SSR遗传背景基本一致,而群体间的遗传变异较大。     

Yield of sugarcane varieties and their sugar quality grown in different soil types and inoculated with a diazotrophic bacteria consortium

Sugarcane is a crop of great economic, social, and environmental relevance in Brazil. The country is the largest sugar producer and the second largest bioethanol producer in the world. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a sugarcane inoculant composed of five diazotrophic bacterial strains, as well as nitrogen fertilization of two sugarcane varieties. Two experiments were carried out on two varieties using an experimental design composed of complete randomized blocks in a factorial of two varieties and three treatments with four replicates. The treatments can be described as: inoculation with the consortium of five diazotrophic strains, or N fertilization with 120 kg ha^?1, and one control treatment. The following parameters were then evaluated: stem yield, accumulation of total dry matter, nitrogen content, quality of the sugarcane juice, and ¹⁵N natural abundance on flag-leaves. Inoculation and N fertilization on the Sapucaia plantation promoted increases of stem yield equivalent to 22.3 and 26.5 Mg ha^?1 in the RB867515 variety, in comparison to the control, respectively. Inoculation and N fertilizer used for the Coruripe plantation increased stem yield of 38.0 and 42.4 Mg ha^?1, respectively, with the RB867515 variety, while RB72454 showed increases of 16.7 and 37.5 Mg ha^?1, both compared to the control. Biological nitrogen fixation was not affected by the treatments, however, both treatments increased the total recoverable sugar yield. Benefits from inoculation appeared to promote plant growth due to the plant–bacteria interaction.     

密度和施氮量对沿海滩涂中度盐碱地蓖麻磷素吸收的影响

以淄蓖5号和云蓖泰国202为试验品种,研究沿海滩涂中度盐碱地不同种植密度和施氮量条件下蓖麻磷吸收的特点及与产量的关系。结果表明,蓖麻苗期磷吸收百分率和吸收速率很低,蕾期显著增加,开花期达到高峰,花果期和灌浆成熟期逐渐降低。与淄蓖5号相比,云蓖泰国202在苗期吸收百分率和吸收速率较低,蕾期差异不大,开花期明显增高,灌浆成熟期仍保持着较高的磷吸收量。淄蓖5号在种植密度13 000株&;#8226;hm-2、施氮量120 kg&;#8226;hm-2条件下产量最高,每生产100kg的蓖麻籽吸收磷1.23 kg。云蓖泰国202在种植密度16 000株&;#8226;hm-2,施氮量120 kg&;#8226;hm-2的条件下产量最高,每生产100 kg的蓖麻籽吸收磷1.10-1.13 kg。由于盐碱地土壤中的有效磷含量较低,在本试验条件下即使施用50 kg&;#8226;hm-2的P2O5仍不能满足蓖麻对磷的需要,要进一步提高蓖麻产量还需加大磷肥投入。     

Nutrient content of the edible leaves of seven wild plants from Niger

Wild plants play an important role in the diet of the inhabitants of Niger. These plants tend to be drought-resistant and are gathered both in times of plenty as well as times of need. Used in everyday cooking, famine foods may be an important source of nutrients. The goal of this study was to investigate the nutritional role of wild plants in the nigérien diet. To this end, leaves of seven plants species were analyzed for their mineral, amino acid and fatty acid contents: Ximenia americana, Amaranthus viridus, Corchorus tridens, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Maerua crassifolia, Moringa oleifera, and Leptadenia hastata. Ximenia americana} contained large amounts of calcium. Large quantities of iron were present in Amaranthus viridus. All seven plants contained significant amounts of selenium and phosphorus. Corchorus tridens contained the most protein (19–25% dry weight), and its composition compared favorably to the World Health Organization's standard for essential amino acids. Moringa oleifera contained 17% protein and compared favorably with the WHO standard. Corchorus tridens contained the largest amounts of the two essential fatty acids linoleic and -linolenic acids. These results reinforce the growing awareness that wild edible plants of the Western Sahel can contribute useful amounts of essential nutrients, including amino acids, fatty acids and trace minerals, to human diets.     

Transmission of potato leaf roll virus byMyzus persicae (Sulz.) from leaves and plants of different ages

Summary Young potato plants were a better source of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) for aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulz.), than old ones. For plants 6, 7.5 and 9 weeks old, the best sources of PLRV were the lower, middle and upper leaves, respectively. The frequency of PLRV transmission from upper leaves did not change much with increasing age of plants nor did it change with different leaflets from the same leaf.     

Changes in soil organic carbon in a clay loam soil following ploughing and reseeding of permanent grassland under temperate moist climatic conditions

This study investigated changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in a poorly drained clay loam soil under (i) permanent grassland (PG) over 7 years and (ii) after PG renovation over 2·5 years. The experimental area was divided into four blocks with four paddocks per block. Composite soil samples from each PG block were taken to 30‐cm depth on five occasions between 2004 and 2011. In June 2008, one paddock per block was renovated by ploughing and reseeding and sampled as above on the latter four occasions. Renovation decreased SOC (P < 0·05) by 32·2 t ha^?1 in the 2·5 years following ploughing; the difference developed almost entirely (86%) in the first four months. Renovation had no effect on above‐ground productivity, standing root and stubble phytomass or on dissolved organic matter leaching. Therefore, soil respiration was considered to be a single potential pathway responsible for the SOC loss from renovated grassland. Although a simple linear regression indicated a tendency for PG to accumulate SOC, there was no evidence of recovery in SOC to previous levels following renovation during the study period. These results could have implications for greenhouse gas inventories in countries where PG is an important land‐use type.     

Elimination by chemotherapy of potato virus S from potato plants grown in vitro

Summary Potato virus S was eliminated from systemically infected stem cuttings of five potato cultivars after three passages in nutrient media containing 0.003% of the synthetic riboside ribavirin (Virazole). Treatment effects could be detected after only two passages which also revealed differences in cultivar response. Treated plants transferred to ribavirin-free culture media and to soil remained PVS-free. This simple method is less time-consuming than the usual meristem (axillary) tip culture procedures combined with chemotherapy or heat treatment.     

土壤条件与苎麻农艺性状形成关系的初步研究

土壤有机质、氮、磷及铁、硼含量与茎粗、皮厚和出麻率呈负相关,虽略利于优质却降低产量;水解氮对优质高产均不利。钾、锰、锌与株高呈正相关、与有效株呈负相关,不利高产优质和原麻含胶率的降低。土壤容重和ｐ Ｈ 与株高之外其它经济性状呈正相关,有益高产优质,而总孔度的作用相反。土壤毛孔度和比重都有利优质,但前者与株高呈负相关、与有效株呈正相关,后者则反之。     

Plasticity in root system architecture of rice genotypes exhibited under different soil water distributions in soil profile

ABSTRACT

The root system architecture (RSA) has been reported to be determined by several root traits such as branching, elongation, and growth angle. This study aimed to evaluate the genotypic variation of plasticity in RSA in response to different soil water distributions in a soil profile. IR64 (shallow root system), YTH183 (adapted to rainfed lowland conditions due to high plasticity in root elongation), and Kinandang Patong (KP – deep root system) were grown in PVC root boxes for 34 days under continuously waterlogged conditions and with soil moisture fluctuations (SMF). For SMF, watering was done from the top of the root box (TI-SMF) or from the bottom of the root box (BI-SMF). A water gradient was observed more clearly in BI-SMF than in TI-SMF, while mean soil moisture content in the root box was kept at around 23% (v/v) after first irrigation in both SMF treatments. RSA changed drastically with SMF in all cultivars, all of which tended to shift root distribution to deeper soil layers in response to SMF. Such changes in RSA resulted from different degrees of plasticity exhibited mainly in nodal root and L-type lateral root development. YTH183 showed a greater ability to change its root growth angle and thus its root distribution in the deeper soil layer compared to IR64 and KP under SMF, indicating that YTH183 could help to improve RSA in cultivars adapted to SMF.     

Mineral nutrition and water use patterns of a maize/cowpea intercrop on a highly acidic soil of the tropic semiarid

Due to global warming, water is expected to become scarce especially in semiarid regions. Therefore, there is a need to increase the efficiency in water use by crops under rainfed agriculture. The effect of nutrient availability on the growth, production, root development, water relations and water use efficiency (WUE) by the intercrop maize/cowpea was investigated in 2 contrasting years (dry and wet) in the semiarid region of Brazil. The crops were grown on a strongly acidic, sandy soil with three treatments: (i) application of NPK fertilizers plus lime (NPK + lime), (ii) application of NPK fertilizers (NPK) and (ii) control (Contr.) in low and high input regimes. The soil water balance was calculated with the crop model EPICSEAR. Application of fertilizers and lime increased biomass production and grain yield of the intercrop up to 400% and 550%, respectively, and maize suffered more from the effects of low nutrient availability and soil acidity than cowpea. The root development of both crops was strongly improved by the application of NPK and lime and cowpea developed a deeper root system which enabled this crop to keep a higher transpiration rate in the dry year. As a consequence of the shallow root system, maize was prone to water stresses caused by the dry spells and its harvest index was reduced when dry spells occurred during flowering and grain filling.     

Bioavailability of iron from four different local food plants in Jordan

The bioavailability of iron from local plants(black cumin seeds, milk thistle seeds, sesame seedsand thyme leaves) was investigated. Apparentabsorption of iron was calculated by subtracting fecal iron(using total collection of feces) from iron intake inSprague-Dawley rats. Two trials of animal feeding wereperformed. Liver and serum concentrations of iron, andserum hemoglobin concentration were taken as responseparameters for the bioavailability. Dry thyme wasparticularly rich in iron (117.2 mg/100 g dry matter)and milk thistle seeds in crude fiber (25 g/100 g drymatter). Rats fed the dry thyme diet or thatsupplemented with 5% egg white died but when the dietwas supplemented with 10% egg white, the animalssurvived. Iron intake and apparent and total ironabsorption were highest for the rats fed the drythyme-egg white diet. Liver weights for the groups fedblack cumin seeds and dry thyme were significantlyhigher (p < 0.05) than those for the groups fed milkthistle and sesame seeds. Liver content of ironwas highest for the animals fed black cumin seeds.Serum iron content increased significantly (p < 0.05)for the animals fed black cumin seeds, and serumhemoglobin concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the groups fed milk thistle seed and blackcumin seed diets, but decreased for the group fed thethyme-egg white diet. It is concluded from this studythat iron was better utilized from black cumin seedsas indicated by liver storage of iron. On the otherhand, thyme had the highest iron absorption but lowestutilization.     

Starch Properties of the Sago Palm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Metroxylon sagu</Emphasis> Rottb.) in Different Soils

We investigated the relationships between starch concentrations and activities of starch synthetic enzymes in sago palms (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) under acid sulfate and mineral soil conditions. Plants grown naturally that had reached their maturated stage were sampled. We found that the growth in acid sulfate soil is lower than that in mineral soil and that starch granules were larger and there was more amylase activity in acid sulfate soil than in mineral soil. Lower amylase activity in mineral soil could eliminate the degradation of starch, making the smaller granules suitable for storing large amounts of starch in a limited space inside cells.     

水稻土施用不同氮、硫水平对油菜产量的影响

浙东平原水稻土油菜田间试验施用不同氮、硫水平的结果显示：（1）油菜籽产量随氮肥用量的增大而增加，施N（50－200kg/hm^)不施硫肥条件下，增产幅度为2．0％－11．8％，施N和施S（30kg/hm^2)条件下，增产幅度为2．4％－12．7％。（2）不同施氮水平下，施硫增产油菜籽5．4％－6．9％。（3）油菜氮吸收量随施氮量的增加而呈增加趋势，低氮水平下施用硫肥促进油菜氮吸收量加大。（4）不同施氮水平的产投比为1．5－4．3，施用硫肥的产投比达5．2－6．7，氮硫配施可提高施用氮肥的产投比。     

Contents of minerals in green leafy vegetables cultivated in soil fortified with different chemical fertilizers

Content of selected minerals in spinach (Spinacea oleracea) andambat chuka (Rumex vesicarius) cultivated in soil fortified withdifferent chemical fertilizers was determined in a pot experiment.Addition of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) fertilizer alongwith micronutrients, iron and zinc, enhanced the concentration of zinc,iron and magnesium in selected green leafy vegetables markedly (p<0.05),while the concentration of copper was not altered significantly(p>>0.05). Potassium content in the green leafy vegetables was notaffected (p>0.05) by the addition of chemical fertilizers to soil.Spinach and ambat chuka differed remarkably in their mineral contents.Contents of potassium, zinc and copper were significantly high in spinach,while the contents of magnesium and iron were markedly high in ambatchuka (p<0.05).