Changes in nitrification and bacterial community structure upon cross-inoculation of Scots pine forest soils with different initial nitrification rates

Nitrification occurs slowly in many acid Scots pine forest soils. We examined if bacterial community structure and interactions between members of the bacterial community in these forest soils prohibit growth of ammonia-oxidising microorganisms and their nitrifying activity. Native and gamma-irradiated Scots pine forest soils known to have low net nitrification rates were augmented with fresh soils or soil slurries from nitrifying Scots pine forest soil, and vice versa. Augmentation of native non-nitrifying soils with nitrifying soils induced net nitrification, although no significant changes in bacterial community structure, as measured by 16S rRNA gene-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), were observed. In sterilised soils, the inoculum, i.e. native nitrifying soil or non-nitrifying soil, determined the occurrence of net nitrification and bacterial community structure, and not the origin of the sterilised soils. Our results demonstrate that low net nitrification rates in acid Scots pine forest soils cannot be (solely) explained by unfavourable abiotic soil conditions, but that still uncaptured biotic factors contribute to suppression of nitrification.     

The effect of three fungicides on nitrification and ammonification in soil

Three fungicides, Captan, Thiram and Verdasan were added at varying concentrations to soil amended with ammonium sulphate, and their effect upon nitrification and ammonification was studied over 28 days. Two general effects of addition of fungicides on nitrification were apparent. At very low concentrations all three fungicides stimulated or did not affect this process. The stimulation was most marked after treatment with Thiram at 10 μg a.i./g soil. At higher concentrations the fungicides led to a progressive decrease in nitrate production. The concentration at which nitrification was inhibited was for Verdasan 10 μg, Thiram 100 μg and Captan above 250 μg a.i./g soil.At low concentration all three fungicides did not greatly affect ammonification. At increasing concentrations, however, there was a marked increase of NH⁺₄-N, compared with the controls. The lowest rates of application of the three fungicides resulted in most nitrification and least ammonification. The results are discussed in relation to the differential effects of the fungicides on the soil microbial population.     

红壤稻田不同生育期土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构

以福建省红壤稻田土壤为对象,通过提取土壤总DNA,利用特异引物进行PCR(聚合酶链反应)扩增和DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)并结合DNA克隆测序,研究了水稻生长过程中稻田土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落结构的变化。结果显示:稻田土壤具有丰富的氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌资源。水稻生长过程中土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成较为稳定,只表现出水稻生长前期(苗期、分蘖期)和中后期(孕穗期、成熟期)间存在一定差异。而土壤氨氧化古菌群落组成变化较大,在水稻生长的苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期4个时期间均存在一定差异。在水稻生长过程中,土壤氨氧化细菌群落多样性指数无显著性变化,但氨氧化古菌群落多样性指数随水稻生长明显提高,孕穗期后才达到平稳。水稻生长前期土壤硝化势也具有显著上升趋势,孕穗期时达到最高,而后有所下降。土壤硝化势与氨氧化古菌群落多样性指数具有显著正相关性,与氨氧化细菌没有相关性。研究表明,氨氧化古菌对红壤稻田土壤硝化作用的影响程度较大,证实了氨氧化微生物尤其是氨氧化古菌在稻田土壤微生物组成及其生态系统功能中的重要性。     

不同时期典型塿土剖面肥力特征与耕层肥力指数比较分析

利用历史典型剖面土样及资料,采用原位采样及相同测定方法研究30年来不同时期(填)土剖面的肥力特征及演变.结果表明:30年来(填)土耕层的综合肥力水平在不断提高,耕层土壤中全氮含量增加40.7％,由四级水平提高到三级水平;碱解氮含量增加56.1％,由五级水平提高到四级水平;全磷含量增加44.5％,由三级水平提高到一级水平;速效磷含量增加204.0％,由四级水平提高到二级水平;速效钾含量累积57.6 mg/kg,由三级水平提高到二级水平;有机质含量由12.42 g/kg增加到18.98 g/kg,但还一直处于四级水平.由此,提出该区土壤培肥的对策是控磷、控钾,增氮、增施有机肥.     

不同碳氮比有机肥组合对低肥力土壤小麦生物量和部分土壤肥力因素的影响

为了快速提高低肥力土壤肥力,以石麦15为试验材料,通过盆栽实验研究了在低肥力红壤和潮土上不同碳氮比有机肥组合对小麦生物量和部分土壤肥力因素的影响.试验结果表明,施用有机肥和化肥可以明显提高小麦产量和土壤肥力,且有机肥与化肥配施比单施化肥效果更好,其中秸秆、猪粪与化肥配合使用对提高小麦产量与土壤养分作用最为明显,显著高于其它肥料组合.随着有机肥碳氮比的提高,提高小麦产量与改善土壤养分的作用逐渐变小.在潮土上,碳氮比为12.5:1的有机、无机肥料配施组合在提高小麦生物量方面,分别比碳氮比为25:1、40:1的肥料处理平均高24.2%、29.7%,在红壤上则分别为19.8%、21.2%,并且在增加土壤速效养分、脲酶活性、微生物量等地力方面的效果也比碳氮比为25:1和40:1的处理明显.     

Effects of successive soil freeze-thaw cycles on nitrification potential of soils

Abstract

In our previous report (Yanai et al. 2004: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 50, 821–829), we demonstrated that soil freeze-thaw cycles caused a partial sterilization of the soil microbial communities and exerted limited effects on the potential of organic matter decomposition of soils. In the present study, the effects of soil freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrification potential of soils were examined and the impacts of the freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrifying communities were analyzed. Samples of surface soils (0 to 10 cm depth) were collected, from tropical arable land sites, temperate forest, and arable land sites~ Nitrification potential was assayed by the incubation of soils with or without the addition of 200 fig N of ammonium sulfate per g soil to reach a moisture content adjusted to 60% of maximum water-holding capacity at 27~wC following four successive soil freeze-thaw cycles (-13 and 4°C at 12 h-intervals). Nitrification potential of the soils, in which the decrease in the microbial biomass following the freeze-thaw cycles was less appreciable, was not inhibited by the soil freeze-thaw cycles. On the other hand, the nitrification potential of the soils, in which the decrease in the microbial biomass following the soil freeze-thaw cycles was relatively more appreciable, was clearly inhibited by the freeze-thaw cycles or was undetectable even in the unfrozen control. Surprisingly, nitrate production in the samples of an arable soil collected from Vietnam was inhibited by the addition of ammonium sulfate, and thus the effects of counter-anions of ammonium salts on the nitrification potential of the soils were examined. Since a much larger amount of nitrate was produced in the Vietnam soil with the addition of ammonium acetate and ammonium hydrogen carbonate than that in the soil with the addition of ammonium sulfate, it was considered that ammonium sulfate inhibited nitrification in the soil. These results indicated that ammonium sulfate may not always be a suitable substrate for estimating the nitrification potential of soils. Relationship between soil physicochemical properties and the effect of the soil freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrification potential was evaluated and it was considered that the soil pH(KCI) was likely to be responsible for the difference in the responses among soils, assuming that the pH values changed in unfrozen water under the frozen conditions of soils.     

生物质炭复混肥对土壤肥力与玉米和大豆生物量的影响

将玉米秸秆在300℃和500℃下裂解制备生物质炭,再按照一定比例(0%,5%,10%,15%)与NPK化肥混合制成颗粒状生物质炭复混肥料,通过盆栽试验,比较不同生物质炭复混肥对玉米和大豆生长的影响。结果表明,土壤碱解氮和有效磷,种植玉米的土壤比种植大豆的土壤平均分别高21%和25%;与施用常规复混肥相比,施用生物质炭复混肥时,玉米干物质质量增加了6%~58%,平均增加了35%。总体来看,不同处理间土壤性质和作物生物量均没有显著性差异。这一方面说明,肥料效果受肥料本身性质、施肥量、作物等多种因素的影响,另一方面可能与实际输入土壤生物质炭量比较少有关。长期施用生物质炭复混肥料能否对土壤性质及作物生长产生显著的影响还有待进一步研究。     

生物炭用量对塿土微生物量及碳源代谢活性的影响

目的研究果树树干、枝条制成的生物炭添加4～5年后,其添加量对土微生物量及碳源代谢活性的影响,为生物炭改良土的合理应用提供数据支撑和理论依据。方法基于陕西关中土的长期田间试验,采用氯仿熏蒸—浸提法及Biolog-ECO检测法,研究了生物炭不同添加量 (0、20、40、60、80 t/hm2) 下冬小麦不同生育期土壤微生物量C、N、P、C/N的动态变化及土壤微生物的碳源代谢活性。结果当生物炭添加量为40～60 t/hm2时,显著提高了土壤微生物量碳;当生物炭添加量 ≥ 40 t/hm2时,显著提高了土壤微生物量C/N;添加生物炭对土壤微生物量N、P没有显著影响。当生物炭添加量为20 t/hm2时,显著增加了土壤微生物量碳的季节波动;当生物炭添加量为40～60 t/hm2时,显著增加了土壤微生物量C/N的季节波动;当生物炭添加量为20～60 t/hm2时,显著降低了土壤微生物量P的季节波动;添加生物炭对土壤微生物量N的季节波动没有显著影响。添加生物炭对土壤微生物碳源代谢活性没有显著影响,但高量生物炭的添加有降低土壤微生物整体代谢活性的趋势。当生物炭添加量为60 t/hm2时,显著降低了土壤丰富度指数,显著提高了均匀度指数;当生物炭添加量 ≥ 60 t/hm2时,显著降低了Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数。添加生物炭对土壤微生物利用糖类、氨基酸类、多聚物类、多酚化合物类、多胺类碳源的利用率没有显著影响,但生物炭添加量为60 t/hm2时,土壤微生物显著降低了对羧酸类碳源的利用率;糖类、羧酸类、氨基酸类是土中微生物比较偏好、利用率较高的碳源。结论生物炭添加4～5年后,在第7季作物冬小麦生育期内,其不同添加量对土壤微生物量及微生物功能多样性的影响依然有显著的差异。生物炭添加量为40 t/hm2时,可以显著提高土壤微生物量碳和C/N,显著降低土壤微生物量磷的季节波动;生物炭添加量大于40 t/hm2时,土壤微生物的整体代谢活性,表征土壤微生物功能多样性的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数,土壤微生物对糖类、氨基酸类、多胺类碳源的利用率均呈现降低趋势。因此,生物炭添加量必须控制在合理的范围内,避免对土壤产生不良影响。     

No-till soil management increases microbial biomass and alters community profiles in soil aggregates

Aggregation is important for soil functioning, providing physical protection of organic matter and microbial inhabitants. Tillage disrupts aggregates, increases wind and water erosion of soils and exposes formerly protected organic matter to decomposition and losses. Microbial biomass and community dynamics in dry-sieved aggregate-size classes from long-term no-till (NT) and conventionally tilled (CT) soils were examined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). Bacterial, fungal, and total biomass were up to 32% greater in NT compared to CT aggregates. Aggregate size also affected microbial biomass, which was highest in the 1–2 mm size class. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were particularly affected by tillage disturbance with increases of 40–60% among aggregate-size classes in NT vs. CT, but glomalin related soil protein concentration was not different between tillage treatments or among aggregate-size classes. Bacterial stress biomarkers were higher in CT than NT aggregates but were not significantly correlated with total C, total N or C:N ratio, indicating that the physiological status of bacteria within aggregates was not simply governed by the quantity of available resources. Ordination analysis of PLFA profiles demonstrated a shift in microbial community structure between NT and CT aggregates, correlated with AMF abundance in NT aggregates and increased bacterial stress biomarkers in CT aggregates. Our results demonstrated greater microbial biomass and altered microbial community structure in NT vs. CT aggregates. This work demonstrates that tillage management influences microbial community structure within aggregates and may provide a potential explanation for differences in process rates observed in NT vs. CT soils. Further research into the processes that govern community structure in aggregates from NT and tilled soils is needed to better understand how the interaction of microorganisms with their physical environment affects nutrient turnover and availability.     

添加生物质炭对红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量的影响

通过室内培育试验,研究了添加生物质炭对江西红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量碳、氮含量的影响。结果表明:红壤有机碳矿化速率在培育第2天达最大值后迅速降低,培养7天后下降缓慢并趋于平稳;添加生物质炭降低了土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累积矿化量,培养结束时,不加生物质炭的对照处理中有机碳的累积矿化量分别比添加0.5%和1.0%生物质炭的处理高10.0%和10.8%。此外,生物质炭的加入显著提高了土壤微生物生物量,添加0.5%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高111.5%～250.6%和11.6%～97.6%,添加1.0%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高58.9%～243.6%和55.9%～110.4%。相同处理中,干旱的水分条件下(40%田间持水量)微生物生物量要高于湿润的水分条件(70%田间持水量)。同时,添加0.5%和1.0%的生物质炭使土壤代谢熵分别降低2.4%和26.8%,微生物商减少了43.7%和31.7%。     

玉米秸秆生物炭对褐土微生物功能多样性及 细菌群落的影响

生物炭施入土壤被认为是一种有效的固碳减排措施,可增加土壤有机碳及矿质养分含量,提高土壤的持水能力及保肥能力。为探明其施入土壤后对土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响,本文在盆栽试验条件下,采用Biolog与高通量测序相结合的方法,研究了CK(不施生物炭)和施用5 g·kg~(-1)、10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)玉米秸秆生物炭对土壤微生物碳源利用能力(AWCD)、功能多样性指数以及土壤细菌的丰度和多样性的影响。结果表明,随着生物炭施用量的增加,表征土壤微生物活性的AWCD值呈下降趋势,表现为:5 g·kg~(-1)处理≈CK10 g·kg~(-1)处理30 g·kg~(-1)处理60 g·kg~(-1)处理,其中CK和5 g·kg~(-1)处理间差异不显著(P0.05),而10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)和60 g·kg~(-1)处理在整个培养期间的AWCD值显著低于CK处理(P0.05);土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性指数(H′)、碳源利用丰富度指数(S)均随生物炭施用量的增加而呈下降趋势,但均匀度指数(E)表现出相反趋势,5g·kg~(-1)、10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)各处理的H′较CK处理分别增加0.16%、-0.88%、-3.14%、-11.09%,S分别增加-2.82%、-11.27%、-18.31%、-47.89%,E分别增加1.14%、3.00%、3.73%和13.76%。主成分分析表明,与CK处理比较,5 g·kg~(-1)处理对土壤微生物群落碳源利用方式没有显著影响(P0.05),而10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)和60g·kg~(-1)处理对土壤微生物群落碳源利用方式影响显著(P0.05)。随着生物炭施用量的增加,土壤细菌OTU数目及丰富度指数(Chao1)呈增加趋势,5 g·kg~(-1)处理与CK处理差异不显著,而10 g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)处理的OTU数目较CK处理分别增加1.09%、5.26%、24.42%,Chao1分别增加5.73%、10.21%、37.68%。土壤中施用生物炭后土壤细菌变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰度在CK处理和5 g·kg~(-1)处理间差异不显著(P0.05),而10g·kg~(-1)、30 g·kg~(-1)、60 g·kg~(-1)处理较CK处理分别增加32.3%、21.1%、16.7%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的丰度随着生物炭施用量的增加各处理较CK处理分别减少22.1%、55.3%、66.8%、50.5%。生物炭施入土壤后降低了土壤可培养微生物的活性,减少或改变了土壤微生物碳源利用的种类,使土壤原有微生物群落组分发生改变,生物炭也影响了土壤细菌各菌群在土壤中的丰度,使其分布的均匀性降低。为了不影响微生物群落结构和功能,石灰性褐土上生物炭一次还田量不能超过5 g·kg~(-1)(干土)。     

柳枝稷生物炭对来自不同地区的两种土壤上植物生物量和微生物动态的影响

Biochar amendments to soils may alter soil function and fertility in various ways, including through induced changes in the microbial community. We assessed microbial activity and community composition of two distinct clayey soil types, an Aridisol from Colorado (CO) in the U.S. Central Great Plains, and an Alfisol from Virginia (VA) in the southeastern US following the application of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) biochar. The switchgrass biochar was applied at four levels, 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, approximately equivalent to biochar additions of 0, 25, 50, and 100 t ha^-1, respectively, to the soils grown with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an eight-week growth chamber experiment. We measured wheat shoot biomass and nitrogen (N) content and soil nutrient availability and N mineralization rates, and characterized the microbial fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of the soils. Net N mineralization rates decreased in both soils in proportion to an increase in biochar levels, but the effect was more marked in the VA soil, where net N mineralization decreased from -2.1 to -38.4 mg kg^-1. The 10% biochar addition increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, Mehlich- and bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (P), and extractable potassium (K) in both soil types. The wheat shoot biomass decreased from 17.7 to 9.1 g with incremental additions of biochar in the CO soil, but no difference was noted in plants grown in the VA soil. The FAME recovery assay indicated that the switchgrass biochar addition could introduce artifacts in analysis, so the results needed to be interpreted with caution. Non-corrected total FAME concentrations indicated a decline by 45% and 34% with 10% biochar addition in the CO and VA soils, respectively, though these differences became nonsignificant when the extraction efficiency correction factor was applied. A significant decline in the fungi:bacteria ratio was still evident upon correction in the CO soil with biochar. Switchgrass biochar had the potential to cause short-term negative impacts on plant biomass and alter soil microbial community structure unless measures were taken to add supplemental N and labile carbon (C).     

生物炭对土壤肥力与环境质量的影响机制与风险解析

生物炭作为土壤改良剂和促进作物生长的应用价值已经被很多研究证实。该文综述了生物炭在改善农业土壤质量和作物生长中的应用研究进展,系统阐述了生物炭在提高农业土壤有效水含量,增加土壤矿质元素利用效率,缓解土壤酸化,降低土壤重金属生物有效性和提高农作物产量与质量方面的重要作用与微观机制。特别地,该文强调了生物炭应用于农业生态系统过程中可能引起的多环芳烃、重金属等污染物富集以及氮素根系吸收量下降等不可忽视的潜在问题,并对今后的重点研究方向进行了系统分析总结,以期为生物炭在提高土壤肥力质量与环境质量中的安全与高效利用提供科学参考。     

不同量化肥与有机肥配施对设施番茄栽培土壤硝化潜势和pH的影响

【目的】利用9年设施番茄定位试验,研究施氮量以及有机无机肥配施对土壤硝化潜势和pH的影响,为提高设施土壤供氮能力和减缓设施土壤酸化的施肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】设施番茄栽培定位施肥田间试验位于辽宁沈阳,始于2013年,每年种植一季番茄。设置施用尿素N 0、187.5、375.0、562.5 kg/hm² 4个水平(N0、N1、N2、N3),在每个氮水平下又设置施有机肥75000 kg/hm²处理(MN0、MN1、MN2、MN3),共8个处理。2021年,于番茄第一穗果膨大期(S1)、第二穗果膨大期(S2)、收获期(S3)和休耕期(S4),采集0—10和10—20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤硝化潜势(NP)、pH、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量,以及休耕期土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量,计算矿质氮(N_min)占TN的比例(N_min/TN)。【结果】化学氮肥施用量、施用有机肥及二者交互作...     

生物炭对植烟土壤氮素形态迁移及微生物量氮的影响

为了在植烟土壤中施加生物炭,以及在不同氮素水平下验证生物炭对土壤氮素的淋洗及迁移的影响.采用大田试验,设计5个处理,在磷肥和钾肥施用量相同的基础上,除对照(CK)处理不施生物炭与氮肥外,其余4个处理都添加1 600 kg/hm2的生物炭,施氮量分别为(N0)0、(N1)37.5、(N2)52.5和(N3) 67.5 kg/hm2,对植烟土壤氮素在0～20、20 ～ 40和40 ～ 60 cm土层施加生物炭,研究全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数的影响及其迁移规律,以及0～20cm土层微生物量氮的变化特征.结果表明:植烟土壤施用生物炭降低了0～ 20 cm以下土壤氮素质量分数,提高了植烟土壤对氮素的固定能力.与CK相比,增施生物炭的N0在0～20 cm以下土层,土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数降低率最高达到11.21％、49.07％、42.29％和31.35％.而施氮量对植烟土壤全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮的影响,主要集中在0 ～ 20 em土层,且土壤氮素质量分数随施氮量的增加而增加,以N3处理各氮素指标质量分数相对最高,其全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮质量分数最高分别为2.10 g/kg、261.86 mg/kg和49.80 mg/kg.土壤硝态氮质量分数随土层加深而下降,在0 ～ 20 cm土层,以N3处理最高,达264.90 mg/kg;但不同氮水平下,硝态氮质量分数在20 ～ 40 cm土层差异较其他土层更显著.施用氮肥对植烟土壤氮素的影响主要表现在烟草移栽后前30 d.增施生物炭可以提高烟草移栽后60 d时土壤微生物量氮;而施氮量对微生物量氮熵的影响主要表现在烟草移栽30 d之后.施氮量对植烟土壤氮素的影响主要表现在0～20 cm土层,且在烟草生育前期效果显著.生物炭可以明显抑制植烟土壤本身及低量氮肥施用下氮素淋失迁移,但在高量氮肥施用下的抑制作用不明显.在豫中烟区,以生物炭配施氮肥67.5 kg/hm2施肥措施,最利于植烟土壤氮素提高.     

Contrasted effect of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and resource allocation in different soils

Adding biochar to soils and maintaining high earthworm biomasses are potential ways to increase the fertility of tropical soils and the sustainability of crop production in the spirit of agroecology and ecological engineering. However, a thorough functional assessment of biochar effect on plant growth and resource allocations is so far missing. Moreover, earthworms and biochar increase mineral nutrient availability through an increase in mineralization and nutrient retention respectively and are likely to interact through various other mechanisms. They could thus increase plant growth synergistically. This hypothesis was tested for rice in a greenhouse experiment. Besides, the relative effects of biochar and earthworms were compared in three different soil treatments (a nutrient rich soil, a nutrient poor soil, a nutrient poor soil supplemented with fertilization). Biochar and earthworm effects on rice growth and resource allocation highly depended on soil type and were generally additive (no synergy). In the rich soil, there were both clear positive biochar and earthworm effects, while there were generally only positive earthworm effects in the poor soil, and neither earthworm nor biochar effect in the poor soil with fertilization. The analysis of earthworm and biochar effects on different plant traits and soil mineral nitrogen content, confirmed that they act through an increase in nutrient availability. However it also suggested that another mechanism, such as the release in the soil of molecules recognized as phytohormones by plants, is also involved in earthworm action. This mechanism could for example help explaining how earthworms increase rice resource allocation to roots and influence the allocation to grains.     

Combined effect of biochar and soil moisture on soil chemical properties and microbial community composition in microplastic-contaminated agricultural soil

Accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural environments has caused growing concern in recent years because of its detrimental impacts on soil quality, crop productivity and ecosystem function. This study was conducted to assess the impact of biochar on soil chemical and microbial properties in a MP-contaminated soil under two moisture regimes. Soil was contaminated with 1% (w/w) of low-density polyethylene MPs. Four types of standard biochar, that is, oil seed rape (OSR) biochar produced at 550°C (OSR 550) and 700°C (OSR 700) and soft wood pellet (SWP) biochar produced at 550°C (SWP 550) and 700°C (SWP 700), were applied at a rate of 5% (w/w). The control was maintained without MP addition. The samples were incubated in soil with two moisture regimes, that is, at 30% and 70% of the water holding capacity, and the soil chemical and microbiological properties were assessed after 100 days of incubation. OSR biochar application significantly increased soil pH (8.53–8.81) and electrical conductivity (0.51–0.58 dS/m) in both moisture regimes. The effect of biochar application on soil enzyme activity and microbial community composition did not show a clear trend. However, SWP 700 biochar improved soil enzyme activity compared with that of the control and improved bacterial diversity and evenness compared with those of other biochars, which was attributed to the high surface area available for microbial colonization. Low soil moisture content significantly reduced enzyme activity and bacterial richness even with biochar amendment, except for SWP 550 biochar. This study implies the suitability of biochar for improvement of soil quality in MP contaminated soil under both moisture regimes. However, further long-term studies are needed to get a clear understanding on the impact of different types of biochar on MP-contaminated soil.     

东北典型县域稻田不同肥力土壤剖面肥力变化特征及验证

研究东北典型县域稻田不同肥力土壤剖面特征,阐明东北典型县域高肥力土壤的特征及中、低肥力土壤的关键障碍因素,为进一步提升该区域稻田肥力和水稻产量提供科学依据。在黑龙江省方正县7个乡镇采集了9个稻田不同肥力土壤剖面样,测定了耕层和犁底层厚度、土壤容重、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、硫离子(S2-)、锰离子(Mn2+)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、团聚体组分、微生物量碳/氮等指标,进行土壤综合肥力评价以及水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析,探究肥力差异的主控因子。结果表明,稻田不同肥力土壤剖面有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、CEC、Mn2+含量随剖面土层深度增加逐渐降低,且均表现为高肥力土壤>中肥力土壤>低肥力土壤。方正县高肥力土壤(产量大于10000 kg/hm²)耕作层厚,容重低,耕作层有机质含量丰富,全氮含量高,全磷含量中等,且犁底层有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量高。中肥力土壤(产量介于7500～10000 kg/hm²)耕作层有机质含量高,全氮含量中等,全磷含量低。低肥力土壤(产量介于5500～7500 kg/hm²)耕作层薄,土壤S2-含量高,其他养分含量均低于高肥力土壤。高、中、低肥力土壤有效磷和速效钾养分达到丰富水平。高肥力土壤与中肥力土壤耕作层有机质、全氮、碱解氮、微生物量碳、0.25～0.053 mm团聚体含量和Mn2+差异显著,中肥力土壤与低肥力土壤耕作层除全磷和阳离子交换量外,其他指标无显著差异。高、中、低肥力土壤耕作层和犁底层土壤综合肥力指数分别为0.70和0.83、0.42和0.49、0.21和0.26。水稻产量与各土壤肥力指标的逐步回归分析表明,有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,耕作层微生物量氮和pH以及犁底层有效磷和全钾对产量影响较小。耕作层土壤有机碳和全磷对产量的影响最大,中、低肥力土壤有机碳和全磷养分供应不充足,全氮和碱解氮含量中等,低肥力土壤耕作层薄,因此,中、低肥力土壤建议采用增施有机肥和磷肥等措施,同时加强改良和培肥管理,以实现高肥力土壤的产量目标。     

Multivariate analysis of soils: microbial biomass,metabolic activity,and bacterial‐community structure and their relationships with soil depth and type

A multivariate statistical approach based on a large data set of abiotic and biotic variables was used to classify four contrasting‐land‐use soils. Soil samples were collected at increasing depth from a calcareous agricultural soil, a temperate upland grassland soil, a moderately acidic agricultural soil, and an acidic pine forest soil. Analytical investigations were carried out by using a combination of conventional physical, chemical, and biochemical methods coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) community fingerprinting of PCR‐amplified 16S rRNA gene‐coding fragments from soil‐extracted total‐community DNA. The data set of soil physical, chemical, and biochemical variables was reduced in dimensionality by means of a principal‐component‐analysis (PCA) procedure. Compositional shifts in soil bacterial‐community structure were analyzed through a clustering algorithm that allowed identifying six main bacterial‐community clusters. DGGE fingerprinting clusters were further analyzed by discriminant analysis (DA) using extracted PCA components as explanatory variables. Soil organic matter–related pools (TOC, TN) and functionally related active pools (microbial biomass C and N, K₂SO₄‐extractable C) significantly decreased with soil depth, and resulted statistically linked to one other and positively related to enzymatic activities (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β‐glucosidase, dehydrogenase, hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate) and silt content. Besides organic‐C gradients, pedogenetic‐driven physico‐chemical properties, and possibly soil thermal and moisture regimes seemed to play a key role in regulating size and energetic ecophysiological status of soil microbial communities. DGGE analysis showed that contrasting horizons were conducive to the dominance of particular bacterial ribotypes. DA revealed that the bacterial‐community structure was mainly influenced by organic matter–related variables (TOC, TN, CEC, C_flush, N_flush, Extr‐C), chemical properties such as pH, CaCO₃, and EC, together with textural properties. Results indicate that, beyond land use or plant cover, pedogenetic‐driven physico‐chemical conditions changing with soil type and depth are the key factors regulating microbial size and activity, and determining the genetic structure of bacterial community.     

Gross nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to enzyme activities and the soil microbial biomass in soils treated with dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertilizer at different water potentials

 Gross N mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to microbial biomass C and N and enzyme (protease, deaminase and urease) activities were determined in soils treated with dairy shed effluent (DSE) or NH₄ ⁺ fertilizer (NH₄Cl) at a rate equivalent to 200 kg N ha^–1 at three water potentials (0, –10 and –80 kPa) at 20  °C using a closed incubation technique. After 8, 16, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days of incubation, sub-samples of soil were removed to determine gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, enzyme activities, microbial biomass C and N, and NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^– concentrations. The addition of DSE to the soil resulted in significantly higher gross N mineralization rates (7.0–1.7 μg N g^–1 soil day^–1) than in the control (3.8–1.2 μg N g^–1 soil day^–1), particularly during the first 16 days of incubation. This increase in gross mineralization rate occurred because of the presence of readily mineralizable organic substrates with low C : N ratios, and stimulated soil microbial and enzymatic activities by the organic C and nutrients in the DSE. The addition of NH₄Cl did not increase the gross N mineralization rate, probably because of the lack of readily available organic C and/or a possible adverse effect of the high NH₄ ⁺ concentration on microbial activity. However, nitrification rates were highest in the NH₄Cl-treated soil, followed by DSE-treated soil and then the control. Soil microbial biomass, protease, deaminase and urease activities were significantly increased immediately after the addition of DSE and then declined gradually with time. The increased soil microbial biomass was probably due to the increased available C substrate and nutrients stimulating soil microbial growth, and this in turn resulted in higher enzyme activities. NH₄Cl had a minimal impact on the soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities, possibly because of the lack of readily available C substrates. The optimum soil water potential for gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, microbial and enzyme activities was –10 kPa compared with –80 kPa and 0 kPa. Gross N mineralization rates were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass N and protease and urease activities in the DSE-treated soil, but no such correlations were found in the NH₄Cl-treated soil. The enzyme activities were also positively correlated with each other and with soil microbial biomass C and N. The forms of N and the different water potentials had a significant effect on the correlation coefficients. Stepwise regression analysis showed that protease was the variable that most frequently accounted for the variations of gross N mineralization rate when included in the equation, and has the potential to be used as one of the predictors for N mineralization. Received: 10 March 1998